Nilabja Ghosh. India's Agricultural. Marketing. Market Reforms and Emergence. of New Channels. 4^ Springer

Transcription

1 Nilabja Ghosh India's Agricultural Marketing Market Reforms and Emergence of New Channels 4^ Springer

2 Contents 1 Introduction Evolution of Agricultural Markets: No End in Sight 3 ]. 1.1 From Subsistence to the Exchange Economy The Unresolved Middleman Agricultural Markets and Competitions Vertical Integration Context Apprehensions: Real or Misplaced? Potentials in India Alternative Marketing Models Organization 13 2 Evolution and Reconstitution of Markets Markets and Marketing The Agro-marketing Business and Market Chains Evolution of the Marketing Channel and Persistence of Dualism in Traditional Economies Rise of Marketing Policy and its Failings Stepping on to Reforms Multi-market Interactions of Product Marketing with Social Relations Transaction Cost Explaining Channel Lengths Vertical Coordination A Rethinking on Prices Diversification and Product Wastage 26 3 International Perspectives and Lessons Gained What Experiences in Developed Countries Convey The Relevance of Transparency and the Demise of Spot Prices Entry Barriers Again and Producer Defence 30 ix

3 X Contents Loss of Independence Implications for the Urban Consumer Agro-ecological Prophesy Experiences in Developing Countries and Transitional Economies ^ African Experiences Centralized Economies Challenges Awaiting India's Public Policy Making Objectives, Data and Methodology Conceptual Framework The Invisibility of Unproductive Trading Functions Reaching Out to Small Farmers Efficiency, Productivity and Sustainability Challenges of Designing the Samples Definitional Aspects Sampling of Farmers Sample Details on Traditional Marketing Channels Problems of Sample Designing Tracing the Channel Length and Limitations Methodology Channel Performance Inefficiency of Market and Measurement Issues Quantified Indicator Net Adjusted Farmer Price Gross Marketing Cost Qualitative Insights Inclusiveness Development and Farm Practices Returns from Land Difficulties and Limitations 63 5 India's Agricultural Markets: Regulation and Revitalization Rural Markets Early Transitions Consumer Protection Institutions for Agricultural Marketing and Recent Tendencies Market Intervention Scheme APMC Acts, Auctions and Evaluation of the Regulated Markets Regulated Markets Pricing and Auctions Postharvest Losses in Horticulture Limitations and Evaluations of Regulated Markets The Case for Reforms 74

4 Contents xi 5.7 Reforms Through Legislation in India Hesitations and the Status of Market Reforms Reforms in Traditional Marketing Agricultural Marketing Information and the AGMARKNET Conclusion 82 6 Contemporary Reforms and the Transitions in Sample States Transitions in Andhra Pradesh Regulated Marketing Problems of the Regular System Amendment New Channels Emerging Marketing Reforms in Madhya Pradesh Traditional Regulations on Marketing Amendments Conflicts, Resolution and Changes in State System Marketing Reforms in Maharashtra Regulated Marketing Limitations Amendment of Maharashtra Agricultural Produce Marketing (Regulation) Act, Entry of the Private Sector Marketing Reforms in Himachal Pradesh Regulated Marketing Problems with the Regular Channel New Era Marketing Reforms in Assam Traditional Marketing Failures Amendment and Progress Marketing Reforms in Bihar Traditional Marketing Limitations of Regulated Marketing Reforms? Marketing Reforms in Jharkhand Traditional Marketing Weaknesses Advances in Marketing Marketing Reforms in West Bengal Regulated Marketing Towards Reforms: The Apprehension in West Bengal Marketing Reforms in Uttar Pradesh Limitation and Changes 102

5 XII Contents 6.10 Marketing Reforms in Punjab 6.11 Marketing Reforms in Haryana 7 Socio-economic Conditions and Agriculture in Sample States Districts Under Study '" Visakhapatnam District in Andhra Pradesh Nashik District in Maharashtra Sehore District in Madhya Pradesh Shimla and Solan Districts of Himachal Pradesh Ranchi District in Jharkhand Ill Tinsukia and Nagaon Districts of Assam Ill Murshidabad District in West Bengal Bhagalpur District in Bihar Agra, Hathras and Pratapgarh Districts of Uttar Pradesh Sonepat, Gurgaon and Kurukshetra Districts in Haryana Jalandhar and Ferozepur Districts in Punjab Markets and Prices Selling to Corporate Marketing Intermediaries Data and Methodology Definitions and Methods Reforms and Marketing Channels in Sample States Marketing of Onions and Pomegranates in Nashik: How the DFPCL-'Saarrthie' Operates The Adani Marketing Group and Regular Trading in Himachal Pradesh ITC and Its e-choupal in Madhya Pradesh for Marketing Soya Bean Marketing Performance Do Farmers Gain? Do Users Gain? 13( Disposal Wastage Price Formation, Market Information and Preference for Market Channel Perceptions of Farmers and Traders M aharashtra Madhya Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Who Participates in the Emerging Market? Farm Practices Conclusions 1-37

6 Contents %iü 9 Selling to Processors on Contract Data and Methodology Method of Analysis Sample Products and Regions: A Background Assam Sample Uttar Pradesh Samples Punjab Sample How the Channels Operate Contracts with Processors Among Potato Growers in Assam Transitions in Uttar Pradesh from Trader Buyers to Processor Buyers Developments in Punjab Market Performance Farmer's Gain Consumer's Gain Price Fixation and Information Dissemination Disposal and Wastage Perceptions of Stakeholders Uttar Pradesh Assam Punjab Who Participates? Farming Practices Conclusion Selling to Organized Retailers Data and Methodology Status of Study Regions and Market Functioning Emerging and Traditional Marketing Channels Marketing Through Reliance Fresh in Jharkhand and Haryana Mother Dairy as the Intermediary in Himachal Pradesh Market Performance Farmer Gains Consumer Gain Disposal and Wastage Price Determination and Information Perceptions of Different Agents Participation Farming Practices Conclusion 173

7 XIV Contents 11 Direct Marketing by Farmers 1 n 11.1 Data and Methodology ^ Status of Study Regions and Market Functioning Direct Selling by Individual Farmers in Andhra Pradesh Direct Selling in Groups in Assam Bypassing the Commission Agent in Punjab The Traditional Marketing Channels Market Performance Gains for Agriculture Do Consumers Gain? Price Fixation and Dissemination Disposal and Rejection Wastage Perceptions of Market Agents Who Participates in the Emerging Market? Fanning Practices Assessments Contracts with Local Traders in West Bengal Background Market and Market Reforms Sample and Methodology Sample District of Murshidabad Marketing Method Traditional Marketing Market Performance Do Farmers Gain? Wastage and Disposal Price Information and Preference Perceptions Who Participates? Farm Practices Assessments on West Bengal Local Marketing Support in Bihar The Progression and Regression of Market Reforms Sample Details and Methods Sample Region and Crop Methodology Marketing Mango Market Performance Price Determination Perceptions Participation Farm Practices Concluding Remarks 205

8 Contents xv 14 The Transition in India: An Integrated View Variety of Channels Reduction of Marketing Costs and Gain in Efficiency Shorter Channels and Traders' Productivity Economic Gains for Agriculture Participation of Farm Classes Sensitivity of Farm Size in Participation Farm Practices Implications of the Changes Reconsidering Agricultural Marketing in India Looking Forward Misgivings and Political Economy Implications Markets and Marketing Channels Experiences from Other Countries Progress of Reforms in India Reforms in States Reforms in Traditional Marketing and the Role of Traders Empirical Findings from Primary Data and Field Information Functioning of Emerging Channels Why Participants Choose the New Channel Marketing Costs and Gains in Efficiency from Switching Gains to Agriculture Political Economy Implications Sensitivity of Farm Size in Participation Farm Practices Marketing Practices Other Services Provided by the Buyer Innovations of Organization Traditional Markets Changing Rules of Price Determination and Significance of Traditional Marketing Wastage Policy Directions 235 Appendix 237 Bibliography Index ^95 ^03