Winners among Losers: Career Trajectories at German Universities. Annette Zimmer

Transcription

1 Winners among Losers: Career Trajectories at German Universities Annette Zimmer

2 Preliminary Remarks

3 Preliminary Remarks Women admitted to: - higher Education/Abitur: University: 1900 in Baden, 1908 in Prussia - University all over Gemany: after 1918 Women are not allowed to take over positions of authority:

4 Outline of the Presentation Looking back to the Good Old Times German Academia Women at German Universities

5 Models of University Governance Anglosaxon Model: medieval university community French Etatism: controlled by Paris Central European Corporatism: bureaucratically controlled self-government

6 Humboldtian University - Independence in Academia - Bureaucratic control of financing, admission and recruitment

7 Turbulent Environments - German Empire: Enlargement Polytechnics - Technische Hochschulen - Dark Period of National Socialism -Two Systems of Higher Education: GDR and BDR

8 Restructuring the System after 1945 Sputnick Shock and Start of Reform Period Three types of secondary schools: Hauptschule, Realschule, Gymnasium Massification of the University Introduction of Fachhochschulen and Gesamthochschulen Reform of the Governance Structure of Universities: Representative Democracy: Gruppenuniversität New Career Trajectories: C1, C-2, C-3, C-4

9 A Sytem in Decline? From Mandarin to little professor to blue collar academic worker Introduction of junior professorship Introduction of W-2, W-3 and lecturships Introduction of BA and Master-Programs Launch of the Initiative of Excellence Change of Governance and Management

10 Statistical Portrait Universities Polytechs Others Total

11 Change in Male and Female Enrollment

12 Percentage of Female Students by Field and Discipline in % Fields of study and research 1980, in % 1998, in % 2004, in % Humanities 56,6 65,5 72,8 Law, Economics and Social Sciences 34,5 43,4 50,8 Mathematics and Natural Sciences 33,6 34,3 39,8 Medicine 34,7 49,8 66,0 Veterinary Medecine 43,4 77,5 59,2 Agriculture, Forestry and Nutrition 44,6 52,5 data missing Engineering 9,2 19,0 Arts 54,5 61,9 20,5

13 Women s Share of the Student Body and Professional Staff, Year First-year students Habilitations Undergraduates Graduates PhD Professorships C4/Top Positions ,2 36,7 34,1 19,6 4,8 5,3 2, ,8 37,8 36,8 24,1 7,2 5,1 2, ,4 38,3 36,5 27,8 10,0 5,5 2, ,8 41,7 40,7 31,5 13,8 8,2 4, ,2 46,1 44,8 34,3 18,4 10,5 7, ,4 46,7 46,0 35,3 17,2 11,2 7, ,6 47,4 46,9 36,4 21,6 11,9 8, ,2 47,4 48,4 37,9 22,0 12,8 8, ,8 47,7 49,2 39,0 22,7 13,6 9,2

14 Academic Staff: Women s Share in Europe (all positions)

15 Career Paths at German Universities Do careers of male and female professors differ? And if so, to what extent and why? Research and Training Network: Women in European Universities, Supported by the European Commission and the German Federal Government

16 Sampling Faculty Natural Sciences Law Humanities Social Sciences Engineering Discipline biology, chemistry, mathematics, physics/astronomy all disciplines history, German philology sociology, psychology, political science industrial engineering, engineering without architecture

17 Female and Male Profs (C-3/C-4) in % and total Female Professors Male Professors N in % total in % total Biology Chemistry German Philology History Mathematics Physics Political Science Psychology Law Social Science* Industrial Engineering & Management Economics & Business Administration Engineering without Architecture total Year 2000

18 Results of 1156 Interviews 619 female and 537 male professors were interviewed Those who had made it to the top! Research in Germany was upported by the Federal Ministry of Science and Research

19 Career Tracks University Graduation Doctorate Habilitation (postdoctoral lecture qualification) Tenured Professorship

20 Average Age When Completing a Career Step Total Engineering Natural Sciences Economics /Business Administration Law Social Sciences Humanities Tenured professorship Habilitation Doctorat e Graduatio n Discipline

21 Age When Completing a Career Step, by Gender and Group age when obtainingé fastest middle-paced slowest group group group 24 years years 27 years master male 27% 48% 25% degree female 46% 40% 15% 27 years years 32 years PhD male 17% 57% 26% female 22% 52% 27% 34 years years 40 years habilitation male 28% 53% 20% female 16% 45% 39% 36 years years 44 years first male 27% 50% 22% professorship female 19% 50% 31%

22 Motives for Choosing an Academic Career (in percent)...to follow my specific interest/selfactualization to work autonomously financial reasons to do socially meaningful work not at all important rather unimportant somewhat important rather important very important

23 The Strength of Weak Ties

24 How did you finance yourself while working on your dissertion? 80 female % 75.8 % male % 24.1 % 20 0 by employment at a university / research institute for more than 3 months 6.3 % 2.9 % by employment in by scholarship or the commercial or public grant sector for more than 3 months 8.9 % 6.3 % by parents or other family members (in %, weighted sample)

25 Mentoring

26 Assessment of the Working Environment

27 Assessment of the Working Environment

28 Assessment of the Working Environment

29 Assessment of the Working Environment

30 Assessment of the Working Environment

31 Family and Career: Marital Status of Professors

32 Much has been achieved!!