Next-Generation DNS Monitoring Tools
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1 Next-Generation DNS Monitoring Tools Cyber Security Division 2012 Principal Investigators Meeting October 9, 2012 Wenke Lee and David Dagon Georgia Institute of Technology
2 Outline DNS and Covert Channels Storage-type DNS Covert Channel Detector Real World DNS Covert Channel Detection Morto DNS Trojan DNS-Based Traceback
3 Detection of DNS Covert Channels
4 DNS Resolution Process
5 DNS Covert Channel Components The Infected host will try to issue DNS requests to the DNS Covert Channel C&C
6 DNS Covert Channel Components The recursive DNS will facilitate all RFC compliant DNS resolution requests from the stub. This is the monitoring and defense point.
7 DNS Covert Channel Components The DNS authority will decode the DNS CC request and provide properly encoded C&C messages to the host.
8 Main Types of DNS Covert Channels Timing DNS Covert Channels Definition: Use timing properties of DNS requests to transmit messages to the C&C. Pros Very stealthy Cons Very low bandwidth DNS caching and C&C protocol problems Can be disturb easily by using pump-like network systems
9 Main Types of DNS Covert Channels Timing DNS Covert Channels Definition: Use timing properties of DNS requests to transmit messages to the C&C. Pros Very stealthy Cons Very low bandwidth DNS caching and C&C protocol problems Can be disturb easily by using pump-like network systems Storage DNS Covert Channels Definition: Overload the protocol to encapsulate encoded information (e.g., DNS-CC for C&C) Pros High bandwidth Easy to set up Reliable (as part of DNS) Hard to detect Cons Passive DNS traces
10 Storage DNS-CC: Some Details (Infected) host: Issues queries to domain names under the zone * pfwhereismyshoe.com DNS Covert Channel C&C (or external DNS authority): The DNS authority acting as DNS-CC C&C sends answers back with encoded (in this case encrypted as well) messages as part of the TXT DNS answer fields
11 Detection of DNS-CC Monitor DNS traces Measure statistical features according to the passive traces of each DNS zone observed Classify the zones as DNS covert channel candidates
12 The Statistical Features Given a group of strings s i (i = 1,,n), let the Shannon Entropy of characters in the string be H(s i ), and construct a set with all the H(s i ). Features: the cardinality of the set, the maximum, minimum, average, median, and variance of all H(s i ) values.
13 Cover-Channel Domain Classifier Classifier: Random Forest True positive rate: 96.52%, false positive rete: 0.57%, using six statistical features
14 Real-World Evaluation Data 6 days of Full Passive DNS data from the largest USbased ISP Data format: <timestamp, requester, qname, qtype, rdata, ttl> Days: 02/01 09/02 09/13 11/14 11/29 12/30 in 2011
15 Evaluation Case Study In the news, The Trojan is doing a DNS TXT query to httpdconfig.com every few minutes by using the current UNIX timestamp as subdomain(*unixtimestamp*.httpdsconfig.com). The C&C server replies with a encrypted string (seems to be always the same)
16 DNS Covert Channel Protocol If query for <timestamp>.httpxxx.xxx does not resolve, no command is replied. If it resolves, command is replied in the txt field of the DNS packet. 2LD is always changing We found a lot of DNS traffic of this C&C Covert Channel using our detection system. There is also another version of domains - <timestamp>.webxxx.xxx
17 C&C Covert Channel Zones Detected *.httpany.net *.httpbb.com *.httpbuyonline.net *.http-camerawebsoft.info *.httpcome.net *.httpdedicateserver.eu *.httpdigit.com *.httpdsconfig.com *.httpdump.net *.httpfastinternet.us *.httpfinalpack.us *.httpgo.net *.httphelp.us *.httplime.net *.httploading.com *.httplook.com *.httpmaindns.com *.httpmanagersuit.eu *.httpmyprogramming.net *.httponlinewebsoft.co m *.httppoint.net *.http-primetests.us *.httpput.net *.httpregion.net *.httprsrepoz.com *.httpsatellite.eu *.httpsdata.in *.httpsdsconf.com *.httpsea.com *.http-softlive.info *.httpsquer.com *.httptracking.net *.httpurl.net *.httpv1.com *.httpwebhistorysite.us *.httpwebhost.eu *.httpwebinterface.info *.httpwebmail.us *.http-websignorg.info *.httpwebtech.info *.http-webtesting.us *.httpwebx.info *.httpwebz.info *.httpx4.com *.httpz0.com *.nhttpunique.net
18 Latest active C&C covert channel *.web-alm.net *.web-antispampc.com *.web-designe.us *.web-flashinfo.com *.web-freesite.com *.web-gamesinfo.us *.web-games.us *.web-htmlinfo.us *.web-mex.com *.web-myprice.us *.web-testhard.us *.web-testkeyboard.eu *.web-testprocessors.us
19 Status By the end of October 2012, we will deliver A technical report describing the algorithm and features The software DNS-CC Sniffer
20 DNS-Based Traceback
21 DNS-Based Traceback Goal: Discover the origin of attacks Central insight: The first N hosts to resolve a domain may have some connection to the domain 21
22 Approach Outline Only a few tens of thousands of domains are added each day to gtlds like.com; fewer to others DNS monitoring tools can be extended to log IP/src of the first N-queries for a (new) qname Reducing false positives: Multiple domains are often used by a single botnet Higher confidence if first queries to several domains are from the same host/network Partial take-down can force attacker into action more monitoring/analysis opportunities 22
23 Status By the end of December 2012, we will deliver A technical report describing the algorithm The software prototype of the trace-back system
24 Credits Manos Antonakakis Yizhen Chen Jorge Villasmil
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Decoding DNS data Using DNS traffic analysis to identify cyber security threats, server misconfigurations and software bugs The Domain Name System (DNS) is a core component of the Internet infrastructure,