vs WS-* Comparison Cesare Pautasso Faculty of Informatics University of Lugano, Switzerland
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1 3 REST vs WS-* Comparison Cesare Pautasso Faculty of Informatics University of Lugano, Switzerland
2 Web Sites (1992) Web Browser HTML HTTP Web Server WS-* Web Services (2000) SOAP WSDL Client XML Server (HTTP) Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 56
3 RESTful Web Services (2007) Client JSON PO-XML HTTP RSS/Atom WADL Web Server WS-* Web Services (2000) SOAP WSDL Client XML Server (HTTP) Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 57
4 WS-* Standards Stack Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 58
5 RESTful Web Services Standards Stack AtomPub RSS Atom XML JSON URI HTTP MIME SSL/TLS Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 59
6 Is REST really used? Cesare Pautasso 60
7 Is REST really used? Atom, 2% XMPP, 0% XML-RPC, 2% SOAP, 17% Gdata, 1% JavaScript, 6% JSON-RPC, 0% RSS, 1% SMS, 0% REST, 71% 2042 APIs ProgrammableWeb.com Cesare Pautasso 61
8 Can we really compare WS-* vs. REST? WS-* REST Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 62
9 Can we really compare WS-* vs. REST? WS-* Middleware Interoperability Standards REST Architectural style for the Web Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 63
10 How to compare? REST WS-* Middleware Interoperability Standards Architectural style for the Web Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 64
11 Architectural Decisions Architectural decisions capture the main design issues and the rationale behind a chosen technical solution The choice between REST vs. WS-* is an important architectural decision for Web service design Architectural decisions affect one another Architectural Decision: Programming Language Architecture Alternatives: 1. Java 2. C# 3. C++ 4. C 5. Eiffel 6. Ruby 7. Rationale Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 65
12 Decision Space Overview Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 66
13 Decision Space Overview 21 Decisions and 64 alternatives Classified by level of abstraction: 3 Architectural Principles 9 Conceptual Decisions 9 Technology-level Decisions Decisions help us to measure the complexity implied by the choice of REST or WS-* Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 67
14 Architectural Principles 1. Protocol Layering HTTP = Application-level Protocol (REST) HTTP = Transport-level Protocol (WS-*) 2. Dealing with Heterogeneity 3. Loose Coupling Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 68
15 Cesare Pautasso 69
16 RESTful Web Service Example HTTP Client (Web Browser) Web Server Application Server Database GET /book?isbn=222 POST /order 301 Location: /order/612 PUT /order/612 SELECT * FROM books WHERE isbn=222 INSERT INTO orders UPDATE orders WHERE id= Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 70
17 WS-* Service Example (from REST perspective) Web Server HTTP Client Application Server (Stub Object) Web Service Implementation POST /soap/endpoint POST /soap/endpoint POST /soap/endpoint return getbook(222) return new Order() order.setcustomer(x) Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 71
18 Protocol Layering The Web is the universe of globally accessible information (Tim Berners Lee) Applications should publish their data on the Web (through URI) The Web is the universal (tunneling) transport for messages Applications get a chance to interact but they remain outside of the Web AtomPub JSON POX SOAP (WS-*) HTTP GET HTTP POST HTTP PUT HTTP DEL SMTP HTTP POST MQ (Many) Resource URI Application 1 Endpoint URI Application Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 72
19 Cesare Pautasso 73
20 Coupling Facets Facets Discovery Identification Binding Platform Interaction Model State Generated Code Conversation REST Referral Global Late Independent Asynchronous Self-Describing Stateless None/Dynamic Reflective WS-* Centralized Context-Based Late Independent Asynchronous Shared Model Stateless Static Explicit More Info on Cesare Pautasso
21 Coupling Comparison Cesare Pautasso
22 WS-BPEL Primitives Cesare Pautasso 76
23 Dealing with Heterogeneity Enable Cooperation Web Applications Enable Integration Enterprise Computing HTTP CICS IMS Picture from Eric Newcomer, IONA Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 77
24 Heterogeneity Web Applications Enterprise Architectures REST WS-* Cesare Pautasso
25 Heterogeneity Web Applications Enterprise Architectures REST Claim: REST can also be successfully used to design integrated enterprise applications Cesare Pautasso
26 Enterprise Use Cases Enterprise Architectures CRUD Services Web-friendly APIs Mobile Services Real-time Services Transactional Services Composite Services Cesare Pautasso
27 Enterprise Use Cases Enterprise Architectures REST WS-* Part of the debate is about how many enterprise use cases can be covered with REST as opposed to WS-* Cesare Pautasso
28 Does REST support X? Service Description Security Asynch Messaging Reliable Messaging Stateful Services Service Composition Transactions Semantics SLAs Governance Cesare Pautasso 82
29 Managing State REST provides explicit state transitions Communication is stateless* Resources contain data and hyperlinks representing valid state transitions Clients maintain application state correctly by navigating hyperlinks Techniques for adding session to HTTP: Cookies (HTTP Headers) URI Re-writing Hidden Form Fields SOAP services have implicit state transitions Servers may maintain conversation state across multiple message exchanges Messages contain only data (but do not include information about valid state transitions) Clients maintain state by guessing the state machine of the service Techniques for adding session to SOAP: Session Headers (non standard) WS-Resource Framework (HTTP on top of SOAP on top of HTTP) (*) Each client request to the server must contain all information needed to understand the request, without referring to any stored context on the server. Of course the server stores the state of its resources, shared by all clients Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 83
30 What about service description? REST relies on human readable documentation that defines requests URIs and responses (XML, JSON) Interacting with the service means hours of testing and debugging URIs manually built as parameter combinations. (Is is it really that simpler building URIs by hand?) Why do we need strongly typed SOAP messages if both sides already agree on the content? WADL proposed Nov XForms enough? Client stubs can be built from WSDL descriptions in most programming languages Strong typing Each service publishes its own interface with different semantics WSDL 1.1 (entire port type can be bound to HTTP GET or HTTP POST or SOAP/HTTP POST or other protocols) WSDL 2.0 (more flexible, each operation can choose whether to use GET or POST) Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 84
31 What about security? REST security is all about HTTPS (HTTP + SSL/TLS) Proven track record (SSL1.0 from 1994) HTTP Basic Authentication (RFC 2617, 1999 RFC 1945, 1996) Note: These are also applicable with REST when using XML content Secure, point to point communication (Authentication, Integrity and Encryption) SOAP security extensions defined by WS-Security (from 2004) XML Encryption (2002) XML Signature (2001) Implementations are starting to appear now Full interoperability moot Performance? Secure, end-to-end communication Selfprotecting SOAP messages (does not require HTTPS) Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 85
32 What about asynchronous reliable messaging? Although HTTP is a synchronous protocol, it can be used to simulate a message queue. POST /queue 202 Accepted Location: /queue/message/ GET /queue/message/ DELETE /queue/message/ SOAP messages can be transferred using asynchronous transport protocols and APIs (like JMS, MQ, ) WS-Addressing can be used to define transportindependent endpoint references WS-ReliableExchange defines a protocol for reliable message delivery based on SOAP headers for message identification and acknowledgement Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 86
33 Measuring Complexity Why is REST perceived to be simpler? Architectural Decisions give a quantitative measure of the complexity of an architectural design space: Total number of decisions For each decision, number of alternative options For each alternative option, estimate the effort REST WS-* Decisions Alternatives Decisions with 1 or more alternative options Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 87
34 Measuring Complexity REST WS-* Decisions 5 12 Alternatives Decisions with more than 1 alternative options REST WS-* Decisions Alternatives Decisions with 1 or more alternative options Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 88
35 Measuring Complexity REST WS-* Decisions 5 12 Alternatives Decisions with more than 1 alternative options URI Design Resource Interaction Semantics Payload Format Service Description Service Composition Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 89
36 Measuring Complexity REST WS-* Decisions 5 12 Alternatives Decisions with more than 1 alternative options REST WS-* Decisions 12 2 Decisions with only 1 alternative option Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 90
37 Measuring Complexity Payload Format Data Representation Modeling REST WS-* Decisions 12 2 Decisions with only 1 alternative option Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 91
38 Measuring Effort Do-it-yourself Alternatives REST WS-* 5 0 Decisions with only do-it-yourself alternatives REST WS-* Decisions 12 2 Decisions with only 1 alternative option Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 92
39 Measuring Effort Do-it-yourself Alternatives REST WS-* 5 0 Decisions with only do-it-yourself alternatives Resource Identification Resource Relationship Reliability Transactions Service Discovery Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 93
40 Freedom of Choice (>1 Alternative) Freedom from Choice (=1 Alternative) Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 94
41 Comparison Summary Architectural Decisions measure complexity implied by alternative technologies REST simplicity = freedom from choice 5 decisions require to choose among 16 alternatives 12 decisions are already taken (but 5 are do-it-yourself) WS-* complexity = freedom of choice 12 decisions require to choose among 32 alternatives 2 decisions are already taken (SOAP, WSDL+XSD) Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 95
42 Cesare Pautasso 96
43 Software Connectors File Transfer Shared Data Procedure Call Remote Procedure Call Message Bus Events Cesare Pautasso 97
44 RPC Call Remote Procedure Call Procedure/Function Calls are the easiest to program with. They take a basic programming language construct and make it available across the network (Remote Procedure Call) to connect distributed components Remote calls are often used within the client/server architectural style, but call-backs are also used in event-oriented styles for notifications Cesare Pautasso 98
45 Hot Folder Write Copy Watch Read File Transfer (Hot Folder) Transferring files does not require to modify components A component writes a file, which is then copied on a different host, and fed as input into a different component The transfers can be batched with a certain frequency Cesare Pautasso 99
46 Shared Database Create Read Update Delete Shared Database Sharing a common database does not require to modify components, if they all can support the same schema Components can communicate by creating, updating and reading entries in the database, which can safely handles the concurrency Cesare Pautasso 100
47 Bus Publish Subscribe Message Bus A message bus connects a variable number of components, which are decoupled from one another. Components act as message sources by publishing messages into the bus; Components act as message sinks by subscribing to message types (or properties based on the actual content) The bus can route, queue, buffer, transform and deliver messages to one or more recipients The enterprise service bus is used to implement the SOA style Cesare Pautasso 101
48 Different software connectors RPC WWW ESB REST WS-* Cesare Pautasso 102
49 Web (RESTful Web services) Get Put Delete Post Web The Web is the connector used in the REST (Representational State Transfer) architectural style Components may reliably transfer state among themselves using the GET, PUT, DELETE primitives. POST is used for unsafe interactions. Spring Semester 2010 Software Architecture and Design 103
50 Tuple Space In Out Rd Tuple Space A tuple space acts like a shared database, but offers a much simpler set of primitives and persistence guarantees Components can write tuples into the space (with the Out operation) or read tuples from it (with the Rd operation). Components that read tuples can also atomically take them out of the space (with the In operation) Extensions for the connector are available that support different kinds of synchronization, in addition to the basic data flow primitives Spring Semester 2010 Software Architecture and Design 104
51 Comparison Conclusion You should focus on whatever solution gets the job done and try to avoid being religious about any specific architectures or technologies. WS-* has strengths and weaknesses and will be highly suitable to some applications and positively terrible for others. Likewise with REST. The decision of which to use depends entirely on the application requirements and constraints. We hope this comparison will help you make the right choice Cesare Pautasso
52 Comparison Conclusion You should focus on whatever solution gets the job done and try to avoid being religious about any specific architectures or technologies. WS-* has strengths and weaknesses and will be highly suitable to some applications and positively terrible for others. Likewise with REST. The decision of which to use depends entirely on the application requirements and constraints. We hope this comparison will help you make the right choice Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 106
53 4 RESTful Service Composition Cesare Pautasso Faculty of Informatics University of Lugano, Switzerland
54 REST Architectural Elements Client/Server Layered Stateless Communication Cache Proxy User Agent Origin Server Gateway Connector (HTTP) Cache Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 108
55 Basic Setup HTTP User Agent Origin Server Adding Caching HTTP HTTP Caching User Agent Origin Server HTTP User Agent Caching Origin Server Caching User Agent Caching Origin Server Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 109
56 Proxy or Gateway? Intermediaries forward (and may translate) requests and responses HTTP HTTP Client Proxy Origin Server A proxy is chosen by the Client (for caching, or access control) HTTP HTTP Client Gateway Origin Server The use of a gateway (or reverse proxy) is imposed by the server Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 110
57 What about composition? The basic REST design elements do not take composition into account User Agent HTTP Origin Server WS-BPEL is the standard Web service composition language. Business process models are used to specify how a collection of services is orchestrated into a composite service Can we apply WS-BPEL to RESTful services? User Agent HTTP? Origin Server Origin Server Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 111
58 BPEL and WSDL 2.0 WSDL 2.0 HTTP Binding can wrap RESTful Web Services (WS-BPEL 2.0 does not support WSDL 2.0) Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 112
59 BPEL for REST Make REST interaction primitives first-class language constructs of BPEL BPEL for REST... <Put R> <Get R>... <Post R> <Delete R>... PUT GET POST R DELETE Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 113
60 BPEL for REST Resource Block Dynamically publish resources from BPEL processes and handle client requests BPEL for REST PUT <Resource P> PUT <onget> <Put R> GET R GET POST P DELETE <Get S> </onget> <ondelete> <Post R> <Delete S> </ondelete> POST PUT GET S DELETE </Resource> POST DELETE Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 114
61 REST Scalability Cache Clients Proxy/Gateway Origin Server One example of REST middleware is to help with the scalability of a server, which may need to service a very large number of clients Cesare Pautasso 115
62 REST Scalability Cache Clients Proxy/Gateway Origin Server One example of REST middleware is to help with the scalability of a server, which may need to service a very large number of clients Cesare Pautasso 116
63 REST Composition Clients Proxy/Gateway Origin Server Composition shifts the attention to the client which should consume and aggregate from many servers Cesare Pautasso 117
64 REST Composition Client Composite RESTful service Origin Servers The proxy intermediate element which aggregates the resources provided by multiple servers plays the role of a composite RESTful service Can/Should we implement it with BPM? Cesare Pautasso 118
65 Composite Resources PUT DELETE GET POST C PUT DELETE PUT DELETE GET R GET S POST POST Cesare Pautasso 119
66 Composite Resources The composite resource only aggregates the state of its component resources C R S State R State S Cesare Pautasso 120
67 Composite Resources The composite resource augments (or caches) the state of its component resources C State C R S State R State S Cesare Pautasso 121
68 Composite Representations Composite Representation C Link R PUT GET DELETE POST R PUT GET DELETE POST S Link S Cesare Pautasso 122
69 Composite Representation Composite Representation Origin Server Client Origin Servers A composite representation is interpreted by the client that follows its hyperlinks and aggregates the state of the referenced component resources Cesare Pautasso 123
70 Bringing it all together Composite Representation Composite RESTful service Origin Servers Client Origin Servers A composite representation can be produced by a composite service too Cesare Pautasso 124
71 Doodle Map Example Composite Representation Composite RESTful service Origin Servers Client Origin Servers Vote on a meeting place based on its geographic location Cesare Pautasso 125
72 1. Composite Resource PUT DELETE GET POST C PUT DELETE PUT DELETE GET R GET S POST POST Cesare Pautasso 126
73 1. Composite Resource DELETE GET POST C PUT DELETE GET R GET S POST Cesare Pautasso 127
74 2. Composite Representation DM DELETE GET G Link G Link C GET POST C DELETE PUT Link D GET R GET S POST Cesare Pautasso 128
75 RESTful Composition Example Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 129
76 Example: Doodle Map Mashup Setup a Doodle with Yahoo! Local search and visualize the results of the poll on Google Maps Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 130
77 Doodle Map Mashup Architecture Web Browser RESTful API Workflow Engine GET POST RESTful Web Services APIs GET Cesare Pautasso, RESTful Web Service Composition with JOpera, Proc. of the International Conference on Software Composition (SC 2009), Zurich, Switzerland, July Cesare Pautasso, Erik Wilde 131
78 Was it just a mashup? Mashup REST Composition (It depends on the definition of Mashup) Cesare Pautasso 132
79 Moving state around Read-only vs. Read/Write PUT DELETE GET POST C PUT DELETE PUT DELETE GET R GET S POST POST Cesare Pautasso 133
80 Simply aggregating data (feeds) Read-only vs. Read/write GET C GET R GET S Cesare Pautasso 134
81 Is your composition reusable? UI vs. API Composition Client Composite Representation UI Origin Servers Composite RESTful service API Origin Servers Reusable services vs. Reusable Widgets Cesare Pautasso 135
82 Single-Origin Sandbox Can you always do this from a web browser? Composite Representation Composite RESTful service Origin Servers Client Origin Servers Cesare Pautasso 136
83 Single-Origin Sandbox Security Policies on the client may not always allow it to aggregate data from multiple different sources Composite Representation Composite RESTful service N Origin Servers Client 1 Origin Server Cesare Pautasso 137
84 Complementary Read-Only Read/Write UI Mashup REST API Composition Situational Sandboxed Reusable Service Cesare Pautasso 138
85 Conclusions RESTful HTTP is good enough to interact without any extension with process execution engines and their processes and tasks published as resources RESTful Web service composition is different than mashups, but both can be built using BPM If done right, BPM can be a great modeling tool for Hypermedia-centric service design (and implementation!) GET Cesare Pautasso 139
86 References Roy Fielding, Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures, PhD Thesis, University of California, Irvine, 2000 Leonard Richardson, Sam Ruby, RESTful Web Services, O Reilly, May 2007 Jim Webber, Savas Parastatidis, Ian Robinson, REST in Practice: Hypermedia and Systems Architecture, O Reilly, 2010 Subbu Allamaraju, RESTful Web Services Cookbook: Solutions for Improving Scalability and Simplicity, O Reilly, 2010 Stevan Tilkov, HTTP und REST, dpunkt Verlag, 2009, Cesare Pautasso
87 Web References Martin Fowler, Richardson Maturity Model: steps toward the glory of REST, My Constantly Updated Feed or REST-related material: This week in REST Cesare Pautasso
88 Self-References Cesare Pautasso, Olaf Zimmermann, Frank Leymann, RESTful Web Services vs. Big Web Services: Making the Right Architectural Decision, Proc. of the 17th International World Wide Web Conference (WWW2008), Bejing, China, April Cesare Pautasso and Erik Wilde. Why is the Web Loosely Coupled? A Multi- Faceted Metric for Service Design, Proc of the 18th International World Wide Web Conference (WWW2009), Madrid, Spain, April Cesare Pautasso, BPEL for REST, Proc. of the 6th International Conference on Business Process Management (BPM 2008), Milan, Italy, September Cesare Pautasso, RESTful Web Service Composition with JOpera, Proc. Of the International Conference on Software Composition (SC 2009), Zurich, Switzerland, July Cesare Pautasso, Gustavo Alonso: From Web Service Composition to Megaprogramming In: Proceedings of the 5th VLDB Workshop on Technologies for E-Services (TES-04), Toronto, Canada, August 2004 Thomas Erl, Raj Balasubramanians, Cesare Pautasso, Benjamin Carlyle, SOA with REST, Prentice Hall, end of Cesare Pautasso
89 Leonard Richardson, Sam Ruby, RESTful Web Services, O Reilly, May 2007 Thomas Erl, Raj Balasubramanians, Cesare Pautasso, Benjamin Carlyle, SOA with REST, Prentice Hall, end of Cesare Pautasso
90 Abstract Submission: Friday, July 16, Cesare Pautasso
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