Cardiovascular Disease in AIDS
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1 Cardiovascular Disease in AIDS
2 Giuseppe Barbaro - Franck Boccara (Eds) Cardiovascular Disease in AIDS Foreword by W. Rozenbaum 1 3
3 GIUSEPPE BARBARO Department of Medical Pathophysiology University La Sapienza Rome, Italy FRANCK BOCCARA Department of Cardiology Saint Antoine University Hospital Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris and Université Paris VI The Editors and Authors wish to thank Gilead Sciences for its generous contribution to this book. Library of Congress Control Number: ISBN Springer Milan Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Italian Copyright Law in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the Italian Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com Springer-Verlag Italia 2005 Printed in Italy The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publisher cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature. Cover design: Simona Colombo, Milan, Italy Typesetting: Graphostudio, Milan, Italy Printing: A.G.G. Printing Stars Srl, Farigliano (CN), Italy
4 Foreword Never in the history of humanity has knowledge progressed as quickly as in the field of AIDS. Over a period of 15 years, successive discoveries of the disease, its viral origin, the virus responsible, its physiopathology and highly effective therapies have led to spectacular improvement in life expectancy and in the quality of life of people who have access to these treatments. However, this progress in therapy has been accompanied by initially unforeseeable anomalies, such as abnormalities in lipid and glucose metabolism and modifications in fat distribution, particularly in perivisceral and trunkal accumulation as well as pseudo-obesity usually accompanied by peripheral atrophy. Several of these anomalies constitute risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and may be predictors of these diseases. Over time, most investigators have come to accept that HIV-infected patients are at an increased risk for cardiovascular complications. However, several issues remain unclear: Does the increased risk merely reflect modification of the usual factors: metabolic disorders, tobacco consumption, infectious context related to HIV infection or opportunistic infections, inappropriate immune and cytokine response, or genetic background? The physiopathology of disorders in glucose or lipid metabolism remains to be clarified. It is unclear whether they result from treatment, use of a specific medication, use of a therapeutic class of medication, or an association of treatments. Here, too, genetic background may well be a factor, along with the history of the individual s HIV infection. It is particularly difficult to devise a therapeutic strategy under these conditions, especially since the efficacy of the usual lipid- or glucose-modifying medication is not established, and the benefit of any eventual correction of such biological anomalies in this population is unclear. The issue is further complicated by the many drug interactions between antiretroviral medications and medications likely to act on the lipid metabolism, which renders their usage complex. In this atmosphere of uncertainty, the simple measure of diminishing tobacco usage is itself difficult, and overconsumption of tobacco is regularly observed in this population. The medical management of HIV-infected patients is mostly carried out by infectious disease specialists, and the field of cardiovascular diseases is not usually familiar to them. The history of AIDS has taught us that phenomena are most quickly and effectively understood when light is cast on them from a variety of angles, using a variety of tools. The dynamism which has always characterized AIDS research will doubtless benefit from greater comprehension of the mechanisms of these poorly understood metabolic disorders. The present volume contributes to disseminating knowledge in the field so that the various actors can pool their expertise towards a successful management of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients. Willy Rozenbaum, MD Professor of Infectious Diseases Pierre and Marie Curie University
5 Contents Evolution and Pathogenesis of the Involvement of the Cardiovascular System in HIV Infection G. BARBARO Pathogenesis of HAART-Associated Metabolic Syndrome J. CAPEAU Pathology of Cardiac Complications in HIV Infection G. BARBARO Pathology of Peripheral and Coronary Vessels in AIDS Patients A. TABIB,R.LOIRE Coronary Heart Disease in HIV-Infected Patients: Epidemiology M. MARY-KRAUSE,D.COSTAGLIOLA Coronary Artery Disease in HIV-Infected Patients: Clinical Presentation, Pathophysiology, Prognosis, Prevention, and Treatment F. BOCCARA,A.COHEN Cerebrovascular Disease in HIV-Infected Patients A. MOULIGNIER Peripheral Arterial Disease in HIV-Infected Patients: Atherosclerosis and Vasculitic Syndromes P. MERCIÉ,B.LE BAIL,C.CIPRIANO HIV-Associated Pulmonary Hypertension G. BARBARO Coagulative Disorders in HIV-Infected Patients L. DROUET Cardiovascular Complications in HIV-Infected Children D. BONNET Cardiac Surgery and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus N. BONNET,P.LEPRINCE,S.VARNOUS,I.GANDJBAKHCH Cardiological Emergencies in HIV-Infected Patients G. BARBARO
6 VIII Contents Guidelines for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Risk in HIV-Infected Patients Treated with Antiretroviral Drugs D. SCEVOLA,G.BARBARINI,G.BARBARO Appendix 1 Cardiovascular Monitoring of HIV-Infected Subjects and Cardiovascular Risk Stratification and Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients Receiving HAART According to the Pavia Consensus Statement Appendix 2 Interactions Between Antiretrovirals and Drugs Commonly Used to Treat Cardiovascular Diseases According to the Pavia Consensus Statement Subject Index
7 Contributors Giorgio Barbarini Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy Giuseppe Barbaro Department of Medical Pathophysiology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy Franck Boccara Department of Cardiology, Saint Antoine University Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris and Université Paris VI, franck.boccara@sat.ap-hop-paris.fr Damien Bonnet Service de Cardiologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, damien.bonnet@nck.ap-hop-paris.fr Nicolas Bonnet Service de Chirurgie Cardio-vasculaire et Thoracique, Institut de Cardiologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, nicolas.bonnet@psl.ap-hop-paris.fr Jacqueline Capeau INSERM U402, Faculty of Medicine Saint-Antoine and Department of Biochemistry Tenon Hospital, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Jacqueline.Capeau@st-antoine.inserm.fr Claire Cipriano Service de Médecine Interne et Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France claire.cipriano@chu-bordeaux.fr Ariel Cohen Department of Cardiology, Saint Antoine University Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris and Université Paris VI, ariel.cohen@sat.ap-hop-paris.fr Dominique Costagliola INSERM EMI 0214, dominique.costagliola@ccde.chups.jussieu.fr Ludovic Drouet Laboratoire de Thrombose et d Athérosclérose, Hôpital Lariboisière, ludovic.drouet@lrb.ap-hop-paris.fr Iradj Gandjbakhch Service de Chirurgie Cardio-vasculaire et Thoracique, Institut de Cardiologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, iradj.gandjbakhch@psl.ap-hop-paris.fr Brigitte Le Bail Service d Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Groupe Hospitalier Pellegrin-Enfants, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
8 X Contributors Pascal Leprince Service de Chirurgie Cardio-vasculaire et Thoracique, Institut de Cardiologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Robert Loire Institut de Médecine Légale de Lyon, Lyon, France Murielle Mary-Krause INSERM EMI 0214, Patrick Mercié Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Saint-André, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux and INSERM U593, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France Antoine Moulignier Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild, Service de Neurologie, Daniele Scevola Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy Alain Tabib Institut de Médecine Légale de Lyon, Lyon, France Shaida Varnous Service de Chirurgie Cardio-vasculaire et Thoracique, Institut de Cardiologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière,
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