Medium and Small Scale Concentrating Solar Thermal Power (MSS-CSP) Chances and Potentials

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1 Medium and Small Scale Concentrating Solar Thermal Power (MSS-CSP) Chances and Potentials Dr. Werner Platzer Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE SolarPaces Workshop Berlin, 16th September 29 Content Introduction Demand worldwide Collectors for MSS-CSP Heat engines Case studies Outlook 2

2 3 Motivation Larger power stations using Concentrated Solar thermal Power (CSP > 2 MW el ) is available on the market having levelised electricity costs (LEC) between,15,25 /kwh (26) and predicted price reductions of 5% until 215 Large power stations require appreciable planning efforts and financial expense There is increasingly experience and development in alternative heat engines from ORC turbines to steam piston motors and screw compressors in a lower nominal power range Photovoltaics, wind power and biomass projects have shown to be successfully implemented by cooperative public investment projects 4

3 Potential disadvantages of smaller projects Lower efficiencies (lower temperature levels, less complex thermodynamical processes) Suitable heat engines not available higher specific planning costs higher specific investment costs 5 Potential advantages of smaller projects Coupling with heating or cooling consumer loads with matching nominal power possible Off-grid systems may replace more expensive solutions using e.g. Diesel engines Series production of components -> basis for cost degression Less complex operation, lower temperatures -> lower component costs 6

4 Content Introduction Demand and potentials Collectors for MSS-CSP Heat engines Case studies Outlook 7 European Demand for Process Heat => about 55% (65 PJ/a) below 4 C Source: Ecoheatcool.org 8

5 Cooling Demand 9 Yearly Sales of Diesel Generators for Continous Operation > 9 Units 1

6 Regional Distribution 11 Example India 12

7 Content Introduction Demand worldwide Collectors Heat engines Case studies Outlook 13 14

8 Overview of collector types for process heat IEA Task 33 From improved flat-plate collectors to vacuum tube receivers to concnetration collectors Performance data partially available Cost information missing 15 Efficiency curves for generic collectors efficiency [-] Trough 1 Fresnel Trough 2 Tube Delta_T [K] 16

9 Content Introduction Demand worldwide Collectors Heat engines Case studies Outlook 17 Characterisation of power block Data from manufacturers and publications Steam engines Smaller engines in prototype stadium Cost data for complete power block (pumps, heat exchanger, controls, ) 18

10 Part load behaviour of heat engines electrical efficiency steam turbine ORC -turbine steam screw motor steam piston motor Example: Nominal power: Field outlet: 1 MW el 3 C P/P_Nenn 19 Turbines: Efficiency is depending on size and mass flow! Example: Saturated steam at 27 C and 55 bar 2

11 Screw motor Screw used in compressors, copes with saturated steam Power range 1 2 kw el, different developments 21 Prognostizierte Lernkurve Lernkurve für eine 1 kw Schraubenmotoranlage 2 Spezifische Investitionskosten [ /kw] Gefertigte Stückzahl pro Jahr 22

12 Spezifische Schraubenmotor-Kosten 23 Piston motor Power range 25 to 1.5 kw Suitable for saturated steam Only one manufacturer 24

13 Organic Rankine Prozess (ORC) Dampf Kollektorfeld Thermoöl Verdampfer Vorwärmer Turbine G Pumpe Rekuperator Speisewasserbehälter Kondensator Pumpe Kondensat 25 ORC Organic Rankine cycle No condensation during expansion! 26

14 Range of ORC-Turbines Adoratec kw el C 18% GMK mbh 1-15 kw el 275 C 2% Turboden S.r.l 2-2 kw el 265 C 18% Barber Nichols 1-27 kw el 265 C 18% UTC Power 225 kw el 75 C 8% Adaturb GmbH 3-6 kw el 27 C 18% 27 Ausblick Leistungsspezifische Kosten (7 kw el ) uneinheitlich: Turbinen 125 /kw 19% Dampfschraube 21 /kw 13% Dampfmotor 1 /kw 12% Zentrifugalkompressor 7 /kw ORC-Turbine 15 /kw 18% 28

15 Cost function for ORC turbines specific investment cost [ /kw] R egres s ion manufacturer information nominal power [kw] 29 Cost functions of heat engines 55 5 s pec ific inves tment c os ts [ /kw] power [MW] screw motor steam turbine ORC turbine piston motor 3

16 Cost situation not clear Efficiency losses for smaller engines have technical and economical reasons (e.g. gap losses for turbines) Specific costs (2 kw el ) very vague: turbines steam screw projection steam piston motor ORC-Turbine 7 2 /kw 3 35 /kw 9 11 /kw 15 3 /kw 31 Absorption Cooling 32

17 Content Introduction Demand worldwide Collectors for MSS-CSP Heat engines Case studies Outlook 33 Case Study 1: Combined Cooling Grid-connected Speicher 26 C / 25 bar Dampf Kollektorfeld 345 C Thermoöl 245 C Überhitzer Verdampfer Vorwärmer Turbine G 85 C AKM (1-st.) Kühler Pumpe Speisewasserbehälter Location Faro, Portugal with Feed-in tariff 27 Cent/kWh Cooling demand 5 kw at 6 C 24h -> 4,4 GWh/a 34

18 Optimal Nominal Power Net present Kapitalwert value [T ] [k ] COP =, Elektrische ElectricalNennleistung nominal power Kraftwerksblock [kw] [kw] Kapitalwert Capital value Condensation Kondensationswärme heat Heat Heizleistung AC AKM Power Nennleistung AC AKM Thermal Thermische power Leistung [kw] [kw] 35 Efficiency power block and COP Absorption Cooler,35,8,3 27 C,7 ηel [-],25,2,15 35 C 41 C 46 C,6,5,4,3 COP [-],1,2,5, Kondensationstemperatur [ C] 36

19 Optimization Condensation Temperature Net present Kapitalwert value [T ] [k ] 6 2 /m² 5 25 /m² 4 3 /m² Kondensationstemperatur [ C] 37 Investment Cost for Absorption Cooling 2,5 2 y = -45,693x ,65x 2-124,34x + 4,395 IK T / IK Topt 1,5 1,5,65,7,75,8,85,9,95 1 1,5 T / T opt [-] 38

20 Optimization of Solar Field Area Net Kapitalwert present value [T ] [k ] /m² 25 /m² 3 /m² Kollektorfläche [m²] 39 Optimization of Storage Size 6 Kapitalwert [T ] 5 2 /m² 25 /m² 4 3 /m² Speichervolumen [m³] Betriebsstunden WKM [h] Speichervolumen [m³] 4

21 Optimization of Storage Size 2,5 2 Kälte Strom Ertrag [GWh/a] 1,5 1, Speichervolumen [m³] 41 Example: Results for 2 different collector costs Electricity yield [MWh/a] Cooling yield [MWh/a] Solar fraction cooling [%] Collector area [m²] Storagesize[m³] Investment sum [k ] Capital value [k ] 2 /m² /m² Load profiles for cooling important ->large load beneficial, if storage is included 42

22 Influence of load profiles for cooling Wärmenutzungsgrad / IRR [%] Wärmenutzungsgrad Interner Zins kw 8-18 Uhr (2 GWh/a) 5 kw 24 Stunden (4,4 GWh/a) Bürogebäude (1,7 GWh/a) 43 Case Study 2: Combined Process Steam Generation Speicher 3 C / 4 bar Dampf 32 C Überhitzer Turbine G Kollektorfeld Thermoöl 245 C Verdampfer Vorwärmer Überhitzer 22 C / 1 bar 55 C Backup Kühler Prozessdampf Verdampfer Gasbrenner Vorwärmer 19 C 16 C Pumpe 44

23 Variations for grid-connected systems Two locations with different feed-in tariff: Faro, Portugal, DNI = 2197 kwh/(m²a) Feed-in tariff 27 Cent/kWh Ajaccio, Korsika, DNI = 178 kwh/(m²a) Feed-in tariff 4 Cent/kWh Profiles for process heat demand: 5 kw from 9h to 18h 5 kw over 24 hours 45 Results grid-connection Net present Kapitalwert value [T ] [k ] Demand: Bedarf: 5 5 kw kw 8 bis 8h 18 - Uhr Standort: 18h Faro 1. Location Faro 5 Prozessdampf Process steam Prozessdampf Process steam + Strom + electr Collector Kollektorfläche area [m²] [m2] 46

24 Results grid-connection Net present Kapitalwert value [T ] [k ] Demand: Bedarf: 5 5 kw kw 24h 24h 2. Standort: Faro Location Faro Process Prozessdampf steam 5 Process Prozessdampf steam + Strom + electr Collector Kollektorfläche area [m²] [m2] 47 Case Study 3: Comparison CSP with PV grid-connection with feed-in tariff LEC [ -Cent/kWh] Feed-in Einspeisevergütung tariff PV PV PV 3 /kw PV 4 /kw PV 5 /kw Feed-in Einspeisevergütung tariff CSP CSP CSP 2 /m² CSP 3 /m² CSP 4 /m² 48

25 Case Study 3: Comparison CSP with PV off-grid system IRR [%] PV 3 /kw PV 4 /kw PV 5 /kw CSP 2 /m² CSP 3 /m² CSP 4 /m² 49 Case Study 3: Comparison with PV+ flat-plate collector CSP combined heating and generation 25 PV + Flachkollektor flat plate CSP combined heating CSP KWK 2 IRR [%] /kw 4 /kw 5 /kw 2 /m² 3 /m² 4 /m² 5 /m² 5

26 Case Study 4: Variation in DNI Standort DNI 1 Freiburg 89 2 Perpignan Faro Bahariyya Keetmanshoop Case Study 4: Variation in DNI Off-Grid Systems [kw] Kälte: Cooling 5 5 kw kw (24h) (24h) [kw] [kw] [h] [h] [h] Process Prozessdampf: steam 8 kw (8h bis 18h) Uhr) Electricity Strom: 4 profile kw Maximalleistung max. 4kW from (aus literature Literatur) 52

27 Case Study 4: Solar Electricity 35 3 Freiburg rel. LEC (Faro = 1%) Perpignan Faro Bahariyya Keetmanshoop rel. Summe DNI (Faro = 1%) 53 Case Study 4: Solar Combined Heating and Cooling Amortisationszeit [a] Einsparung [T ] Savings [k ] Freiburg Perpignan Faro Bahariyya Keetmanshoop 54

28 Content Introduction Demand worldwide Collectors for MSS-CSP Heat engines Case studies Outlook 55 Conclusions and outlook Small scale grid-connected electricity production with CSP is certainly still further away from market competitivity than large scale CSP! Replacement of off-grid diesel generator applications might be interesting in some cases, even in comparison to photovoltaic stand-alone systems Combined heating and/or cooling enhances economics substantially Development of alternative small power blocks (screw, ORC) are under way, demonstration and adaptation to dynamical solar field conditions necessary! We need more experience and demonstration worldwide! Large potential markets (e.g. India) exist 56

29 Internet-Plattform (englisch) Kontakte Termine Informationen Studien 57 Internet-Plattform - Firmendarstellung Kostenfreies Angebot Einfache Eintragung über Internet-Formular 58

30 Thank you for listening!