Energy Efficiency in Buildings in the Contracting Parties of the Energy Community. Energy Efficiency

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1 in the Contracting Parties of the Energy Community Energy Efficiency Energy Savings International AS February This report was financed by the Energy Community.

2 Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings in the Contracting Parties of the Energy Community Update/new National Law(s) 2. Overall National Approach for compliance with EPBD 3. National EE Focal Point(s) (planning, management, reporting, etc.) 4. Building Stock Inventory 5.1 Energy Performance Calculation Methodology Climatic data 5.2 Minimum Energy Performance Requirements 5.3 Methodology on Cost-effective Evaluations 5.4 Regulation on Energy Performance Certification 5.5 Regulations on Inspections; Heating and Air-conditioning 5.6 Procedures for training, certification and registration. 9. Training, information and awareness raising 6. Calculation Software Certification Tool 8. National Control System/ Registry (Certificates, Inspection Reports, Experts ) Time

3 Report title Project no. Date Energy Efficiency in Buildings in the Contracting Parties of the Energy Community Client Energy Community Secretariat Number of pages / annexes Composed by Lubomir Tchervilov, Nataliya Grytsenko, Nikola Kaloyanov Approved by 248 incl. 2 annexes Trond Dahlsveen List of Contents List of Tables... 6 List of Pictures/Illustrations... 8 List of abbreviations Introduction Executive Summary Building stock inventory and Reference buildings Economic energy savings potential Database of climatic data Methodology for calculating the energy performance of buildings Recommendations to set the minimum EP requirements, including best calculation methods and software EU standards and secondary legislation Roadmap for EPBD implementation Training Workshop Building stock inventory Existing situation Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Moldova Montenegro Serbia Ukraine UNMIK Contracting Parties, summary... 39

4 3.2 Methodology for development of building stock inventory Energy Performance of Buildings Directive Experience with building categorization in the EU Recommended approach/methodology for building stock inventory Methodology for defining reference buildings Energy Performance of Buildings Directive and European Standards Regulation on cost-optimal calculations Concerted Action of the EU on the EPBD Important building categories Recommended approach/methodology for defining reference buildings Economic energy saving potential Methodology Albania Cost effective energy saving potential investments need and savings target Bosnia and Herzegovina Cost effective energy saving potential investments need and savings target Croatia Cost effective energy saving potential investments need and savings target Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Cost effective energy saving potential investments need and savings target Moldova Cost effective energy saving potential investments need and savings target Montenegro Cost effective energy saving potential investments need and savings target Serbia Cost effective energy saving potential investments need and savings target Ukraine Cost effective energy saving potential investments need and savings target UNMIK Cost effective energy saving potential investments need and savings target Database of climate data Introduction... 95

5 5.1.1 European Standards for climatic data Regulation on cost-optimal calculations METEONORM Methodology for establishing database for climatic data Tool for database for climatic data Database operation and management Methodology for calculating the energy performance of buildings EPB calculations according EPBD, ENs and ISOs - Overview Energy Performance of Buildings Directive Definitions, energy need Definitions, energy use/delivered energy ISO and supporting standards Calculation direction Services/Energy budget items Calculation methodology Zoning of buildings Interaction between building and systems EPB calculations in Bulgaria EPB calculation in Germany EPB calculation in Norway Suitable methodology for the beneficiaries Introduction Services (energy budget items) Calculation method Quasi-steady-state methods Zoning of buildings Thermal coupling between zones Conditioned area Interaction between building and systems Length of heating and cooling season Assessment boundaries Energy use for lighting Energy need Energy use/delivered energy Recommendations to set the minimum EP requirements, including best calculation methods and software Minimum energy performance requirements Minimum energy performance requirements EPBD and EN Regulation on cost-optimal calculations Other considerations Example energy performance requirements, Norway

6 7.1.5 Measures/steps to set minimum energy performance requirements Calculation methods and software EU standards and secondary legislation Minimum EU standards Revision of European Standards Secondary and tertiary legislation Methodology for calculating the energy performance of buildings Methodology on cost-effective evaluation of EE improvements Regulation with minimum energy performance requirements Regulations for energy certification of buildings Regulation on regular inspection of heating systems Regulation on regular inspection of air-conditioning systems Procedures for training, certification and registration of persons and entities Independent control system for certificates and inspection reports Roadmap for EPBD Implementation Flowchart and Roadmap Definitions and methodology Definitions Calculation methodology Energy performance requirements Energy performance certificate Inspection of heating and air-conditioning systems Information and penalties Information Penalties Bibliography Annex 1 Tool for Climatic Data Worksheet: Zone Manual Results Worksheet: Zone Auto Average RepDay Result Worksheet: Zone Auto Real RepDay Result Worksheet: Reference year 8760 h INPUT Worksheet: Reference year CALCULATIONS Annex 2 Training Materials

7 List of Tables Table Albania, information in the building stock Table Bosnia and Herzegovina, categorization of building types Table FYR of Macedonia, ExCITE categorization of public buildings Table Moldova, categorization of buildings Table Serbia, categorization of buildings Table Ukraine, categorization of residential buildings Table Ukraine, categorization of non-residential buildings Table Ukraine, categorization of public buildings Table UNMIK, categorization of buildings Table Comparison of building categories Table Building categorization for Energy Certification Table Recommended categorization of residential buildings Table Recommended categorization of non-residential buildings Table Recommended information per building Table Distribution between building categories in EU 27 + Norway and Switzerland.. 55 Table Distribution between building categories in Albania and UNMIK Table Example of average U-values Table Building (Zone) geometry Table Building (Zone) properties Table Internal gains and operation periods Table Holidays Table Heating mode Table Heating system Table Mechanical ventilation system (heating mode) Table Domestic hot water systems Table Cooling mode Table Room cooling system Table Mechanical ventilation system (cooling mode) Table Example total and per m 2 savings and investments potential Table Example aggregated investments and savings target Table Example accumulated savings Table Albania, tariffs Table Albania, cost effective energy savings potential family houses Table Albania, cost effective energy savings potential apartment buildings Table Albania, cost effective energy savings potential healthcare Table Albania, cost effective energy savings potential hotels Table Albania, cost effective energy savings potential education Table Albania, cost effective energy savings potential other buildings Table Albania, aggregated investment and savings target Table Bosnia and Herzegovina, tariffs Table Bosnia and Herzegovina, cost effective energy savings potential family houses72 Table Bosnia and Herzegovina, cost effective energy savings potential apartment buildings Table Bosnia and Herzegovina, cost effective energy savings potential healthcare Table Bosnia and Herzegovina, cost effective energy savings potential education Table Bosnia and Herzegovina, cost effective energy savings potential other buildings Table Bosnia and Herzegovina, aggregated investment and savings target Table Croatia, cost effective energy savings potential family houses Table Croatia, cost effective energy savings potential apartment buildings Table Croatia, cost effective energy savings potential healthcare Table Croatia, cost effective energy savings potential education Table Croatia, cost effective energy savings potential hotels... 77

8 Table Croatia, cost effective energy savings potential other buildings Table Croatia, aggregated investment and savings target Table Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, tariffs Table FYR of Macedonia cost effective energy savings potential family houses Table FYR of Macedonia cost effective energy savings potential apartment buildings 79 Table FYR of Macedonia cost effective energy savings potential healthcare Table FYR of Macedonia cost effective energy savings potential education Table FYR of Macedonia cost effective energy savings potential other buildings Table FYR of Macedonia aggregated investment and savings target Table Moldova, tariffs Table Moldova, cost effective energy savings potential family houses Table Moldova, cost effective energy savings potential apartment buildings Table Moldova, cost effective energy savings potential healthcare Table Moldova, cost effective energy savings potential education Table Moldova, cost effective energy savings potential other buildings Table Moldova, aggregated investment and savings target Table Montenegro, cost effective energy savings potential family houses Table Montenegro, cost effective energy savings potential apartment buildings Table Montenegro, cost effective energy savings potential other buildings Table Montenegro, aggregated investment and savings target Table Serbia, cost effective energy savings potential family houses Table Serbia, cost effective energy savings potential apartment buildings Table Serbia, cost effective energy savings potential healthcare Table Serbia, cost effective energy savings potential education Table Serbia, cost effective energy savings potential hotels Table Serbia, cost effective energy savings potential other buildings Table Serbia, aggregated investment and savings target Table Ukraine, tariffs Table Ukraine, cost effective energy savings potential family houses Table Ukraine, cost effective energy savings potential apartment buildings Table Ukraine, cost effective energy savings potential healthcare Table Ukraine, cost effective energy savings potential education Table Ukraine, cost effective energy savings potential other buildings Table Ukraine, aggregated investment and savings target Table UNMIK, tariffs Table UNMIK, cost effective energy savings potential family houses Table UNMIK, cost effective energy savings potential apartment buildings Table UNMIK, cost effective energy savings potential healthcare Table UNMIK, cost effective energy savings potential hotels Table UNMIK, cost effective energy savings potential education Table UNMIK, cost effective energy savings potential other buildings Table UNMIK, aggregated investment and savings target Table Reporting on climatic data (Regulation on cost-optimal calculations) Table Bulgarian values for the coefficient е p Table Bulgarian values for the coefficient f i Table Norwegian building types and calculation methodologies Table Norwegian set-point temperatures Table Norwegian requirements for H Table Norwegian division into energy budget items Table Overview of Norwegian parameters with standard input values Table Overview of Norwegian parameters with standard input values Table Recommended distribution of energy use into services (energy budget items) 123 Table Example parameters for impact modification Table Norwegian overall energy performance requirements

9 Table Norwegian additional, specific requirements Table Norwegian minimum requirements to transmission Table Norwegian minimum requirements to leakage Table Norwegian minimum requirements to ventilation rates Table Norwegian minimum requirements to heat exchanger efficiency Table Norwegian minimum requirements to specific fan power Table National calculation methodologies and software in some European countries172 Table European standards supporting implementation of EPBD Table European standards overview and minimum needed to be adopted Table Outline of methodology for calculating the energy performance of buildings Table Outline of methodology on cost-effective evaluation of EE improvements Table Outline of regulations with minimum energy performance requirements Table Outline of regulations for energy certification of buildings Table Outline of regulation on regular inspection of heating systems Table Outline of regulation on regular inspection of air-conditioning systems Table Outline of procedures for training, certification and registration of persons and entities Table Outline of regulation for independent control system Table 9-1 Outline of regulation on regular inspection of heating systems Table Main steps/activities definitions Table Main steps/activities calculation methodology Table Main steps/activities energy performance requirements Table Main steps/activities energy performance certificate Table Main steps/activities inspection of heating and air-conditioning systems Table Main steps/activities information Table Main steps/activities penalties List of Pictures/Illustrations Figure 2-1 Overview of the main topics covered in this Study Figure Distribution of residential and non-residential building stock Figure Various use of the climatic data Figure Norwegian procedure for energy calculations Figure Subsystem energy flow Figure Heating and cooling sub-system efficiencies Figure Variations in degree days in Norway Figure Calculations and supporting EN Figure Secondary and tertiary legislation related to EPBD implementation Figure Overall process flowchart for implementation of EPBD Figure Structure in the Roadmap Template

10 List of abbreviations BPIE - Building Performance Institute Europe BTI - Bureau of Technical Information in Ukraine (BTI) COP - Coefficient of performance (COP) CEN - European Committee for Standardization CP - Contracting Parties CPC - Central Product Classification (CPC) DATAMINE - Collecting DATA from Energy Certification to Monitor Performance Indicators for New and Existing buildings DD - Degree days (heating and cooling) DIN - Deutsches Institut für Normung (German Institute for Standardization) DHW - Domestic Hot Water EA Report - Energy Audit Report EC - European Commission ECS - Energy Community Secretariat ECT - Energy Community Treaty (ECT) EE - Energy Efficiency EN - European Norms ENSI - Energy Saving International AS EPBD - Directive on Energy Performance of Buildings EBRD - European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EP - Energy Performance EPCG - Montenegrin electricity company (Elektroprivreda Crne Gore) ERC - Energy Regulatory Commission EU - European Union EUROSTAT - Statistical office of the European Union FEC or TFC - Final energy consumption HEP - Croatian electricity company (Hrvatska Elektroprivreda) HVAC - Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning IEA - International Energy Agency IEE - Intelligent Energy - Europe (IEE) IPA - Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance ISO - International Organization for Standardization LPG - Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) MS - EU Member State NEEAP - National Energy Efficiency Action Plan NEEAPB - National Energy Efficiency Action Plan for Buildings NPV - Net Present Value ODYSSEE - Energy Efficiency Indicators in Europe OG - Official Gazzette UNDP - United Nations Development Programme USAID - United States Agency for International Development VAT - Value Added Taxes VAV - Variable Air Volume (mechanical ventilation systems) WMO - World Metrological Organisation

11 1 Introduction The global objective of the Study is: To support governments in their efforts to meet their commitments under the Energy Community Treaty (ECT) by assisting them to increase the efficient use of energy in buildings and improve their energy performances, as well as for implementation of their NEEAPs with respect to buildings sector. The specific objectives are: 1. To provide governments with an accurate method to make an inventory of their buildings stocks, to define reference buildings in each category, and also with a rough assessment of the potential for energy savings as well as the investments needed to harvest the potential; 2. To develop a methodology for national data base for climate parameters; 3. To develop a methodology to calculate the energy performance of buildings according to the Articles 3-5 of the EPBD and taking into consideration among others factors such as climatic conditions and cost-effectiveness; 4. To identify the minimum set of EU standards and secondary legislation that needs to be adopted by the Contracting Parties for the scope of the EPBD; 5. To assist the beneficiaries in the preparation of secondary legislation in compliance with the EPBD. Energy Community Contracting Parties (beneficiaries): Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Serbia, Ukraine and UNMIK. According to the Terms of Reference for this Study, the Consultant should perform the following activities: Buildings stock inventory, reference buildings 1. Analyse the current situation with the building stock inventory in each beneficiary; including the methods and indicators used, the relevant national regulation applicable (building codes, standards, etc.), the bodies involved in the inventory development; based on the findings, propose a methodology to make the buildings stock inventory; this should cover residential and non-residential buildings and be in line with the Annex I of EPBD. 2. Propose a methodology to define reference buildings that are characterised by and representative of their functionality and geographic location, including indoor and outdoor climate conditions. The reference buildings shall cover residential and non-residential buildings, both new and existing ones (including requirements of the Annex III of the EPBD). Economic energy savings potential 3. Roughly estimate the economic potential for energy savings in each of the above mentioned categories, based on reference buildings and the most cost effective energy saving measures for the respective category, for each beneficiary. 4. Estimate the investments needed and energy savings achieved for the measures proposed in each category and for each beneficiary for the period Data base of climate parameters 5. Prepare a methodology to collect the climate parameters as needed for the calculation of the energy performance of buildings. 1

12 6. Design the data base in a simple and user friendly form that could be used by all beneficiaries. Recommend what are the most suitable national/regional bodies and procedures to collect the information and maintain the database. Methodology for calculating the energy performance of buildings 7. Analyse minimum two EU Member States methodologies and recommend a common methodology for calculating the energy performance of buildings for the beneficiaries, in accordance with the common general framework set out in Annex I of the Directive 2010/31/EU; this methodology will be used as a model by the beneficiaries in the implementation of the Directive. EU standards and secondary legislation 8. Identify the set of EU standards that are needed for the implementation of the Directive and prepare a list of these with direct reference to the Articles of the Directive and dynamic of implementation. In addition, make an outline of the required secondary legislation to be adopted by the Contracting Parties (e.g. regulations, rulebooks, guidelines, etc.). Recommendations to set the minimum EP requirements, including best calculation methods and software 9. Give recommendations on what measures/steps are necessary to set the minimum energy performance requirements for buildings or building units in accordance with the requirements of the EPBD, including recommendations for best calculation methods and software used by the EU Member States. EPBD Implementation Roadmap for Energy Community and training workshop 10. Development of a common Roadmap/process flowchart for the implementation of the EPBD, describing the logical steps in order to implement the EPBD by the end of 2012, recommending also the most appropriate responsible institution for each action. 11. Prepare the materials for one day training workshop to disseminate the results of the Study and deliver the training. The Study () include the following main chapters: Building stock inventory Economic energy savings potential Database of climatic data Methodology for calculating the energy performance of buildings Recommendations EU standards and secondary legislation Roadmap for EPBD implementation 2

13 2 Executive Summary The following overview has been prepared to illustrate how the various topics covered in this Study are related to each other: Figure 2-1 Overview of the main topics covered in this Study. Building Stock Inventory Reference Buildings EP Calculation Methodology Climatic Supporting European and National Standards data Savings Potential Min. EP Requirements EP Certification Control System/ Registry Inspections, Heating & AC Energy Auditing Training and Certification of Experts The main recommendations provided in the Study are summarized below. 2.1 Building stock inventory and Reference buildings Task: Propose a methodology to make a buildings stock inventory in line with the Annex I of EPBD and a methodology to define reference buildings, including requirements of the Annex III of the EPBD. For the purpose as defined by this Study, the recommendation for categorization and subcategorization of buildings in the building stock inventory is based on Annex I of the EPBD and EUROSTAT. Consequently, the following categorization and sub-categorization is recommended for residential and non-residential buildings: Main category Subcategory Residential buildings 1. Family houses One dwelling Two dwelling buildings 2. Apartment buildings Low (up to 5 floors) High-rise 3. Residences for communities 3

14 Main category Subcategory Non-residential buildings 4. Offices 5. Educational buildings Kindergartens Schools 6. Health care facilities Hospitals 7. Hotels and restaurants Hotels 8. Sport facilities 9. Wholesale and retail trade service buildings 10. Other types of energy consuming buildings Universities/High schools Other institutional care buildings Other short-stay accommodation buildings It is recommended to use the same categorization of buildings in the scheme for energy certification as in the building stock inventory. Recommended information to be provided for each building into the Building Stock Inventory is specified in table The main steps/activities needed to establish and operate/manage a Building Stock Inventory is proposed at the end of chapter Since sufficient information to prepare required reference buildings is lacking at present in the Contracting parties, the development of reference buildings should be done in two steps: 1. Develop first version of reference buildings based on existing information and expert evaluations; 2. Adjust the reference buildings based on information collected in the new building stock inventory (and information from energy certification). The information needed for each reference building to allow for energy calculations according to the methodology recommended in this Study is presented in tables to Economic energy savings potential Task: Based on reference buildings, roughly estimate the economic energy saving potential, based on available data: For each building category: per m 2 energy and economic savings, investments, prioritisation of the cost effective measured included; For each building category: aggregated investments needed and energy savings achieved for the measures proposed for the period There was far from enough available data in the contracting parties to do the rough estimation of the energy savings potential from implementing profitable, technical energy efficiency measures properly. Therefore, very rough estimations have been prepared based on a combination of the limited data available and the ENSI experience from the region. 4

15 In chapter 4, first the overall methodology used is described, and then the rough estimates are presented for each beneficiary in two types of tables as shown below. Education Savings Investment Rank Measures kwh/m 2 a /m 2 a /m 2 1 Energy efficient lighting 2 Replacement of coal boiler 3 Replacement of oil boiler 4 Insulation of roof 5 Hydraulic balancing + thermostatic valves 6 Insulation of external walls 12,5 1,2 7,2 Building stock area m 2 MWh/a Total savings 20 % The example numbers in the table above is the average savings potential and investment needed for the whole building category Education ( m 2 ). The total, average savings potential is 20%. In these rough estimations, all profitable measures ( = positive NPV) were included; some of them with payback period up to 15 years (due to their long economic lifetime). As a result of this, the average payback period for the package of measures is quite long. From an overall economic policy point of view, this could be acceptable. From a company financial point of view, only measures with shorter payback, or better return on investment could be included. This in turn will reduce the savings potential. Aggregated investments and savings has been estimated based on the assumption that the target is to achieve 1% energy savings per year in the building sector, accumulated to 9% by 2020: Building category Savings Investment MWh/a /a Family houses Apartment buildings Healthcare Education Hotel Other (offices, trade, etc.) Total Considering the scenario with implementing the most profitable projects a first priority as well as combining renovation and energy efficiency projects, it might be possible to achieve the 9% savings target with investments 20-30% lower compared to what is presented in tables based on the average potential. The accumulated savings will of course be much higher than the aggregated savings. For the above example, the 433,7 mill euro investments has generated accumulated savings of 325,8 mill euro at the end of year 2020 (further explanations are given in chapter 4.1). Having in mind the long economic lifetime of several of the included measures (as presented in chapter 4.1), significant savings will be achieved after

16 2.3 Database of climatic data Task: Preparation of a data base (methodology and tool) for the required climate parameters used in the calculation of minimum energy performance of buildings. Propose suitable national/regional bodies and procedures to collect and maintain the database. For the purpose of various energy performance calculations as covered by this Study, it is necessary to prepare the following climatic data for each climatic zone: 1. Design values: o winter and summer external air design temperature; o winter and summer external air design moisture. 2. Data for heating and cooling calculations: o average monthly external dry bulb temperature; o monthly amplitude of the external dry bulb temperature; o global monthly solar irradiation in four directions plus horizontal (W/m 2 ); o beginning and end of the heating and of the cooling season (indicative); o duration of heating and of cooling seasons (indicative). 3. Data for humidification and dehumidification calculations: o a representative day of each month of the year; hourly data for external air dry bulb temperature and air relative humidity; A Climate Database tool based on Microsoft Excel workbook has been prepared as a part of this Study (see Annex 1). Regarding establishment, operation and management of the Database of Climatic Data, this could be divided into three main tasks: 1. Measurements/registration 2. Establishment of the database 3. Operation and management Recommendations for each of the tasks are provided in chapter Methodology for calculating the energy performance of buildings Tasks: Analyse methodologies for calculating the energy performance of buildings in minimum two EU Member States, and propose the most suitable methodology for the beneficiaries. The methodologies for calculating the energy performance of buildings in Bulgaria, Germany and Norway have been analysed, and the main findings are presented in chapter 6. Regarding the most suitable methodology for the beneficiaries, the following overall approach is recommended: Monthly quasi-steady-state calculation method for heating and cooling with as many simplifications as possible and as allowed by ISO and with a large number of predefined, national input values. For pre-cooling of ventilation air (incl. dehumidification), it is recommended to do the calculations based on hourly data for a representative day each month. 6

17 It is recommended to follow the criteria given in ISO to decide whether a building should be divided into zones or not. It is recommended not to consider thermal coupling between zones. Regarding interaction between the building and technical systems, the simplified approach is recommended (not holistic). Internal overall dimensions are recommended to be used for calculations. Regarding calculation of energy use, it is recommended to use tabulated sub-system efficiencies provided at national level (for emission, distribution and storage/generation efficiencies). Regarding distribution of energy use into services, the following structure is recommended: Main budget item Sub-category 1. Heating 1a. Room heating 1b. Pre-heating of ventilation air 1c. Auxiliary, heating system 2. Ventilation 2.a Fans 2.b Humidification 3. Domestic Hot Water 3.a Heating DHW 3.b Auxiliary, DHW system 4. Lighting 5. Other services 6. Cooling 6a. Room cooling 6b. Pre-cooling of ventilation air 6c. Auxiliary, cooling system 7.Outdoor More detailed recommendations are provided in chapter Recommendations to set the minimum EP requirements, including best calculation methods and software Task: Give recommendations on what measures/steps are necessary to set the minimum energy performance requirements for buildings or building units in accordance with the requirements of the EPBD, including recommendations for best calculation methods and software used by the EU Member States. Regarding development of minimum energy performance requirements, it is recommended to follow the requirements of the EPBD and the final draft Regulation on comparative methodology framework for calculating cost-optimal levels of minimum energy performance requirements for buildings and building elements dated Then the following measures/steps will be needed: Defining approach for specifying the energy performance requirements Establishment of reference buildings Identification of energy efficiency measures, measures based on renewable energy sources and/or packages and variants of such measures for each reference building Calculation of the primary energy demand resulting from the application of such measures and packages of measures to a reference building Calculation of the global cost in terms of net present value for each reference building 7

18 Undertaking a sensitivity analysis for cost input data including energy prices Derivation of a cost-optimal level of energy performance for each reference building Update the building regulations accordingly It is recommended that the Contracting parties develop their own national calculation methodology according to the recommendations provided in chapter 6 of this Study. It could be efficient if a number of the Contracting Parties are defining the same methodology (just with different, national input values). It is also recommended that the Contracting parties are developing their own software according to their national calculation methodology. It would also be efficient if those Contracting Parties that decides to develop a common calculation methodology also cooperate on developing common software. This might be supported by donor funds, if such applications are formulated. If an existing calculation methodology in one EU Member State should be recommended, it seems that the methodology developed in the Netherlands might be the most suitable. The consequence of selected one existing software in a EU Member State will probably be that it is necessary to update the national calculation methodology accordingly, even though some national adjustments of the software could be possible. 2.6 EU standards and secondary legislation Tasks: Listing of minimum EU standards that are required to be adopted by the beneficiaries in order to proper implement the EPBD. Outline of the secondary legislation that is required to be adopted by the beneficiaries in order to proper implement the EPBD. Chapter 8 includes an overview of the European standards that are available for supporting implementation of EPBD in the following format (reference provided for each article of the EPBD): Articles of EPBD Name 1 Subject Matter. NA 2 Definitions. NA 3 Adoption of a methodology for calculating the energy performance of buildings. Apply a methodology in accordance with the general framework set out in Annex I Common general framework for the calculation of energy performance of buildings Related European Standard (EN) - ISO Energy performance of buildings - Calculation of energy use for space heating and cooling (taking account of losses and gains) - EN Energy performance of buildings - Overall energy use and definition of energy ratings (energy use for space heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting, inclusive system losses and auxiliary energy, and definition of energy ratings) - EN Methods for expressing energy performance and for energy certification of buildings (incl. ways of expressing requirements for regulations) 8

19 This chapter also provides an overview of the European Standards that needs to be adopted by the beneficiaries in order to proper implement the EPBD. The secondary and tertiary legislation related to EPBD can be presented as in the figure below (could be named regulation, ordinance, decree, provisions, standards, rulebook, guidelines, etc. as appropriate according national legislative procedures). Methodology for Calculating the Energy Performance of Buildings Methodology for Cost-effective Evaluations Regular Inspection of Heating Systems Regular Inspection of Air-conditioning Systems Energy Performance Certification of Buildings Minimum Energy Performance Requirements Training, Certification and Registration of Persons and Enteties Performing Energy Certification Training, Certification and Registration of Persons and Enteties Performing Inspections Independent Control System and Registry for Certificates, Inspection Reports and Experts An outline of the content of each of these 9 boxes is provided in chapter 8 in the following format (this is an extract from the Regulation on Regular inspection of heating systems): Outline - Scope - Normative references - Terms and definitions - Requirements for application of regular inspection of heating systems and inspection intervals - Inspection classes - Procedures for regular inspection of boilers, incl. preparation, data collection, visual inspections, maintenance check, functionality check, boiler controls, meters, boiler performance and advice for performance improvements - Procedure for one off inspection of heating systems, incl. preparation, data collection, visual inspections, functionality check, maintenance check, controls, sensors and indicators, energy consumption, check of emission, distribution and generation systems, domestic hot water systems and advice for performance improvements - Related EN Standards Related EPBD Articles EN , 16, 17 9

20 2.7 Roadmap for EPBD implementation Task: Develop a common Roadmap/process flowchart for the implementation of the EPBD, describing the logical steps in order to implement the EPBD by the end of 2012, recommending also the most appropriate responsible institution for each action. Contracting Parties of the Energy Community have developed (some are developing) Roadmaps for implementation of energy efficiency directives, in accordance with the following structure provided by the developed Roadmap Template: ROAD MAP STRUCTURE I. DIRECTIVE 2006/32/EC ON ENERGY END USE EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY SERVICES II. DIRECTIVE 2010/31/EU ON THE ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS III. DIRECTIVE 2010/30/EU ON LABELING OF ENERGY-RELATED PRODUCTS Energy savings targets Definitions and methodology Scope and Definitions Promotion of energy end use efficiency and energy services Energy performance requirements Establishing the framework Energy performance certificate Implementing Directives/Delegated Acts Inspection of heating and air-conditioning systems Information and penalties Regarding the EPBD, the Contracting parties have agreed to follow the five main directions above: 1. Definitions and methodology 2. Energy performance requirements 3. Energy performance certificate 4. Inspection of heating and air-conditioning systems 5. Information and penalties In chapter 9, the main steps needed in order to implement the EPBD are described for each of these five directions in the following format (this is an extract from related to national calculation methodology): Main steps Responsible institution Reference in Study Requirement to develop a national calculation Ministry methodology according to general framework as set out in the EPBD included into appropriate national law, and necessary resources and funds for its development allocated or secured Development of national calculation methodology with national annexes (default input values) - National Standard Ministry / National Focal Point (+ relevant research and standardisation institutions) 6.5,

21 The overall process flowchart can be illustrated as follows, with the timeline starting to the left and going to the right: 3. National EE Focal Point(s) (planning, management, reporting, etc.) 4. Building Stock Inventory 1. Update/new National Law(s) 2. Overall National Approach for compliance with EPBD 5.1 Energy Performance Calculation Methodology Climatic data 5.2 Minimum Energy Performance Requirements 5.3 Methodology on Cost-effective Evaluations 5.4 Regulation on Energy Performance Certification 5.5 Regulations on Inspections; Heating and Air-conditioning 5.6 Procedures for training, certification and registration. 9. Training, information and awareness raising 6. Calculation Software Certification Tool 8. National Control System/ Registry (Certificates, Inspection Reports, Experts ) Time 2.8 Training Workshop The findings, recommendations and proposals of the Study were presented at a one-day Training Workshop in Vienna Wednesday 22 nd of February All the presentations provided are included in Annex 2. 11

22 3 Building stock inventory Task: review the existing categorisation of buildings in the beneficiaries, the methods and indicators used, the relevant regulatory frame applicable (building codes, standards, etc.) and the bodies with relevant responsibilities for the implementation of the EPBD. Provide information per beneficiary (available from official statistics, and as provided from questionnaires, contact persons, visits to beneficiaries, etc.) on: Existing categorization of buildings; Methods and indicators used; Relevant (for this study) regulatory framework (building codes, standards, etc.); Bodies with relevant responsibilities for implementation of the EPBD. 3.1 Existing situation Albania Existing categorization of buildings There exists no specific state level inventory of public or other buildings except the statistical data from Albanian Institute of Statistics ( The main division here is between residential and non-residential buildings. The current population of million (in households) inhabits about residential buildings containing dwellings or about 63 million m 2 of total floor area residential buildings. Unoccupied households were estimated by the local consultants to 9 % or 5.5 million m 2. The amount of non-residential stock reported by the local consultants is about buildings or about 16 million m 2. These estimations are based on generalised statistical data and needs further particularisation. No specific methods and indicators used for building stock inventory for the purpose of energy performance exist on state level. Additional efforts for disaggregation the data and assess building stock data that we could use for calculating the energy savings potential (chapter 4.2) were performed by the local consultants. Ten municipalities are using the USAID Asset Database containing a kind of building stock inventory as assets; and 11 municipalities are using the ENSI Database for collecting building and energy data from their facilities. However, there exist no specific methods and indicators for building stock inventory for the purpose of energy performance on state level. Official statistics about energy consumption is divided in residential sector and commercial sector (which includes more than just buildings). Only limited information of relevance for a building stock inventory is provided in the national Cadastre. Residential buildings According to the Albanian Institute of Statistics there are about 60 million m 2 residential buildings, which are defined by the following categories: single dwelling multiple dwelling Information is given about floor area (m 2 ) and number of buildings. 12

23 This residential building stock is also presented by age of construction: before In addition, the official statistics provide information about residential building stock on the following parameters: Table Albania, information in the building stock Building characteristics: Plastered with roof Plastered with terrace Not plastered with roof Not plastered with terrace Main construction materials: Pre-fabricated Bricks, stones Wood Other Number of floors: 1 floor 2 floors 3-5 floors 6-10 floors 11 and more floors Official statistics also provide information about share of different heat source in the residential sector: Central heating Individual heating Conditioner, electric radiator, wood stove etc. Non-residential buildings Regarding non-residential buildings, the Albanian Institute of Statistics provides the following categorisation (in m 2 and number of buildings): Hotels Wholesale and retail trade build Industrial buildings Other buildings However, it should be noted that this information is presented for the buildings registered after 1998 only. Non-residential buildings constructed before this period is not presented in the official statistics Methods and indicators used In Albania, the transmission volume loss coefficient Gv t is used as performance indicator for buildings. 13

24 Transmission volume loss coefficient is transmission losses per heated volume and per 1 C between indoor and outdoor temperature 1. (W/m 3 K) Transmission volume loss coefficient Gvt is defined by formula: where: Q tr heat transmission flow (W) V heated building volume expressed in m 3 Δt equal to (t b t j ), where (t b ) is indoor air temperature and (t i ) is outdoor air temperature According to the Regulations, this coefficient must not exceed normative values Gv tn, which are recommended for 3 different climatic zones, and dwelling characteristics (relation S/V), where S is the dwelling surface from which the heat is transmitted and V is the heated volume: Gvt Gvt n This indicator is an old approach used in 80-th and does not correspond to the EN standards and methodologies for expressing energy performance indicators Regulatory framework Qtr Gvt = VΔt As primary legislation related to energy efficiency in the building sector, the following Laws are valid in Albania: Law No. 9072, dated , Power sector ; Law No. 9379, dated Energy efficiency ; Council of Ministers Decision no.584, dated On energy saving and conservation in buildings Law No. 8937, dated On heat saving in buildings ; The Draft Energy Efficiency Law and Draft Renewable Energy Law have been prepared, but are still not approved by the National Parliament. The existing Building Codes is in force since 2002 and are currently being revised applying the same methodology for assessment of energy performance as in 2002 (using transmission volume loss coefficient), but complying with the new package of the EE Law. The basic regulation is "Norms, regulations, design and constructions conditions, for heat generation and energy saving in dwellings and public buildings (2003). In terms of U-values, the Technical Norms of Heat Saving in Buildings were approved It is however, expected that a revised version will soon be finalised. Development of new technical regulations on the energy performance of buildings and compulsory inspections of heating, ventilation and AC systems are also planned. The overall deadline for developing supportive regulations is 30 September According to "Norms, regulations, design and constructions conditions for heat generation and energy saving in dwellings and public buildings (2003) 14

25 National bodies involved The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Energy and Albanian National Agency for Natural Resources are identified as main responsible regulative bodies for implementing EPBD in Albania. As for the building stock inventory the Albanian Institute of Statistics is the only institution responsible to collect some of the relevant information Bosnia and Herzegovina Existing categorization of buildings The statistical agencies are using a common classification of constructions types (KVGO BiH) to store information about the building stock. The information stays with Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the State level, ( with the Federal Office of Statistics for the Entity of the Federation of Bosnia Herzegovina ( and with the Institute of Statistics for the Entity of Republika Srpska ( KVGO follows EUROSTAT Classification of Types of Constructions CC 1997, which has been developed on the basis of the provisional Central Product Classification (CPC) published in 1991 by the United Nations. CPC distinguishes in 52 "Constructions" between the two main categories "Buildings" and "Civil engineering works", which in CC are also used as major groups. The following categorisation is used: Table Bosnia and Herzegovina, categorization of building types 11 Residential buildings 111 One-dwelling buildings 1110 One-dwelling buildings 112 Two- and more dwelling buildings 1121 Two-dwelling buildings 1122 Three- and more dwelling buildings 113 Residences for communities 1130 Residences for communities 12 Non-residential buildings 121 Hotels and similar buildings 1211 Hotel buildings 1212 Other short-stay accommodation buildings 122 Office buildings 1220 Office buildings 123 Wholesale and retail trade buildings 1230 Wholesale and retail trade buildings 124 Traffic and communication buildings 1241 Communication buildings, stations, terminals and associated buildings 1242 Garage buildings 125 Industrial buildings and warehouses 1251 Industrial buildings 1252 Reservoirs, silos and warehouses 15