trends in the profiles of graduate and first-professional students from to These tables group students by their graduate degree

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1 WEB TABLES U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION OCTOBER 2010 NCES Profile of Graduate and First-Professional Students: Trends from Selected Years, to Enrollment in graduate and firstprofessional education in the United States has increased in recent years from about 2 million students in fall 1995 to more than 2.6 million students in fall 2007 (Snyder, Dillow, and Hoffman 2009, tables 206 and 207). Increasing enrollments overall raise questions regarding the types of students entering graduate and first-professional schools: is the profile of the typical graduate or first-professional 1 student changing too? One example of such change is the rising enrollment of female students: from 1995 to 2007, the percentage of women among all graduate and first-professional students rose from 54 to 59 percent (Snyder, Dillow, and Hoffman 2009, tables 206 and 207). The Web Tables presented here use data from the , , , and National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS) to examine trends in the profiles of graduate and first-professional students from to These tables group students by their graduate degree level: master s, doctoral, and firstprofessional, and examine how their demographic and enrollment characteristics have changed over time. Table 1 provides an overview of change in the distribution of graduate and first-professional students by graduate level and degree program. Table 2 examines trends in graduate and first-professional enrollment in different types of institutions. Tables 3 through 8 illustrate trends for selected student demographic characteristics such as age, sex, race/ethnicity, marital/dependent status, citizenship, and parental education. Tables 3 and 4 focus on master s students, tables 5 and 6 on doctoral students, and tables 7 and 8 on first-professional students. Tables 9 through 14 show trends for student enrollment characteristics including time of entry into graduate education, attendance status, enrollment in distance education courses and degree programs, and employment intensity while enrolled. Tables 9 and 10 focus on master s students, tables 11 and 12 on doctoral students, and tables 13 and 14 on firstprofessional students. RELATED NCES REPORTS Web Tables Profile of Students in Graduate and First-Professional Education: (NCES ). DATA The estimates presented in these tables were generated from the , , , and National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:96, NPSAS:2000, NPSAS:04, and NPSAS:08), a comprehensive, nationally representative sur- This report was prepared for the National Center for Education Statistics under Contract No. ED-CO-0033 with MPR Associates, Inc. Mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. These Web Tables were authored by Xianglei Chen of MPR Associates, Inc. The NCES Project Officer was Tracy Hunt-White. For questions about content or to view this report online, go to

2 vey of how students finance their postsecondary education conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). NPSAS also includes a broad array of demographic and enrollment characteristics. NPSAS uses a two-stage sampling design. Institutions are selected for inclusion in the first stage, and students are selected from these institutions in the second stage. The NPSAS target population consisted of all eligible undergraduate and graduate students enrolled any time between July 1 and June 30 in , , , and at Title IV 2 eligible postsecondary institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. The number of graduate and first-professional students participating in NPSAS was approximately 7,000 for NPSAS:96, 12,000 for NPSAS:2000, 11,000 for NPSAS:04, and 14,000 for NPSAS:08. For more information on NPSAS:96, NPSAS:2000, NPSAS:04, and NPSAS:08, see the following methodology reports: Methodology Report for the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study ( pdf) Methodology Report for the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study ( 152.pdf) 2004 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:04) Full-scale Methodology Report ( 180.pdf) National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:08): Student Financial Aid Estimates for : First Look ( 166.pdf) DATA ANALYSIS SYSTEM (DAS) These estimates were produced using the Data Analysis System (DAS), a webbased software application that enables users to generate tables for most of the postsecondary surveys conducted by NCES. The DAS produces the design-adjusted standard errors necessary for testing the statistical significance of differences between the estimates. The DAS also contains a detailed description of how each variable was created and includes the wording of questions for variables coming directly from the interview. With the DAS, users can replicate or expand upon the tables presented here. The output from the DAS includes the parameter estimates (e.g., percentages or means), their standard errors, 3 and weighted sample sizes. If the number of valid cases is too small (i.e., fewer than 30 cases) to produce a reliable estimate, the DAS prints the message low-n instead of the estimate. In addition to generating tables, DAS users may conduct covariance analyses with either weighted least squares or logistic regression. Many options are available for output with the regression results. For example, a Winsor filter can be used to eliminate cases with extreme values by deleting some cases from the top and bottom of the range. The DAS can be accessed electronically at If users are new to the DAS, the DAS User Help Center ( provides online tutorials offering stepby-step instructions on how to use all the functions of the DAS. For a description of all the options available, users should access the DAS at For more information, contact Aurora D Amico Postsecondary Studies Division National Center for Education Statistics 1990 K Street NW Washington, DC (202) Aurora.damico@ed.gov REFERENCES Snyder, T.D., Dillow, S.A., and Hoffman, C.M. (2009). Digest of Education Statistics, 2008 (NCES ). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 2

3 ENDNOTES 1 Students enrolled in the following firstprofessional degree programs: medicine or osteopathic medicine (M.D. or D.O.), chiropractic (D.C. or D.C. M.), dentistry (D.D.S. or D.M.D.), optometry (O.D.), pharmacy (Pharm.D.), podiatry (Pod.D. or D.P.M.), veterinary medicine (D.V.M.), law (LL.B. or J.D.), and theology (M.Div., M.H.L., or B.D.). 2 Title IV institutions are those eligible to participate in the federal financial aid programs included in Title IV of the Higher Education Act. These programs include Pell Grants, federal student loans, work-study, and other federal aid. 3 NPSAS samples are not simple random samples; therefore, simple random sample techniques for estimating sampling errors cannot be applied to these data. The DAS takes into account the complexity of the sampling procedures and calculates standard errors appropriate for such samples using a bootstrap technique. This technique approximates the estimator by replications of the sampled population. 3

4 Table 1. Percentage distribution of graduate and first-professional students, by graduate level and Table 1. degree program: , , , and Graduate level and degree program All students Total Graduate level Master s degree Doctoral degree First-professional degree Other Master s degree program Business administration (M.B.A.) Education (any master s) Other master s Doctoral degree program Ph.D. (except in education) Education (any doctoral) Any other doctoral First-professional degree program Medicine (M.D. or D.O.) Other health science Law (LL.B. or J.D.) Theology (M.Div., M.H.L., or B.D.) 6.8! 11.3! 5.5! Interpret data with caution (estimates are unstable). Reporting standards not met. 1 Includes students taking graduate courses without being enrolled in a specific degree or certificate program and students enrolled in a postbaccalaureate or post-master s certificate program. 2 Includes Master of Arts (M.A.), Master of Science (M.S.), and any other master s degree such as M.S.W. (Master of Social Work), M.P.A. (Master of Public Administration), and M.F.A. (Master of Fine Arts). 3 Examples include D.B.A. (Doctor of Business Administration), D.F.A. (Doctor of Fine Arts), and D.P.A. (Doctor of Public Administration). 4 Includes chiropractic (D.C. or D.C.M.), dentistry (D.D.S. or D.M.D.), optometry (O.D.), pharmacy (Pharm.D.), podiatry (Pod.D. or D.P.M.), or veterinary medicine (D.V.M.). NOTE: Estimates include all graduate and first-professional students enrolled in Title IV eligible postsecondary institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, , , , and National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:96, NPSAS:2000, NPSAS:04, and NPSAS:08).

5 Table S1. Standard errors for table 1: Percentage distribution of graduate and first-professional Table S1. students, by graduate level and degree program: , , , and Graduate level and degree program All students Total Graduate level Master s degree Doctoral degree First-professional degree Other Master s degree program Business administration (M.B.A.) Education (any master s) Other master s Doctoral degree program Ph.D. (except in education) Education (any doctoral) Any other doctoral First-professional degree program Medicine (M.D. or D.O.) Other health science Law (LL.B. or J.D.) Theology (M.Div., M.H.L., or B.D.) Not applicable. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, , , , and National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:96, NPSAS:2000, NPSAS:04, and NPSAS:08).

6 Table 2. Percentage distribution of graduate and first-professional students institution type, by graduate level and degree program: Table , , , and Graduate level and degree program Public Private nonprofit Forprofit More than one institution Public Private nonprofit Forprofit More than one institution Public Private nonprofit Forprofit More than one institution Public Private nonprofit Forprofit More than one institution Total Graduate level Master s degree Doctoral degree ! First-professional degree # # # 1.9! # 2.6 Other ! ! 6.9 Master s degree program Business administration (M.B.A.) ! 1.8! ! Education (any master s) ! ! 4.3 Other master s ! ! Doctoral degree program Ph.D. (except in education) ! # ! 2.2 Education (any doctoral) 49.1! 49.5! # # 3.9! ! Any other doctoral # ! ! ! 1.7! See notes at end of table.

7 Table 2. Percentage distribution of graduate and first-professional students institution type, by graduate level and degree program: Table , , , and Continued Graduate level and degree program Public Private nonprofit Forprofit More than one institution Public Private nonprofit Forprofit More than one institution Public Private nonprofit Forprofit More than one institution Public Private nonprofit Forprofit More than one institution First-professional degree program Medicine (M.D. or D.O.) ! # 0.3! # 1.1! # # 1.4! Other health science # 1.5! # 2.1! # # 3.4! Law (LL.B. or J.D.) # # # # 2.8! Theology (M.Div., M.H.L., or B.D.) # # # # 97.5 # # 97.7 # 94.4 # # Rounds to zero.! Interpret data with caution (estimates are unstable). Reporting standards not met. 1 Includes students taking graduate courses without being enrolled in a specific degree or certificate program and students enrolled in a post-baccalaureate or post-master s certificate program. 2 Includes Master of Arts (M.A.), Master of Science (M.S.), and any other master s degree such as M.S.W. (Master of Social Work), M.P.A. (Master of Public Administration), and M.F.A. (Master of Fine Arts). 3 Examples include D.B.A. (Doctor of Business Administration), D.F.A. (Doctor of Fine Arts), and D.P.A. (Doctor of Public Administration). 4 Includes chiropractic (D.C. or D.C.M.), dentistry (D.D.S. or D.M.D.), optometry (O.D.), pharmacy (Pharm.D.), podiatry (Pod.D. or D.P.M.), or veterinary medicine (D.V.M.). NOTE: Estimates include graduate and first-professional students enrolled in Title IV eligible postsecondary institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, , , , and National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:96, NPSAS:2000, NPSAS:04, and NPSAS:08).

8 Table S2. Standard errors for table 2: Percentage distribution of graduate and first-professional students institution type, by graduate level Table S2. and degree program: , , , and Graduate level and degree program Public Private nonprofit Forprofit More than one institution Public Private nonprofit Forprofit More than one institution Public Private nonprofit Forprofit More than one institution Public Private nonprofit Forprofit More than one institution Total Graduate level Master s degree Doctoral degree First-professional degree Other Master s degree program Business administration (M.B.A.) Education (any master s) Other master s Doctoral degree program Ph.D. (except in education) Education (any doctoral) Any other doctoral See notes at end of table.

9 Table S2. Standard errors for table 2: Percentage distribution of graduate and first-professional students institution type, by graduate level Table S2. and degree program: , , , and Continued Graduate level and degree program Public Private nonprofit Forprofit More than one institution Public Private nonprofit Forprofit More than one institution Public Private nonprofit Forprofit More than one institution Public Private nonprofit Forprofit More than one institution First-professional degree program Medicine (M.D. or D.O.) Other health science Law (LL.B. or J.D.) Theology (M.Div., M.H.L., or B.D.) Not applicable. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, , , , and National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:96, NPSAS:2000, NPSAS:04, and NPSAS:08).

10 Table 3. Percentage distribution of master s degree students, by selected student characteristics: Table , , , and Student characteristics Total Age Younger than Sex or older Male Female Race/ethnicity 1 White Black Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian ! 0.3 Other or Two or more races Marital/dependent status 2 Unmarried with no dependents Married with no dependents Unmarried with dependents Married with dependents Citizenship U.S. citizen Resident alien Foreign/international student Highest education attained by either parent 3 High school diploma or less Some postsecondary education Bachelor s degree Graduate or first-professional degree ! Interpret data with caution (estimates are unstable). 1 Black includes African American, Hispanic includes Latino, American Indian includes Alaska Native, Asian/Pacific Islander includes Native Hawaiian, and Other includes respondents having origins in a race not listed. Questions concerning race/ethnicity changed over time. In , respondents of more than one racial background were asked to choose one category, whereas in subsequent studies respondents could choose to identify themselves as multiracial. 2 Divorced, separated, and widowed students are included in the unmarried categories. 3 Some respondents did not know their parents highest education level and are not included in the estimates for this table. These respondents represented 5.5 percent of the population in , 0.9 percent in , and 0.7 percent in Graduate and first-professional students in NPSAS:96 were not given the option to indicate whether they knew their parents highest level of education. NOTE: Estimates include master s degree students enrolled in Title IV eligible postsecondary institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, , , , and National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:96, NPSAS:2000, NPSAS:04, and NPSAS:08).

11 Table S3. Standard errors for table 3: Percentage distribution of master s degree students, Table S3. by selected student characteristics: , , , and Student characteristics Total Age Younger than Sex or older Male Female Race/ethnicity White Black Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian Other or Two or more races Marital/dependent status Unmarried with no dependents Married with no dependents Unmarried with dependents Married with dependents Citizenship U.S. citizen Resident alien Foreign/international student Highest education attained by either parent High school diploma or less Some postsecondary education Bachelor s degree Graduate or first-professional degree Not applicable. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, , , , and National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:96, NPSAS:2000, NPSAS:04, and NPSAS:08).

12 Table 4. Percentage distribution of students in various types of master s degree programs, by selected student characteristics: , Table , , and Student characteristics Business administration (M.B.A.) Education (any master s) Other master s Total Age Younger than Sex or older Male Female Race/ethnicity 2 White Black Hispanic 2.9! Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian ! 1.2! 0.4! ! 0.5 Other or Two or more races 2.5! ! 1.9! ! Marital/dependent status 3 Unmarried with no dependents Married with no dependents Unmarried with dependents Married with dependents Citizenship U.S. citizen Resident alien 2.4! ! ! Foreign/international student 4.8! ! See notes at end of table.

13 Table 4. Percentage distribution of students in various types of master s degree programs, by selected student characteristics: , Table , , and Continued Student characteristics Business administration (M.B.A.) Education (any master s) Other master s Highest education attained by either parent 4 High school diploma or less Some postsecondary education Bachelor s degree Graduate or first-professional degree ! Interpret data with caution (estimates are unstable). Reporting standards not met. 1 Includes Master of Arts (M.A.), Master of Science (M.S.), and any other master s degree such as M.S.W. (Master of Social Work), M.P.A. (Master of Public Administration), and M.F.A. (Master of Fine Arts). 2 Black includes African American, Hispanic includes Latino, American Indian includes Alaska Native, Asian/Pacific Islander includes Native Hawaiian, and Other includes respondents having origins in a race not listed. Questions concerning race/ethnicity changed over time. In , respondents of more than one racial background were asked to choose one category, whereas in subsequent studies respondents could choose to identify themselves as multiracial. 3 Divorced, separated, and widowed students are included in the unmarried categories. 4 Some respondents did not know their parents highest education level and are not included in the estimates for this table. These respondents represented 5.5 percent of the population in , 0.9 percent in , and 0.7 percent in Graduate and first-professional students in NPSAS:96 were not given the option to indicate whether they knew their parents highest level of education. NOTE: Estimates include master s degree students enrolled in Title IV eligible postsecondary institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, , , , and National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:96, NPSAS:2000, NPSAS:04, and NPSAS:08).

14 Table S4. Standard errors for table 4: Percentage distribution of students in various types of master s degree programs, by selected Table S4. student characteristics: , , , and Student characteristics Business administration (M.B.A.) Education (any master s) Other master s Total Age Younger than Sex or older Male Female Race/ethnicity White Black Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian Other or Two or more races Marital/dependent status Unmarried with no dependents Married with no dependents Unmarried with dependents Married with dependents Citizenship U.S. citizen Resident alien Foreign/international student See notes at end of table.

15 Table S4. Standard errors for table 4: Percentage distribution of students in various types of master s degree programs, by selected Table S4. student characteristics: , , , and Continued Student characteristics Business administration (M.B.A.) Education (any master s) Other master s Highest education attained by either parent High school diploma or less Some postsecondary education Bachelor s degree Graduate or first-professional degree Not applicable. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, , , , and National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:96, NPSAS:2000, NPSAS:04, and NPSAS:08).

16 Table 5. Percentage distribution of doctoral students, by selected student characteristics: , Table , , and Student characteristics Total Age Younger than Sex or older Male Female Race/ethnicity 1 White Black Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian Other or Two or more races Marital/dependent status 2 Unmarried with no dependents Married with no dependents Unmarried with dependents Married with dependents Citizenship U.S. citizen Resident alien Foreign/international student Highest education attained by either parent 3 High school diploma or less Some postsecondary education Bachelor s degree Graduate or first-professional degree Black includes African American, Hispanic includes Latino, American Indian includes Alaska Native, Asian/Pacific Islander includes Native Hawaiian, and Other includes respondents having origins in a race not listed. Questions concerning race/ethnicity changed over time. In , respondents of more than one racial background were asked to choose one category, whereas in subsequent studies respondents could choose to identify themselves as multiracial. 2 Divorced, separated, and widowed students are included in the unmarried categories. 3 Some respondents did not know their parents highest education level and are not included in the estimates for this table. These respondents represented 5.5 percent of the population in , 0.9 percent in , and 0.7 percent in Graduate and first-professional students in NPSAS:96 were not given the option to indicate whether they knew their parents highest level of education. NOTE: Estimates include doctoral students enrolled in Title IV eligible postsecondary institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, , , , and National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:96, NPSAS:2000, NPSAS:04, and NPSAS:08).

17 Table S5. Standard errors for table 5: Percentage distribution of doctoral students, by selected Table S5. student characteristics: , , , and Student characteristics Total Age Younger than Sex or older Male Female Race/ethnicity White Black Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian Other or Two or more races Marital/dependent status Unmarried with no dependents Married with no dependents Unmarried with dependents Married with dependents Citizenship U.S. citizen Resident alien Foreign/international student Highest education attained by either parent High school diploma or less Some postsecondary education Bachelor s degree Graduate or first-professional degree Not applicable. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, , , , and National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:96, NPSAS:2000, NPSAS:04, and NPSAS:08).

18 Table 6. Percentage distribution of students in various types of doctoral degree programs, by selected student characteristics: , Table , , and Student characteristics Ph.D. (except in education) Education (any doctoral) Any other doctoral Total Age Younger than # 2.0! 1.1! Sex ! ! or older Male Female Race/ethnicity 2 White Black ! Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian ! ! # 0.6! 1.4! 0.8! # 0.6! 0.8! Other or Two or more races 1.9! ! ! ! 2.8 Marital/dependent status 3 Unmarried with no dependents Married with no dependents Unmarried with dependents ! Married with dependents ! Citizenship U.S. citizen Resident alien ! 1.4! ! Foreign/international student ! See notes at end of table.

19 Table 6. Percentage distribution of students in various types of doctoral degree programs, by selected student characteristics: , Table , , and Continued Student characteristics Ph.D. (except in education) Education (any doctoral) Any other doctoral Highest education attained by either parent 4 High school diploma or less ! Some postsecondary education ! Bachelor s degree ! ! Graduate or first-professional degree # Rounds to zero.! Interpret data with caution (estimates are unstable). Reporting standards not met. 1 Examples include D.B.A. (Doctor of Business Administration), D.F.A. (Doctor of Fine Arts), and D.P.A. (Doctor of Public Administration). 2 Black includes African American, Hispanic includes Latino, American Indian includes Alaska Native, Asian/Pacific Islander includes Native Hawaiian, and Other includes respondents having origins in a race not listed. Questions concerning race/ethnicity changed over time. In , respondents of more than one racial background were asked to choose one category, whereas in subsequent studies respondents could choose to identify themselves as multiracial. 3 Divorced, separated, and widowed students are included in the unmarried categories. 4 Some respondents did not know their parents highest education level and are not included in the estimates for this table. These respondents represented 5.5 percent of the population in , 0.9 percent in , and 0.7 percent in Graduate and first-professional students in NPSAS:96 were not given the option to indicate whether they knew their parents highest level of education. NOTE: Estimates include doctoral students enrolled in Title IV eligible postsecondary institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, , , , and National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:96, NPSAS:2000, NPSAS:04, and NPSAS:08).

20 Table S6. Standard errors for table 6: Percentage distribution of students in various types of doctoral degree programs, by selected student Table S6. characteristics: , , , and Student characteristics Ph.D. (except in education) Education (any doctoral) Any other doctoral Total Age Younger than Sex or older Male Female Race/ethnicity White Black Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian Other or Two or more races Marital/dependent status Unmarried with no dependents Married with no dependents Unmarried with dependents Married with dependents Citizenship U.S. citizen Resident alien Foreign/international student See notes at end of table.

21 Table S6. Standard errors for table 6: Percentage distribution of students in various types of doctoral degree programs, by selected student Table S6. characteristics: , , , and Continued Student characteristics Ph.D. (except in education) Education (any doctoral) Any other doctoral Highest education attained by either parent High school diploma or less Some postsecondary education Bachelor s degree Graduate or first-professional degree Not applicable. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, , , , and National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:96, NPSAS:2000, NPSAS:04, and NPSAS:08).

22 Table 7. Percentage distribution of first-professional students, by selected student characteristics: Table , , , and Student characteristics Total Age Younger than Sex or older Male Female Race/ethnicity 1 White Black Hispanic 7.1! Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian ! 0.4! # Other or Two or more races Marital/dependent status 2 Unmarried with no dependents Married with no dependents Unmarried with dependents Married with dependents Citizenship U.S. citizen Resident alien Foreign/international student ! 2.0 Highest education attained by either parent 3 High school diploma or less Some postsecondary education Bachelor s degree Graduate or first-professional degree # Rounds to zero.! Interpret data with caution (estimates are unstable). 1 Black includes African American, Hispanic includes Latino, American Indian includes Alaska Native, Asian/Pacific Islander includes Native Hawaiian, and Other includes respondents having origins in a race not listed. Questions concerning race/ethnicity changed over time. In , respondents of more than one racial background were asked to choose one category, whereas in subsequent studies respondents could choose to identify themselves as multiracial. 2 Divorced, separated, and widowed students are included in the unmarried categories. 3 Some respondents did not know their parents highest education level and are not included in the estimates for this table. These respondents represented 5.5 percent of the population in , 0.9 percent in , and 0.7 percent in Graduate and first-professional students in NPSAS:96 were not given the option to indicate whether they knew their parents highest level of education. NOTE: Estimates include first-professional students enrolled in Title IV eligible postsecondary institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, , , , and National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:96, NPSAS:2000, NPSAS:04, and NPSAS:08).

23 Table S7. Standard errors for table 7: Percentage distribution of first-professional students, Table S7. by selected student characteristics: , , , and Student characteristics Total Age Younger than Sex or older Male Female Race/ethnicity White Black Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian Other or Two or more races Marital/dependent status Unmarried with no dependents Married with no dependents Unmarried with dependents Married with dependents Citizenship U.S. citizen Resident alien Foreign/international student Highest education attained by either parent High school diploma or less Some postsecondary education Bachelor s degree Graduate or first-professional degree Not applicable. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, , , , and National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:96, NPSAS:2000, NPSAS:04, and NPSAS:08).

24 Table 8. Percentage distribution of students in various first-professional degree programs, by selected student characteristics: , Table , , and Student characteristics Medicine (M.D. or D.O.) Other health science 1 Law (LL.B. or J.D.) Total Age Younger than Sex ! 4.1! 2.1! ! 5.0! or older 4.1! 3.4! 1.1! ! Male Female Race/ethnicity 2 White Black ! Hispanic 4.3! 6.3! ! ! Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian 1.7 # ! # Other or Two or more races 3.2! ! 1.2! 4.2! 2.0! 0.6! 2.5! Marital/dependent status 3 Unmarried with no dependents Married with no dependents Unmarried with dependents 4.0! ! 1.6! Married with dependents See notes at end of table.

25 Table 8. Percentage distribution of students in various first-professional degree programs, by selected student characteristics: , Table , , and Continued Student characteristics Medicine (M.D. or D.O.) Other health science 1 Law (LL.B. or J.D.) Citizenship U.S. citizen Resident alien 3.4! ! 3.3! ! 2.3! 2.1! 1.7 Foreign/international student 4.2! 3.0! ! 3.1! 1.0! 0.8! 2.3 Highest education attained by either parent 4 High school diploma or less Some postsecondary education Bachelor s degree Graduate or first-professional degree # Rounds to zero.! Interpret data with caution (estimates are unstable). Reporting standards not met. 1 Includes chiropractic (D.C. or D.C.M.), dentistry (D.D.S. or D.M.D.), optometry (O.D.), pharmacy (Pharm.D.), podiatry (Pod.D. or D.P.M.), or veterinary medicine (D.V.M.). 2 Black includes African American, Hispanic includes Latino, American Indian includes Alaska Native, Asian/Pacific Islander includes Native Hawaiian, and Other includes respondents having origins in a race not listed. Questions concerning race/ethnicity changed over time. In , respondents of more than one racial background were asked to choose one category, whereas in subsequent studies respondents could choose to identify themselves as multiracial. 3 Divorced, separated, and widowed students are included in the unmarried categories. 4 Some respondents did not know their parents highest education level and are not included in the estimates for this table. These respondents represented 5.5 percent of the population in , 0.9 percent in , and 0.7 percent in Graduate and first-professional students in NPSAS:96 were not given the option to indicate whether they knew their parents highest level of education. NOTE: Except for theology students, estimates include all first-professional students enrolled in Title IV eligible postsecondary institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Theology students are excluded due to small sample sizes. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, , , , and National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:96, NPSAS:2000, NPSAS:04, and NPSAS:08).

26 Table S8. Standard errors for table 8: Percentage distribution of students in various first-professional degree programs, by selected student Table S8. characteristics: , , , and Student characteristics Medicine (M.D. or D.O.) Other health science Law (LL.B. or J.D.) Total Age Younger than Sex or older Male Female Race/ethnicity White Black Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian Other or Two or more races Marital/dependent status Unmarried with no dependents Married with no dependents Unmarried with dependents Married with dependents See notes at end of table.