Change Management with Building Information Models: A Case Study
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1 1182 Change Management with Building Information Models: A Case Study Behzad PILEHCHIAN LANGROODI 1 and Sheryl STAUB-FRENCH 2 1 M.Sc., Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC V5Z 3S6, Canada; PH (604) ; behzadp@civil.ubc.ca 2 Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC V5Z 3S6, Canada; PH (604) ; FAX (604) ; ssf@civil.ubc.ca ABSTRACT Successful management of design changes is critical for the efficient delivery of construction projects. Building Information Models (BIM) and the use of parametric modeling provide significant benefits in coordinating changes across different views in a model. However, coordinating changes across several disciplinespecific models is significantly more challenging to manage. This paper describes a case study that examines change management in the context of a multi-disciplinary collaborative BIM environment during the design and construction of a fast-track project. We documented the design changes, analyzed the change management processes and evaluated existing BIM tools in support of this process. Using two examples from the case study, we identify the characteristics of design changes required for tracking the history of changes and understanding the consequences of changes. We develop an ontology of changes based on the identified characteristics and patterns in the observed changes. The ontology characterizes design changes based on changed component attributes (the geometry, position, and specification), and based on dependencies between components (analytical and spatial). We further examine what needs to be updated in an information model corresponding to each type of change. The results of this study provide some possible directions for future developments in change management systems, particularly in reference to a BIMbased delivery process. INTRODUCTION Change is an integral part of building design as the design process is iterative in nature and involves the exploration and analysis of many alternatives (Tory et al, 2008). Changes are not limited to the design phase, but often continue throughout the construction phase due to concurrency of design and construction, particularly on fast-track projects, or in order to remove inconsistencies and enhance quality. Studies have shown that 20-25% of the construction period is lost due to deficiencies in design (Undurraga, 1996) and 78% of quality problems are attributable to design (Koskela, 1992). Therefore, successful management of design changes is of vital importance for the efficient delivery of construction projects. During such an iterative process, the content and structure of design information is not static but subject to continual changes. In this dynamic environment, information models that are developed to coordinate design changes
2 1183 must be as flexible and dynamic as the design process itself (Leeuwen, 2000). This is a significant challenge in the development of computer-based information models. Building information models (BIM) are integrated databases that have the capacity to process dynamic data. They combine a design model (geometry and data) with a behavioral model (change management) to enable real-time coordination of the information in every view of the model (Autodesk White Paper, Parametric Building Modeling: BIM s Foundation ). Thus, they have the potential to coordinate changes throughout the dynamic process of building design. Although dynamic data are processed reasonably well in a single BIM with all the necessary parameters explicitly defined, changes across inter-related multidisciplinary designs that reside in a federated environment are significantly more challenging to manage. Hence, many BIM projects still rely on paper-based printouts of 2D drawings, as it is difficult to determine what has changed in the model with existing tools. These demonstrate the need to improve BIM-based change management systems for effective coordination of multi-disciplinary models throughout the dynamic process of building design and construction. This research examines change management in the context of a multidisciplinary collaborative BIM environment during the design and construction of a fast-track project. In the course of the project, we documented changes, analyzed the change management processes and evaluated existing BIM tools in support of this process. We further attempted to identify, categorize and generalize the different characteristics of the observed changes to develop an ontology of changes. The developed ontology focuses on facets that would be essential in establishing a BIMbased change management system that is capable of tracking the history and consequence of changes. The results of this study provide some possible directions for future developments in change management systems, particularly in the context of a BIM-based delivery process. RELATED RESEARCH Research on change management systems has tended to focus on the guidance for best practice in change management, evaluating the change effects on certain project elements, change management as the focus of IT systems and modeling the change process in construction. A number of other research efforts, such as those carried out by Mokhtar et al (1998) and Hegazy et al (2001), focused on developing information models intended to help the coordination of design information through the management of design changes. Akcamete et. al., (2009) identified the types of changes that occur during the life cycle of a project, which had a particular emphasis on facility management and maintenance activities. They discussed some challenges associated with managing such changes and updating building information models accordingly. They also investigated how well commercially available systems address these challenges. Although several previous research efforts have focused on developing change management systems for construction projects, the issue of managing design changes using BIM has not received as much attention in the literature. On the other hand, BIM adoption is becoming an increasingly important matter for the construction industry that has been facing barriers and challenges to increase productivity, efficiency, quality and for sustainable development (Arayici et.
3 1184 al., 2011). Therefore, considering the evolving role of BIM in design and construction of building projects, there is a need to better understand the requirements of change management systems in the context of a BIM environment to manage changes throughout design and construction of such projects, particularly as more projects are executed with fast-track delivery. CASE STUDY This case study focuses on the Pharmaceutical Building project, which is being constructed on the University of British Columbia (UBC) campus. The project budget is approximately $150 million. Construction of the project started in mid 2010 and completion will be in late summer The 18,000 m 2 facility provides a variety of teaching and learning spaces range from lecture halls to classrooms and seminar rooms, as well as study spaces for students. The building also includes a pharmacist clinic and three floors of research spaces. Figure 1 shows the 3D rendered view of the building extracted from the architectural model. Figure 1. Rendered 3D view of the building (Source: Saucier + Perrotte Architects Hughes Condon Marler Architects) In this fast-track project, BIM was used during design and construction. We participated in the design coordination process which gave us the opportunity to evaluate the efficiency of BIM for managing design changes. The project team consisted of the representatives from the different disciplines involved in the project including the owner, the construction manager, architects, engineering consultants and construction sub-trades. Our data collection was mainly based on observations in the BIM coordination meetings, extensive site visits, and communication with design and construction parties. The data collection period took around one year. During this period, we attended and recorded more than forty BIM coordination meetings and conducted more than eighty site visits. Early BIM coordination meetings were held in the architect s office every other week. These meetings were mainly focused on coordination between different design disciplines (architects, structural, mechanical and electrical engineers) and the
4 1185 construction management team to address various design requirements and resolve inconsistencies and conflicts in the design (Figure 2). Figure 2. BIM coordination meetings at the architect s office After construction started and different sub-trades were engaged, the BIM technicians of each sub-trade became involved in the project and gradually replaced the consultants who were the original creators of their respective model. For example, the mechanical consultant s model was transferred to the piping, plumbing and HVAC sub-trades and each sub-trade took the responsibility of further developments and modifications in their scope of modeling. The location of BIM meetings also changed to the construction site to facilitate participation of the construction team. These meetings were held in our research-based BIM trailer located at the construction site. The trailer was equipped with two large LCD screens and smart annotation tools to write and mark on the screens (Figure 3). These meetings were arranged by the construction management team and were intended to enhance communication between the sub-trades in order to resolve design conflicts and improve the constructability of the design. The construction management team was also responsible for communicating design conflicts and necessary changes with engineers and architects. Figure 3. BIM coordination meetings in the BIM trailer at the construction site During this case study, we documented numerous examples of changes. In the next section, we will discuss two examples to illustrate the typical requirements of
5 1186 practitioners and evaluate the functionality, efficiency and potential capabilities of BIM against these requirements. We then analyze the different characteristics of the observed changes, and present them in an ontology of changes. EXAMPLE DESIGN CHANGES This section examines two design change examples from the project by describing the reasons for each change, the consequences or impacts of the change, and the challenges of managing these changes using existing tools. The analysis of these examples aims to specify the characteristics that are required for tracking the history or consequence of changes in an information model. We have highlighted these key characteristics in bold letters throughout the analysis sections. These highlighted characteristics will be summarized later as a part of our BIM-based ontology of changes, which will be presented in the final section of this paper. Example #1: Relocation of Fire-rated Walls (Tracking the History of Changes) Due to architectural requirements, the arrangement of two-hour fire-rated walls changed slightly. The construction manager noticed the effect of this change on the wall openings, and consequently on the arrangement of their internal framing. Thus, he wanted to know which walls would be affected to modify their assembly prior to installation. To address this issue, we investigated a range of possible methods for tracking such changes in an information model. We also evaluated the capability of a state-of- the-art BIM tool to detect such changes. It is usually difficult to determine where and what changes have been made in the models. A basic solution is exporting the model outputs into spreadsheets and track changes by components ID number which is time consuming and almost impossible for large models. There are also some indirect ways of extracting history of changes from the model. For example, considering that changes in the drawings are often marked by revision clouds, each information model, which also contains latest revision of the drawings, indirectly includes some history of changes too. Thus, the comparison of the models corresponding to each revision can provide a way for tracking changes during the evolution of the design. However, this kind of tracking is only possible when information models corresponded to every official issue of the drawings are collected and kept systematically. Moreover, only those changes that are marked in the extracted drawings can be tracked by this method. A number of BIM software packages have recently introduced specific tools for comparing versioned building models. We evaluated one of the most advanced commercially available BIM tools to examine its capability, Solibri Model Checker. We first utilized this tool to detect changes that occurred in the location of wall openings between two versions of the model. The results of our first attempt indicated that 322 openings were added, 242 openings were deleted and 61 openings were modified (Figure 4). Further investigation showed that many of the detected additions or deletions were incorrect as the added or deleted openings were identical. This might have occurred, for example, because of modifications in some adjacent components, the wall and its openings were simply removed and again recreated at the same location. A number of detected changes were also due to negligible adjustments in the openings location or geometry, which were not relevant to the contractor. Moreover,
6 1187 components were reported as modified when a change was detected in any of their attributes, including position, geometry or specifications. However, we were only concerned about changes in a specific attribute, i.e. position. Thus, many of the detected changes were not intended targets of our analysis. Added Openings Deleted Openings Modified Openings Figure 4. Track of changes in openings In another attempt, we utilized the same BIM tool to detect changes in the location of two-hour fire-rated walls, instead of their openings only. To obtain clearer results, we narrowed down our comparison to the east side of the first level of the building. We also focused just on a specific attribute, the position of the walls, and excluded changes in any other attributes such as geometry or specifications of the walls. Figure 5 shows the results from this analysis. As can be observed, the results of such a customized comparison are much clearer and can be better communicated. However, this result also included some incorrect or irrelevant changes. These inaccuracies increased the number of detected changes, which affected the traceability and reliability of the results. Modified Walls Deleted Walls Added Walls Figure 5. Tracking changes in the location of first-level walls
7 1188 Example #2: Changes in HVAC Routing (Tracking the consequences of changes) The route of air supply ducts in the small lecture hall needed to be changed because of the limitations in available space and architectural design restrictions on exposed ducts. At the time of this change, the piping and electrical design were at the final stages, the structural design was almost complete and construction of the basement structure was in progress. Several alternatives were discussed in the BIM meetings. The final solution that satisfied the requirements of all parties was passing the main air supply duct through the space between the lecture hall sloped floor slab and the steel deck of the lower floor ceiling. The impact was that they now needed to provide 80 openings with a diameter of 12 in the floor slab to allow sufficient airflow between the HVAC plenum and the lecture hall (Figure 6). This solution eliminated the need for secondary ducts and minimized the effect on piping and the electrical design. The size of the openings was determined based on the maximum size recommended by the structural engineer to eliminate the effect of openings on the structural integrity of the floor slab. Coping with the different constraints imposed by requirements of other engineering disciplines and progress in construction along with congestion and geometric complexity were the primary challenges in developing the final solution. Figure 6. Opening in the lecture hall slab: Site Photo (left), 3D View (Right) To overcome these challenges, the consequence of each alternative solution needed to be examined thoroughly. Theses consequences were generally explored in the BIM meetings by examining different spatial or analytical dependencies between changed components and other components that might be affected. Spatial dependencies between components are usually easy to be tracked as they are related to the geometry or position of components. For instance, relocation of the main air supply duct affected secondary ducts connected to it and the steel hangers that supported it. It also influenced a number of adjacent components such as piping and electrical cable trays. Moreover, as the duct were surrounded in the small space between the sloped floor slab and steel deck of the lower floor, a large change in the location of the duct could affect the surrounding structural components.
8 1189 Investigation of analytical dependencies, on the other hand, is much more difficult as they need specific technical information and expertise. For instance, although opening with diameter of 12 did not influence the structural integrity, a slight increase in the opening size would change the structural design significantly because in case of such an increase, the opening size would exceed the available clear distance between reinforcing bars and consequently would interrupt rebar arrangement in several locations. Similarly, other analytical relationships, such as architectural consistency, operational and maintenance requirements, and mechanical and electrical interactions, also needed to be examined that necessitated engagement of different engineering disciplines and sub-trades. Commercially available BIM tools are able to detect a number of spatial dependencies. For example, many of them can recognize that the length of columns is linked to the elevations of floors. Thus, if a change happens in a floor elevation, they will automatically update columns length. These tools also have limited capability of detecting and tracking analytical relations. For example, due to operation and maintenance requirements, there should be a minimum clear space around mechanical components, such as ducts and pipes. BIM tools are usually able to check the clear distance between different components and detect components that do not comply with a minimum preset clearance requirement. The BIM tool we investigated throughout this study, Solibri Model Checker, uses a rule-based reasoning approach to interpret typical relationships between components and analyze their interferences. For example, a specific rule set checks for the components that are not attached or supported bellow (e.g. hanging in the air). This tool provides around 50 rule sets to check similar logical dependencies, such as whether spaces are enclosed with walls, if components are within a space, if components interfere with each other, etc. However, these rule sets still cannot effectively recognize a wide range of logical relations, especially analytical dependencies. CONCEPTUAL CHARACTERIZATION OF DESIGN CHANGES These examples highlight a number of key characteristics that are significant for tracking changes in an information model. The first example illustrated important characteristics for tracking the history of changes which included attributes specific to a component s geometry, position and specifications. The second example illustrated the important characteristics required for tracking the chain or sequence of changes that are a consequence of spatial or analytical dependencies. We analyzed these conceptual characteristics together with other key attributes extracted from the other documented changes to provide a richer representation of these changes. We classified these characteristics and arranged these classes in a taxonomic (subclass super class) hierarchy to develop a BIM-based ontology of changes (Table 1).
9 1190 Table 1. Conceptual Characteristics of Changes Classes Sub-classes Facets: Description/ Example Change Type Changed Component Attributes Dependencies between Components Level of Change Change Timing Change Impacts Addition Adding a new component Modification Modification in one or several attributes of a component Deletion Deleting an existing component Geometry Shape: cubic, cylindrical, rectangular, plate Dimensions: length, width, thickness, diameter, slope Coordinates: X,Y,Z Position Orientation: Rx, Ry, Rz Material: concrete, mild steel, galvanized steel Specification Elements: Stud, Rebar: size, shape, arrangement Semantic Properties: Fire-rating, acoustic, water proof Connected To : column and floors, main and secondary ducts Spatial Adjacent To: duct and adjacent pipes, duct and ceiling Supported By: duct and steel hangers Surrounded By: duct and false ceiling/ plenum area Structural Integrity: size of sleeves and arrangement of rebar Architectural Consistency: functionality of room and exposed duct Analytical Mechanical Interaction: location of air supply duct Electrical Relationship: size of cable tray and motor power Operational Requirement: clearance around a pipe Change in basic documents, design, specification with fundamental Conceptual effect on many components Major change in main components position, geometry, etc, which Primary affect several other components Minor change in component elements or properties with minimal Secondary effect on other components Basic design During early stages of the design Detail design During the design but prior to any procurement /construction Procurement After Purchase Order but prior to fabrication Fabrication After Fabrication but prior to erection Construction After commence of construction Cost impacts Major: considerable effects on costs Minor: insignificant effects on costs Time Major: considerable effects on schedule impacts Minor: insignificant effects on schedule The provided ontology is comprised of 6 classes and 18 sub-classes that cover conceptual characteristics of design changes. This ontology explicitly defines a BIMbased structure to organize these changes. It also shares a common understanding of the key attributes of changes for practitioners who develop or use BIM tools for managing changes. This paper mainly elaborated the first three classes. The first and second classes were discussed in the first example and the third class explained in the second example that we provided in the previous sections. The next three classes (Level of
10 1191 Change, Change Timing and Change Impact) are not the focus of this paper as they are mainly based on the other design change examples observed during the case study. However, they were included in the provided ontology because their concepts are implied in this study and provided analyses. The elaboration of these classes can be subject of further studies. CONCLUSION This paper described an analysis of changes documented in a case study conducted during design and construction of a fast-track building project. We investigated different challenges for managing these changes and examined the capabilities of BIM tools to address them. We documented numerous changes thorough the design and construction of the project and examined two broad examples to identify essential attributes of these typical changes. We finally classified and generalized these attributes to develop an ontology of changes. This ontology will provide common understanding of changes characteristics for practitioners who develop or utilize BIM tools for managing changes. Additional research is needed to implement and test these characteristics, and to analyze different types of changes across different types of projects. REFERENCES Akcamete, A., Akinci, B., and Garrett, H.J., Jr (2009). Motivation for computational support for updating building information models (BIMs). International Workshop on Computing in Civil Engineering, ASCE, Austin. Arayici, Y., Coates, P., Koskela, L., Kagioglou, M., Usher, C., and O'Reilly, K. (2011). Technology adoption in the BIM implementation for lean architectural practice. Automation in Construction, 20 (2011), Hegazy, T., Zaneldin, E., and Grierson, D. (2001). Improving design coordination for building projects. I: information model. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 127 (4), Koskela, L. (1992). Application of the new production philosophy to construction, Technical Report # 72, Center for Integrated Facility Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford University. van Leeuwen, J.P., and de Vries B. (2000). Modelling with Features and the formalisation of early design knowledge. ECPPM 2000, Lisbon, Portuga. Mokhtar, A., Bedard, C., and Fazio, P. (1998). Information model for managing design changes in a collaborative environment. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, Vol. 12, No.2. Tory, M., and Staub-French, S., Po, B.A., and Wu, F. (2008). Physical and digital artifacts-mediated coordination in building design. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, vol. 17, Undurraga, M., (1996). Construction productivity and housing financing. Seminar and Workshop, Interamerican Housing Union, Ciudad de Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
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