S U R V E I L L A N C E I M P A C T A S S E S S M E N T M A N U A L
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- Jerome Snow
- 8 years ago
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1 T H E S A P I E N T C O N S O R T I U M S U R V E I L L A N C E I M P A C T A S S E S S M E N T M A N U A L D A V I D W R I G H T, I N G A K R O E N E R, M O N I C A L A G A Z I O, M I C H A E L F R I E D E W A L D, D A R A H A L L I N A N, M A R C L A N G H E I N R I C H, R A P H A Ë L G E L L E R T, A N D S E R G E G U T W I R T H
2 W C o p y r i g h t T h e S A P I E N T C o n s o r t i u m T h i s d o c u m e n t w a s d e v e l o p e d w i t h i n t h e S A P I E N T ( S u p p o r t i n g f u n d a m e n t A l r i g h t s, P r I v a c y a n d E t h i c s i n s u r v e i l l a N c e T e c h n o l o g i e s ) p r o j e c t b y a c o n s o r t i u m, c o n s i s t i n g o f t h e f o l l o w i n g p a r t n e r s : F r a u n h o f e r I n s t i t u t e f o r S y s t e m s a n d I n n o v a t i o n R e s e a r c h ( c o - o r d i n a t o r ), T r i l a t e r a l R e s e a r c h & C o n s u l t i n g L L P, V r i j e U n i v e r s i t e i t B r u s s e l, U n i v e r s i t à d e l l a S v i z z e r a i t a l i a n a, K i n g s C o l l e g e L o n d o n, a n d C e n t r e f o r E u r o p e a n P o l i c y S t u d i e s. T h e S A P I E N T p r o j e c t h a s r e c e i v e d f u n d i n g f r o m t h e E u r o p e a n U n i o n s S e v e n t h F r a m e w o r k P r o g r a m m e f o r r e s e a r c h, t e c h n o l o g i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t a n d d e m o n s t r a t i o n u n d e r g r a n t a g r e e m e n t N o T h i s d o c u m e n t i s i n t e n d e d t o b e a n o p e n s p e c i fi c a t i o n a n d a s s u c h, i t s c o n t e n t s m a y b e f r e e l y u s e d, c o p i e d, a n d d i s t r i b u t e d p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e d o c u m e n t i t s e l f i s n o t m o d i fi e d o r s h o r t e n e d, t h a t f u l l a u t h o r s h i p c r e d i t i s g i v e n, a n d t h a t t h e s e t e r m s o f u s e a r e n o t r e m o v e d b u t i n c l u d e d w i t h e v e r y c o p y. T h e S A P I E N T p a r t n e r s s h a l l t a k e n o l i a b i l i t y f o r t h e c o m p l e t e n e s s, c o r r e c t n e s s o r fi t n e s s f o r u s e. T h i s d o c u m e n t i s s u b j e c t t o u p d a t e s, r e v i s i o n s, a n d e x t e n s i o n s b y t h e S A P I E N T c o n s o r t i u m. E - m a i l : f e e d b a c s a p i e n t p r o j e c t. e u e b s i t e : h t t p : / / w w w. s a p i e n t p r o j e c t. e u F i r s t e d i t i o n, N o v e m b e r Funded by the European Union
3 C o n t e n t s 1 P r e f a c e 9 I G u i d e f o r a c o m p r e h e n s i v e S u r v e i l l a n c e I m p a c t A s s e s s m e n t I n t r o d u c t i o n O v e r v i e w o f a r i s k a s s e s s m e n t a p p r o a c h t o S I A P u r p o s e A n o v e r v i e w o f r i s k a s s e s s m e n t A n o v e r v i e w o f s u r v e i l l a n c e i m p a c t a s s e s s m e n t C o n d u c t i n g a s u r v e i l l a n c e i m p a c t a s s e s s m e n t P r e p a r a t i o n R i s k i d e n t i fi c a t i o n a n d a n a l y s i s C o n s u l t s t a k e h o l d e r s E s t a b l i s h r i s k c r i t e r i a I d e n t i f y a n d a n a l y s e f e a r e d e v e n t s I d e n t i f y i n g a n d a n a l y s i n g t h r e a t s C r e a t i n g t h e r i s k m a p R i s k t r e a t m e n t a n d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s C o n c l u s i o n 4 1
4 4 I I S m a l l - s c a l e S u r v e i l l a n c e I m p a c t A s s e s s m e n t G u i d e f o r a s m a l l - s c a l e S u r v e i l l a n c e I m p a c t A s s e s s m e n t I n t r o d u c t i o n P r o j e c t d e s c r i p t i o n I d e n t i f y i n g S t a k e h o l d e r s T h e Q u e s t i o n n a i r e T h e R i s k M a p S o l u t i o n s P r e p a r i n g a s u r v e i l l a n c e a s s e s s m e n t r e p o r t 4 9 I I I A n n e x 5 1 C r i t e r i a a n d Q u e s t i o n s 5 3 I m p a c t s o f s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m s 5 3 Q u e s t i o n s r e d a t a p r o t e c t i o n 5 4 Q u e s t i o n s r e o t h e r t y p e s o f p r i v a c y 5 7 S o c i e t a l i m p a c t s 6 0 E c o n o m i c a n d fi n a n c i a l i m p a c t 6 1 P o l i t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s 6 1 L e g a l i s s u e s 6 2 I m p a c t s o n e t h i c a l p r i n c i p l e s 6 3 A s s e t s, t h r e a t s, v u l n e r a b i l i t i e s a n d c o n s e q u e n c e s 6 7 E x a m p l e s o f a s s e t s 6 7 E x a m p l e s o f t h r e a t s 6 9 E x a m p l e s o f v u l n e r a b i l i t i e s 7 2 E x a m p l e s o f c o n s e q u e n c e s 7 3 H o w t o a s s i g n v a l u e s i n t h e a s s e s s m e n t e x e r c i s e 7 6
5 5 T h e s m a l l - s c a l e S I A q u e s t i o n n a i r e 7 7 L e g a l C o m p l i a n c e 7 7 O t h e r t y p e s o f p r i v a c y 8 0 S o c i e t a l i m p a c t s 8 3 I m p a c t s o n e t h i c a l p r i n c i p l e s 8 3 I d e n t i f y i n g R i s k s 8 4 T h e r i s k m a p 8 4 I d e n t i f y i n g s o l u t i o n s 8 6 B i b l i o g r a p h y 8 7
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7 L i s t o f F i g u r e s 3. 1 S i m p l i fi e d i l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h e r i s k t e r m i n o l o g y T h e S t e p s o f a S u r v e i l l a n c e I m p a c t A s s e s s m e n t S t e p s 1 5 i n t h e S I A S t e p s i n t h e S I A F e a r e d e v e n t s f o r m t h e b a s i s o f t h e r i s k a n a l y s i s p r o c e s s W e c a n a s s e s s t h e " s e v e r i t y " o f e a c h f e a r e d e v e n t b y c o m b i n i n g i t s s c o p e w i t h a n a s s e s s m e n t o f i t s c o n s e q u e n c e s I d e n t i f y i n g t h r e a t s t o s u p p o r t i n g a s s e t s, a n d t h e i r c o r r e s p o n d i n g t h r e a t a g e n t s E s t i m a t i n g t h e l i k e l i h o o d o f a t h r e a t, b a s e d o n t h e v u l n e r a b i l i t y o f a s e c o n d a r y a s s e t a n d t h e c a p a b i l i t i e s o f a t h r e a t s o u r c e R i s k m a p S t e p s i n t h e S I A 3 7
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9 1 P r e f a c e T h i s m a n u a l c o n s i s t s o f t w o p a r t s. T h e fi r s t p a r t c o n t a i n s t h e c o m - p r e h e n s i v e S I A m e t h o d o l o g y p r o d u c e d d e v e l o p e d b y t h e S A P I E N T c o n s o r t i u m. T h e s e c o n d c o n t a i n s a r e v i s e d g u i d e f o r a s m a l l - s c a l e S I A b a s e d o n t h e l e s s o n s l e a r n e d d u r i n g i n a n u m b e r o f t e s t s t o a p p l y t h e S I A g u i d e l i n e s. T h e a n n e x t o t h i s d e l i v e r a b l e c o n t a i n s t h e q u e s - t i o n s f o r t h e c o m p r e h e n s i v e S I A g u i d e, a s w e l l a s t h e s m a l l - s c a l e S I A g u i d e. T h e S A P I E N T c o n s o r t i u m i n i t i a l l y d e v e l o p e d a g u i d e f o r c o n - d u c t i n g a n f u l l S I A b a s e d o n t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f r i s k a s s e s s m e n t ( P a r t I o f t h i s m a n u a l ). T h e g u i d e d e s c r i b e d a m e t h o d f o r i d e n t i f y i n g, a s - s e s s i n g ( o r e v a l u a t i n g ) a n d p r i o r i t i s i n g f o r t r e a t m e n t r i s k s a r i s i n g f r o m t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d d e p l o y m e n t o f s u r v e i l l a n c e t e c h n o l o g i e s, s y s t e m s a n d a p p l i c a t i o n s. A n u m b e r o f t e s t c a s e s t u d i e s w e r e u n d e r - t a k e n i n o r d e r t o e v a l u a t e t h e S I A g u i d e a s a t o o l f o r t h e a s s e s s m e n t o f n e w s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m s a n d t e c h n o l o g i e s, f o r u s e b y o r g a n i s a - t i o n s. T h e o b j e c t i v e w a s t o t e s t t h i s m e t h o d o l o g y a n d r e v i s e i t i n l i g h t o f f e e d b a c k a n d t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f i m p l e m e n t i n g t h i s m e t h o d o l o g y i n a r a n g e o f s e t t i n g s a n d w i t h a n u m b e r o f c a s e s t u d i e s. T h e m a i n r e s u l t o f t h e t e s t s w a s t h a t t h e f u l l S I A p r o c e s s i s n o t s u i t a b l e f o r s m a l l c o m p a n i e s o r r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s. C o n s e q u e n t l y t h e S A P I E N T d e v e l o p e d a p a g e g u i d e f o r a s m a l l - s c a l e S I A t o b e u s e d b y t h i s r a n g e o f o r g a n i s a t i o n s ( P a r t I I o f t h i s m a n u a l ).
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11 Part I Guide for a comprehensive Surveillance Impact Assessment
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13 2 I n t r o d u c t i o n T h i s g u i d e d e s c r i b e s a m e t h o d f o r i d e n t i f y i n g, a s s e s s i n g ( o r e v a l u a t - i n g ) a n d p r i o r i t i s i n g f o r t r e a t m e n t r i s k s a r i s i n g f r o m t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d d e p l o y m e n t o f s u r v e i l l a n c e t e c h n o l o g i e s, s y s t e m s a n d a p p l i - c a t i o n s. T h e S A P I E N T c o n s o r t i u m h a s p r e p a r e d t h i s g u i d e f o r t h e d e v e l o p e r s, o p e r a t o r s a n d r e g u l a t o r s o f s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m s. T h e m e t h o d h e r e i s s o m e w h a t l i k e a n d i s b a s e d o n a p r i v a c y i m p a c t a s - s e s s m e n t ( P I A ), b u t w i t h o n e e s p e c i a l l y i m p o r t a n t d i f f e r e n c e, a n d t h a t i s t h a t a s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m o r a p p l i c a t i o n c a n h a v e i m p a c t s o n m o r e t h a n j u s t p r i v a c y. I t c a n a l s o h a v e i m p a c t s o n o t h e r f u n d a m e n - t a l r i g h t s. T h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d d e p l o y m e n t o f s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m s m a y h a v e v a r i o u s c o n s e q u e n c e s s o c i e t a l, e c o n o m i c, p o l i t i c a l ; t h e y m a y r a i s e l e g a l a n d e t h i c a l i s s u e s t o o. I d e a l l y, a s u r v e i l l a n c e i m p a c t a s s e s s m e n t s h o u l d b e c o n d u c t e d a t a n e a r l y s t a g e, w h e n i t i s s t i l l p o s s i b l e t o i n fl u e n c e t h e d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g p r o c e s s, a s t o w h e t h e r a s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m i s a c t u a l l y w a r r a n t e d a n d, i f s o, h o w i t s h o u l d b e c o n fi g u r e d t o a v o i d b e i n g u n - d u l y i n t r u s i v e a n d w h a t s a f e g u a r d s s h o u l d b e p u t i n p l a c e t o e n s u r e t h a t i t d o e s n o t i n f r i n g e u p o n d e m o c r a t i c a s p i r a t i o n s. H o w e v e r, t h e s u r v e i l l a n c e i m p a c t a s s e s s m e n t c a n a l s o b e c o n d u c t e d e v e n a f t e r a d e c i s i o n h a s b e e n t a k e n t o p r o c e e d w i t h t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d d e p l o y - m e n t o f a s y s t e m a s w e l l a s a f t e r, t o e n s u r e t h e S I A r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a r e i m p l e m e n t e d. I n t h e c a s e o f a f u t u r e s y s t e m, t h e fi r s t q u e s t i o n t o a s k i s : I s s u c h a s y s t e m n e e d e d? b e f o r e t h e q u e s t i o n : D o e s t h e ( p r o p o s e d ) s y s t e m m e r i t t h e c o n d u c t o f a n S I A?. I f t h e p r o j e c t m a n a g e r c a n n o t a n s w e r t h e fi r s t q u e s t i o n, t h e n e e d f o r a n S I A b e c o m e s a u t o m a t i c a n d a l o g i c a l a c t i o n. B y t h e s a m e t o k e n, i n p r a c t i c a l t e r m s, i t m a k e s s e n s e f o r a n o r g a n i s a t i o n t o a p p l y t h e s a m e a s s e s s m e n t p r o c e s s t o t h e r i s k s w h i c h m i g h t r e q u i r e s u r v e i l l a n c e a n d t h e r i s k s p o s e d b y s u r v e i l l a n c e. T h i s g u i d e i s d i v i d e d i n t o t w o m a i n p a r t s, t h e fi r s t o f w h i c h p r o - v i d e s a n o v e r v i e w o f a r i s k a s s e s s m e n t a p p r o a c h t o s u r v e i l l a n c e, w h i l e t h e s e c o n d p a r t d e s c r i b e s h o w t o c o n d u c t a s u r v e i l l a n c e i m p a c t
14 1 4 s u r v e i l l a n c e i m p a c t a s s e s s m e n t m a n u a l a s s e s s m e n t. I n a d d i t i o n, t h e g u i d e h a s t h r e e a n n e x e s, w h i c h w i l l h e l p i n t h e c o n d u c t o f t h e S I A.
15 3 O v e r v i e w o f a r i s k a s s e s s m e n t a p p r o a c h t o S I A 3. 1 P u r p o s e A s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m c a n r a i s e r i s k s f o r i n d i v i d u a l s, g r o u p s a n d o r g a n i s a t i o n s, a s w e l l a s s o c i e t y a s a w h o l e. T h e p u r p o s e o f a s u r v e i l l a n c e i m p a c t a s s e s s m e n t ( S I A ) i s t o a s s e s s t h e r i s k s a s u r v e i l l a n c e - r e l a t e d p r o j e c t, p o l i c y, p r o g r a m m e, s e r v i c e, p r o d u c t o r o t h e r i n i t i a t i v e p o s e s f o r p r i v a c y, a s w e l l a s f o r o t h e r h u m a n r i g h t s a n d e t h i c a l v a l u e s. T h e r i s k a s s e s s m e n t a d d r e s s e s t h e l i k e l i h o o d o f a c e r t a i n e v e n t a n d i t s c o n s e q u e n c e s, i. e., i m p a c t s. A n S I A s h o u l d i n c l u d e s t a k e h o l d e r c o n s u l t a t i o n a n d, u l t i m a t e l y, l e a d t o m i t i g a t i n g m e a s u r e s a s n e c e s s a r y i n o r d e r t o a v o i d, m i n i m i s e, t r a n s f e r o r s h a r e t h e r i s k s. T h e S I A s h o u l d f o l l o w a s u r v e i l l a n c e i n i t i a t i v e t h r o u g h o u t i t s l i f e c y c l e. T h e p r o j e c t s h o u l d r e v i s i t t h e S I A a s i t u n d e r g o e s c h a n g e s o r a s n e w r i s k s a r i s e a n d b e c o m e a p p a r e n t. W h i l e p r i v a c y a n d d a t a p r o t e c t i o n i m p a c t s a r e a m a j o r f o c u s o f a n S I A, s u r v e i l l a n c e a f f e c t s a r a n g e o f o t h e r f u n d a m e n t a l r i g h t s a n d e t h i c a l a n d s o c i a l p r i n c i p l e s t h a t m a y a l s o b e r e l e v a n t i n a p a r t i c u l a r a s s e s s m e n t. T h e S I A m e t h o d d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s g u i d e s u b s u m e s a p r i v a c y i m p a c t a s s e s s m e n t, i. e., t h e r e i s n o t h i n g i n a P I A w h i c h i s n o t a l s o i n c l u d e d h e r e. I n o t h e r w o r d s, a n S I A a n d a P I A d o n o t n e e d t o b e c o n d u c t e d a s s e p a r a t e e x e r c i s e s. S i m i l a r l y, t h e S I A s u b s u m e s a n e t h i c a l i m p a c t a s s e s s m e n t. H e n c e, a n S I A i n c l u d e s, b u t i s m o r e e n c o m p a s s i n g t h a n e i t h e r a P I A o r E I A. 1 1 T w o o f t h e a u t h o r s o f t h i s g u i d e h a v e A s u r v e i l l a n c e i m p a c t a s s e s s m e n t s h o u l d b e u n d e r t a k e n 1. b y t h o s e d e v e l o p i n g s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m s, t e c h n o l o g i e s o r a p p l i c a - t i o n s a n d / o r 2. b y t h o s e w h o a r e c o m m i s s i o n i n g ( p r o c u r i n g ) a n d i n t e n d i n g t o o p e r a t e a s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m a n d / o r 3. b y r e g u l a t o r s w h o w a n t t o a s s e s s s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m p r o p o s a l s. a l r e a d y p r o p o s e d a n i n t e g r a t e d p r i v a c y a n d e t h i c a l i m p a c t a s s e s s m e n t. S e e W r i g h t, D a v i d a n d M i c h a e l F r i e d e w a l d, " I n t e g r a t i n g p r i v a c y a n d e t h i c a l i m p a c t a s s e s s m e n t ", S c i e n c e a n d P u b l i c P o l i c y, V o l. 4 0, N o. 6, , p p
16 1 6 s u r v e i l l a n c e i m p a c t a s s e s s m e n t m a n u a l 2 F o r e x a m p l e, m a n y p e o p l e s u p p o r t t h e u s e o f C C T V c a m e r a s o n p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t w h i l e t h o s e s a m e p e o p l e m a y o p p o s e t h e i r b e i n g t r a c k e d a c r o s s t h e I n t e r n e t s o t h a t t h e y c a n b e b e t t e r t a r g e t e d f o r p e r s o n a l i s e d a d v e r t i s i n g. S u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m s c a n h a v e p o s i t i v e a s w e l l n e g a t i v e i m p a c t s. 2 T h i s g u i d e r e fl e c t s t h e p o s i t i v e i m p a c t s, b u t f o c u s e s p r i m a r i l y o n t h e p o t e n t i a l n e g a t i v e i m p a c t s. A n S I A c a n b e u s e d t o i d e n t i f y a n d e v a l u - a t e t h e s e i m p a c t s a n d a p p r o p r i a t e m i t i g a t i o n m e a s u r e s. A c c o r d i n g l y, i t w i l l b e b e n e fi c i a l t o s p o n s o r s a n d t h e p u b l i c a l i k e f o r a n S I A t o b e u n d e r t a k e n a t a s e a r l y a s t a g e i n t h e l i f e - c y c l e o f a p r o j e c t a s p r a c t i c a - b l e, w h e n i t i s s t i l l p o s s i b l e t o i n fl u e n c e t h e d e s i g n o f t h e s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m o r t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r t h e s y s t e m i s a c t u a l l y n e c e s s a r y. G e n e r a l p r i n c i p l e s f o r t h e c o n t r o l o f s u r v e i l l a n c e F o u r f u n d a m e n t a l p r i n c i p l e s s h o u l d g o v e r n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d d e - p l o y m e n t o f s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m s t h a t m a y h a v e s u b s t a n t i a l n e g a t i v e p r i v a c y o r o t h e r i m p l i c a t i o n s : 1. S u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m s m u s t c o m p l y w i t h t h e l a w. 3 C o s t h e r e s h o u l d b e u n d e r s t o o d i n a w i d e r s e n s e t h a n j u s t m o n e t a r y c o s t, f o r e x a m p l e, s o c i a l c o s t s, o p p o r t u n i t y c o s t s, p o l i t i c a l c o s t s, e t c. 2. T h e p r o s p e c t i v e d e v e l o p e r o r o p e r a t o r o f a s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m s h o u l d b e a b l e t o j u s t i f y t h e n e e d f o r t h e s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m. N o t o n l y s h o u l d s u r v e i l l a n c e b e u s e d o n l y w h e n t h e r e a r e n o m o r e c o s t - e f f e c t i v e 3 a l t e r n a t i v e s, b u t t h e j u s t i fi c a t i o n o f a s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m s h o u l d b e a n e x p l a n a t i o n b a s e d o n e v i d e n c e a n d s y s t e m i c r e a s o n i n g, a n d n o t m e r e l y o n a s s e r t i o n s. T h e j u s t i fi c a t i o n s h o u l d m a k e c l e a r w h a t l e s s p r i v a c y - i n v a s i v e a l t e r n a t i v e s h a v e b e e n c o n s i d e r e d, a n d w h y t h e y a r e i n a d e q u a t e. 3. S u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m s m u s t b e e t h i c a l l y d e f e n s i b l e. 4. T h e p r o p o n e n t o f a s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m s h o u l d b e a b l e t o d e m o n - s t r a t e t h a t t h e b e n e fi t s o u t w e i g h t h e n e g a t i v e i m p a c t. F o r e x a m p l e, v i s u a l s u r v e i l l a n c e m u s t b e n o m o r e i n t e n s i v e ( e. g., t h e n u m b e r o f c a m e r a s ), a n d n o m o r e e x t e n s i v e ( e. g., a c r o s s a l a r g e a r e a ) t h a n t h e a n a l y s i s j u s t i fi e s. T o e n s u r e t h e s e p r i n c i p l e s a r e a p p l i e d, t h r e e m a i n t a s k s n e e d t o b e u n d e r t a k e n p r e f e r a b l y b e - f o r e, a t t h e l a t e s t d u r i n g d e v e l o p m e n t a n d, i n t h e w o r s t c a s e, d u r i n g d e p l o y m e n t, o f a s u r v e i l - l a n c e s y s t e m : T h e p r o p o s e d s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m m u s t u n d e r g o a n S I A b e f o r e o r c o n c u r r e n t l y w i t h d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e t e c h n o l o g y o r s y s t e m, t h e p u r p o s e o f w h i c h i s t o i d e n t i f y a n d e v a l u a t e t h e r i s k s a n d t o e n s u r e t h e p r o p o s e d s y s t e m d o e s n o t c o n t r a v e n e t h e p u b l i c i n t e r e s t. T h e S I A s h o u l d i n v o l v e c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h s t a k e h o l d e r s a n d b e c h a r a c t e r i s e d b y t r a n s p a r e n c y. T h e S I A s h o u l d r e c o m m e n d m e a s u r e s f o r m i t i g a t i n g t h e r i s k s i d e n t i fi e d. M a s s s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m s m u s t b e s u b j e c t t o p a r l i a m e n t a r y o r r e g u l a t o r y a p p r o v a l b e f o r e d e p l o y m e n t i. e., a n a p p r o p r i a t e o r g a n
17 o v e r v i e w o f a r i s k a s s e s s m e n t a p p r o a c h t o s i a 1 7 o f t h e p a r l i a m e n t o r a r e g u l a t o r w o u l d n e e d t o a p p r o v e a s u r v e i l - l a n c e s y s t e m b e f o r e i t i s d e p l o y e d. E v e n a f t e r t h e s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m i s d e p l o y e d, i t s h o u l d b e s u b j e c t t o c o n t r o l s t o e n s u r e t h a t s a f e g u a r d s h a v e b e e n p r o p e r l y i m p l e m e n t e d a n d t h a t a n y b r e a c h e s a r e r e p o r t e d p r o m p t l y a n d a r e p r o s e c u t a b l e. T h e S I A a n d t h e s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m s h o u l d b e s u b j e c t t o a u d i t b y a n i n d e p e n d e n t t h i r d p a r t y t o e n s u r e t h e S I A r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a r e a d o p t e d o r, i f s o m e a r e n o t a d o p t e d, t h a t t h e r e i s a d e q u a t e j u s t i fi c a t i o n f o r w h y t h e y h a v e n o t b e e n a d o p t e d. A s i n g l e a u d i t m a y b e i n a d e q u a t e. A u d i t s s h o u l d b e u n d e r t a k e n p e r i o d i c a l l y a n d w h e n w a r r a n t e d A n o v e r v i e w o f r i s k a s s e s s m e n t A n a s s e s s m e n t o f t h e r i s k s o r i m p a c t s o f a p r o p o s e d s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m s h o u l d 1. i d e n t i f y t h e r i s k c r i t e r i a t h e f r a m e w o r k w i t h i n w h i c h r i s k s w i l l b e a s s e s s e d 2. i d e n t i f y t h e r i s k s, w h i c h i s t h e p r o c e s s o f e n u m e r a t i n g f e a r e d e v e n t s f r o m s t a k e h o l d e r s a n d t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t h r e a t s t h a t m i g h t l e a d t o t h e m. 3. a n a l y s e t h e r i s k s, w h i c h i s t h e p r o c e s s o f u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e n a t u r e o f t h e r i s k a n d d e t e r m i n i n g t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s a n d l i k e l i h o o d o f e a c h r i s k 4. a s s e s s ( e v a l u a t e ) t h e r i s k s, w h i c h i s t h e p r o c e s s o f r a n k i n g o r p r i o r i t i s i n g t h e r i s k s : w h i c h r i s k s a r e t h e m o s t s e r i o u s a n d s h o u l d b e d e a l t w i t h fi r s t. T h e o r g a n i s a t i o n ( t h e s p o n s o r ) t h a t i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e p r o s p e c - t i v e s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m s h o u l d c a r r y o u t t h e r i s k t r e a t m e n t a n d i d e n t i f y a n d i m p l e m e n t c o n t r o l s o r c o u n t e r - m e a s u r e s t o a v e r t t h e r i s k s. R i s k a p p o r t i o n m e n t i s a n o u t p u t a n d e v e n a n e v e n t u a l o u t c o m e o f a n S I A, r a t h e r t h a n a c o n t r o l l a b l e v a r i a b l e o r s o m e t h i n g k n o w n a t t h e b e g i n n i n g. R i s k s e l d o m a l l f a l l s o n o n e o r g a n i s a t i o n 4 n o t 4 F o r e x a m p l e, t h e S n o w d e n r e v e l a t i o n s e v e n o n a s p o n s o r t h a t i s c r i m i n a l l y n e g l i g e n t. R e s p o n s i b l e i s t o o e a s i l y m i s u n d e r s t o o d t o m e a n o n l y l e g a l l y l i a b l e. A s p o n s o r m a y b e l e g a l l y c o m p l i a n t, b u t m o r a l l y l i a b l e. T h e a s s e s s o r s h o u l d i d e n t i f y, a n a l y s e a n d e v a l u a t e t h e t h r e a t s a n d v u l n e r a b i l i t i e s t o i n d i v i d u a l s a n d g r o u p s ( i n c l u d i n g s o c i e t y ), m e a s u r e t h e i m p a c t s ( c o n s e q u e n c e s ) o f t h e r i s k i n v o l v e d, a n d r e c o m m e n d m e a s u r e s a n d c o n t r o l s ( o r s a f e g u a r d s ) t o m a n a g e t h e m. I n g e n e r a l, a r i s k c a n b e r e l a t e d t o o r c h a r a c t e r i s e d b y : h a v e s h o w n t h a t t h e N S A h a s b e e n r e s p o n s i b l e f o r w e a k e n i n g s o m e c r y p t o s y s t e m s a n d t h e i r i m p l e m e n t a t i o n s. A r g u a b l y, t h e N S A s h o u l d h a v e d o n e a r i s k a n a l y s i s a n d, e v e n i f i t h a d, t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n s u s i n g t h e c r y p t o s y s t e m s a r e n o w a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e r i s k h a n d l i n g a t t h e i r s i t e s, e v e n i f t h e y d i d n t c a u s e ( o r c o u l d n t f o r e s e e ) t h e r e l a t e d r i s k s.
18 1 8 s u r v e i l l a n c e i m p a c t a s s e s s m e n t m a n u a l 1. i t s o r i g i n o r d o m a i n ( i. e., a s s e t s a n d p r i n c i p a l s i n v o l v e d, t i m e a n d p l a c e o f o c c u r r e n c e ), 2. a s p e c i fi c a c t i v i t y, e v e n t o r i n c i d e n t ( i. e., f e a r e d e v e n t ), 3. a s p e c i fi c r e a s o n f o r i t s o c c u r r e n c e ( i. e., a t h r e a t e x p l o i t i n g a v u l n e r a b i l i t y ), 4. i t s c o n s e q u e n c e s ( i. e., i m p a c t ). A r i s k m a y h a v e m o n e t a r y, t e c h n i - c a l, o p e r a t i o n a l a n d / o r h u m a n c o n s e q u e n c e s, 5. c o u n t e r - m e a s u r e s a n d c o n t r o l s a n d t h e i r e f f e c t i v e n e s s ( o r l a c k t h e r e o f ). 5 W e h a v e u s e d t h e t e r m " e x p l o i t s " w h i c h s u g g e s t s i n t e n t i o n, w h i l e r e c o g - n i s i n g t h a t s u c h i n t e n t i o n i s a b s e n t i n n a t u r a l t h r e a t s, e. g., l i g h t e n i n g m a y t h r e a t e n a p o w e r s t a t i o n. I t c o u l d " e x - p l o i t " ( w i t h o u t i n t e n t i o n ) o r d a m a g e a n i n a d e q u a t e i n f r a s t r u c t u r e. F i g u r e 3. 1 b e l o w i l l u s t r a t e s t h e m a i n t e r m s : A t h r e a t s o u r c e h a s c e r t a i n c a p a b i l i t i e s t o e x p l o i t v u l n e r a b i l i t i e s i n o n e o r m o r e s u p p o r t i n g a s s e t s. I f t h e t h r e a t e x p l o i t 5 t h e v u l n e r a b i l i t i e s, i t w i l l h a v e c e r t a i n c o n s e q u e n c e s t o a s t a k e h o l d e r s p r i m a r y a s s e t s, t h e s e v e r i t y o f w h i c h i s a l s o d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e s c o p e o f t h e f e a r e d e v e n t ( i. e., t h e n u m b e r o f p e o p l e t o w h i c h i t a p p l i e s ). W e c a l l t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f " t h r e a t s t o s u p p o r t i n g a s s e t s w h i c h b r i n g a b o u t a f e a r e d e v e n t t o a s t a k e h o l d e r s p r i m a r y a s s e t " a r i s k. F i g u r e 3. 1 : S i m p l i fi e d i l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h e r i s k t e r m i n o l o g y 6 T h i s s e c t i o n i s b a s e d o n C N I L s p r i v a c y r i s k m e t h o d o l o g y ( N o v ). W e c a n d e fi n e t h e m a i n t e r m s u s e d i n t h e p r o c e s s o f r i s k a s s e s s - m e n t a s f o l l o w s : 6 A p r i m a r y a s s e t i s a n y t h i n g t h a t h a s v a l u e ( n o t n e c e s s a r i l y m o n e - t a r y ) t o a n i m p a c t e d p a r t y ( w h e t h e r i n d i v i d u a l o r o r g a n i s a t i o n ) a n d w h i c h t h u s n e e d s p r o t e c t i o n. P r i m a r y a s s e t s c a n b e t a n g i b l e a n d / o r i n t a n g i b l e, e. g., o n e s p r i v a c y, d i g n i t y a n d r e p u t a t i o n c a n b e r e g a r d e d a s a s s e t s. P r i m a r y a s s e t s c o u l d b e v a l u e d b y d e t e r - m i n i n g t h e c o s t o r d i f fi c u l t y o f r e p l a c i n g t h e a s s e t a s w e l l a s t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o n t h e i m p a c t e d o r g a n i s a t i o n, i n d i v i d u a l s, g r o u p s a n d s o c i e t y i f t h e a s s e t i s d a m a g e d o r c o m p r o m i s e d. F o r a l i s t o f p r i m a r y a s s e t s, s e e A n n e x o n p a g e 6 7.
19 o v e r v i e w o f a r i s k a s s e s s m e n t a p p r o a c h t o s i a 1 9 A f e a r e d e v e n t i s a n y t h i n g t h a t m a y h a v e a n e g a t i v e e f f e c t o n a p r i m a r y a s s e t, e. g., t h e f a l s e a c c u s a t i o n o f a n i n n o c e n t p e r s o n, t h e l o s s o f d i g n i t y f o r i n d i v i d u a l s s u b j e c t e d t o a b o d y s c a n n e r o r t h e b l a n k e t c a t e g o r i s a t i o n o f a p a r t i c u l a r p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p a s " h i g h r i s k ". A s u p p o r t i n g a s s e t i s a n i n f o r m a t i o n s y s t e m o r o r g a n i s a t i o n a l c o m - p o n e n t o n w h i c h a p r i m a r y a s s e t r e l i e s, e. g., s o f t w a r e ( a d a t a b a s e ), h a r d w a r e ( a p h y s i c a l m a c h i n e ), a p e r s o n ( a n a d m i n i s t r a t o r ) o r a p r i n t e d d o c u m e n t ( a f o r m ). T h r e a t s m a y b e a c c i d e n t a l o r d e l i b e r a t e, o f n a t u r a l o r h u m a n o r i g i n. T h e y m a y o r i g i n a t e f r o m w i t h i n o r o u t s i d e t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n. E x a m p l e s o f t h r e a t s c a n b e f o u n d i n t h e a n n e x ( p a g e 6 9 ) a s w e l l a s i n o t h e r t h r e a t c a t a l o g u e s. 7 7 F o r e x a m p l e, O S A ( O p e n S e - c u r i t y A r c h i t e c t u r e ) i s d e v e l o p - T h r e a t s e x p l o i t v u l n e r a b i l i t i e s c a u s i n g h a r m t o s t a k e h o l d e r s a n d t h e i r a s s e t s. S e e a n n e x o n p a g e 7 2 f o r e x a m p l e s o f v u l n e r a b i l i t i e s. A t h r e a t s o u r c e i s a p e r s o n o r o r g a n i s a t i o n o r n a t u r a l e v e n t c a p a b l e o f e x p l o i t i n g a v u l n e r a b i l i t y. T h e c o n s e q u e n c e o f a t h r e a t i s t h e i m p a c t o f e x p l o i t i n g a v u l n e r - a b i l i t y. T h i s c o u l d b e a l o s s o f b u s i n e s s, d a m a g e t o r e p u t a t i o n, u n d e r m i n i n g e f f e c t i v e n e s s, e t c. I S O d e s c r i b e s t h i s a s a n " i n c i d e n t s c e n a r i o ". T h e c o n s e q u e n c e o f s u r v e i l l a n c e m a y b e f e l t b y i n d i v i d u a l s, g r o u p s, o r g a n i s a t i o n s ( b o t h t h e s u r v e i l l e d o r g a n i s a - t i o n a s w e l l a s t h e s u r v e i l l i n g o r g a n i s a t i o n ) a n d s o c i e t y a s a w h o l e. S e e a n n e x o n p a g e 7 3 f o r e x a m p l e s o f c o n s e q u e n c e s. A r i s k i s t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o r l i k e l i h o o d o f a c o n s e q u e n c e a r i s i n g f r o m a t h r e a t e x p l o i t i n g a n a s s e t s v u l n e r a b i l i t y. T h r e a t s t y p i c a l l y a p p l y t o s u p p o r t i n g a s s e t s, w h i c h t h e n i n d i r e c t l y a f f e c t a p r i m a r y a s s e t. W e c a n a s s i g n a s e v e r i t y t o r i s k s i n o r d e r t o p r i o r i t i s e d e a l i n g w i t h t h e m. i n g a t h r e a t c a t a l o g u e. S e e h t t p : / / w w w. o p e n s e c u r i t y a r c h i t e c t u r e. o r g / c m s / e n / l i b r a r y / t h r e a t _ c a t a l o g u e. T h e G e r m a n F e d e r a l O f fi c e f o r I n f o r m a - t i o n S e c u r i t y ( B S I ) h a s p r o d u c e d s e v e r a l i t e r a t i o n s o f t h r e a t c a t a l o g u e s. S e e h t t p s : / / w w w. b s i. b u n d. d e / E N / T o p i c s / I T G r u n d s c h u t z / D o w n l o a d / d o w n l o a d _ n o d e. h t m l. H a v i n g i d e n t i fi e d r e l e v a n t r i s k s, t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n s h o u l d i d e n t i f y h o w i t i n t e n d s t o t r e a t t h o s e r i s k s, i. e., w h i c h c o n t r o l s ( o r c o u n t e r - m e a s u r e s o r s a f e g u a r d s ) w i l l m i t i g a t e t h o s e r i s k s? T h e r i s k t r e a t m e n t m a y i n v o l v e r e d u c i n g, e l i m i n a t i n g, t r a n s f e r r i n g o r i n s u r i n g a g a i n s t t h o s e r i s k s. T h e p r i n c i p a l s t e p s i n t h e p r o c e s s o f a s s e s s i n g r i s k s f r o m s u r v e i l - l a n c e a r e o u t l i n e d i n S t e p s 8 a n d 9 i n t h e S I A.
20 2 0 s u r v e i l l a n c e i m p a c t a s s e s s m e n t m a n u a l 3. 3 A n o v e r v i e w o f s u r v e i l l a n c e i m p a c t a s s e s s m e n t 8 T h i s s u r v e i l l a n c e i m p a c t a s s e s s - m e n t g u i d a n c e d r a w s o n W r i g h t a n d W a d h w a, A s t e p - b y - s t e p g u i d e t o p r i v a c y i m p a c t a s s e s s m e n t, I S O , I S O , C N I L s p r i v a c y r i s k m e t h o d - o l o g y, E N I S A s r i s k m a n a g e m e n t g u i d a n c e, N I S T a n d E B I O S. 9 T w o e x a m p l e s, o n e f r o m t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r a n d o n e f r o m t h e p u b l i c s e c t o r, o f w e l l - c o n d u c t e d a n d c r e d i b l e p r i v a c y i m p a c t a s s e s s m e n t s a r e t h e f o l l o w i n g : E n g a g e C o n s u l t i n g L i m i t e d, " P r i v a c y I m p a c t A s s e s s m e n t : U s e o f S m a r t M e - t e r i n g d a t a b y N e t w o r k O p e r a t o r s ", E N A - C F , E n e r g y N e t w o r k s A s s o c i a t i o n, L o n d o n, ; D e p a r t m e n t o f E n e r g y a n d C l i m a t e C h a n g e ( D E C C ), " S m a r t M e t e r i n g I m p l e m e n t a t i o n P r o - g r a m m e P r i v a c y I m p a c t A s s e s s m e n t ", L o n d o n, A s u r v e i l l a n c e i m p a c t a s s e s s m e n t ( S I A ) s h o u l d b e r e g a r d e d a s a p r o - c e s s, c o m p r i s i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g m a i n s t e p s. 8 T h e S I A r e p o r t d o c u m e n t s t h e p r o c e s s. S o m e o f t h e s t e p s w i l l b e i t e r a t i v e. F o r e x a m p l e, t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n c o n d u c t i n g t h e S I A m a y i d e n t i f y s o m e r i s k s, a n d t h e n c o n s u l t w i t h s t a k e h o l d e r s w h o m a y i d e n t i f y s o m e a d d i t i o n a l r i s k s. S i m i l a r l y, t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n m a y i d e n t i f y s o m e m e a n s o f m i t i g a t i n g t h o s e r i s k s a n d t h e n c o n s u l t s t a k e h o l d e r s a g a i n, w h o m a y i d e n t i f y s o m e o t h e r m e a n s o f m i t i g a t i o n o r a l t e r n a t i v e s t o t h e w a y i n w h i c h a p r o p o s e d s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m i s s t r u c t u r e d. T h e s p e c i fi c s t e p s f o l l o w e d a n d t h e a t t e n t i o n ( a n d r e s o u r c e s ) d e v o t e d t o e a c h s t e p w i l l b e a m a t t e r o f j u d g e m e n t a n d h o w c r e d i b l e t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e i m p a c t a s s e s s m e n t w i s h e s t h e r e p o r t t o b e. 9 A h i g h - l e v e l o v e r v i e w i s g i v e n i n fi g u r e 3. 2 b e l o w, a n d i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g u r e s 4. 1, 4. 2 a n d T h e n e x t c h a p t e r p r o v i d e s a m o r e d e t a i l e d s t e p - b y - s t e p d e s c r i p t i o n. T h e l i s t o f t h e k e y s t e p s f o r t h e S I A f o l l o w s : 1. D e t e r m i n e i f a n S I A i s n e c e s s a r y 2. D e v e l o p t e r m s o f r e f e r e n c e 3. P r e p a r e a s c o p i n g r e p o r t ( W h a t i s t h e s c o p e o f t h e s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m? ) 4. C h e c k c o m p l i a n c e 5. I d e n t i f y k e y s t a k e h o l d e r s 6. I n i t i a t e s t a k e h o l d e r c o n s u l t a t i o n 7. I d e n t i f y r i s k c r i t e r i a 8. I d e n t i f y p r i m a r y a s s e t s a n d f e a r e d e v e n t s 9. A n a l y s e t h e s c o p e o f f e a r e d e v e n t s 1 0. A n a l y s e t h e i m p a c t o f f e a r e d e v e n t s 1 1. I d e n t i f y s u p p o r t i n g a s s e t s 1 2. I d e n t i f y t h r e a t s a n d a n a l y s e v u l n e r a b i l i t i e s 1 3. I d e n t i f y t h r e a t s o u r c e s a n d a n a l y s e c a p a b i l i t i e s 1 4. C r e a t e a r i s k m a p 1 5. R i s k t r e a t m e n t i d e n t i fi c a t i o n a n d p l a n n i n g
21 o v e r v i e w o f a r i s k a s s e s s m e n t a p p r o a c h t o s i a P r e p a r e a n S I A r e p o r t 1 7. R e c o r d t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n 1 8. P u b l i s h t h e S I A r e p o r t 1 9. A u d i t t h e S I A 2 0. I f n e c e s s a r y, u p d a t e t h e S I A S t e p s 1-5 c o m p r i s e t h e p r e p a r a t o r y p h a s e. S t e p s r e f e r t o t h e r i s k i d e n t i fi c a t i o n a n d a n a l y s i s p h a s e. S t e p s r e f e r t o t h e r i s k t r e a t m e n t a n d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s p h a s e.
22 2 2 s u r v e i l l a n c e i m p a c t a s s e s s m e n t m a n u a l START Design of technology / system PREPARATION PHASE Scoping report No Threshold analysis: Is a SIA necessary? Yes Terms of ref erence: Ident if y t he PIA t eam and defi ne t he scope of t he SIA Describe t he proposed surveillance syst em Does t he syst em/ t echnology comply w ith legislation? Yes Ident if y key stakeholders Init iat e st akeholder consultation process Ident if y primary asset s and f eared event s Analyse t he impact of feared events RISK IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS Ident if y t hreat s and analyse vulnerabilit ies Create risk map Defi ne risk criteria Analyse t he scope of feared events Ident if y support ing asset s Ident if y t hreat sources and analyse capabilit ies Consult w ith stakeholders REPORTING AND IMPLEMENTATION 17 Implement recommendat ions 15 Risk t reat ment ident ifi cat ion and planning 16 Prepare the SIA report (including t he scoping report and recommendat ions) Publish the SIA report Audit t he SIA SIA report END F i g u r e 3. 2 : T h e S t e p s o f a S u r v e i l l a n c e I m p a c t A s s e s s m e n t
23 m 4 C o n d u c t i n g a s u r v e i l l a n c e i m p a c t a s s e s s - e n t I n t h i s s e c t i o n, w e p r e s e n t a s t e p - b y - s t e p g u i d e f o r S I A. W e h a v e d e s i g n e d t h e g u i d e a s a p r a c t i c a l t o o l s u p p o r t i n g o r g a n i s a t i o n s i n t h e i r s u r v e i l l a n c e i m p a c t a s s e s s m e n t e f f o r t s. I n p a r t i c u l a r, t h e g u i d e s h e d s l i g h t o n t h e i d e n t i fi c a t i o n a n d a n a l y s i s o f s u r v e i l l a n c e r i s k P r e p a r a t i o n T h e f o l l o w i n g fi v e s t e p s d e s c r i b e t h e p r e p a r a t o r y p h a s e w h e r e t h e s c o p e a n d o b j e c t i v e o f t h e S I A a s w e l l a s i t s b o u n d a r i e s a r e d i s c u s s e d a n d d e fi n e d ( s e e F i g u r e 4. 1 ). 1. T h e fi r s t s t e p i s t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r a n S I A i s a c t u a l l y n e c e s - s a r y. G e n e r a l l y, i f a n o r g a n i s a t i o n i s d e v e l o p i n g a s u r v e i l l a n c e t e c h n o l o g y o r d e v e l o p i n g, d e p l o y i n g o r o p e r a t i n g a s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m, i t s h o u l d u n d e r t a k e a n S I A. T h e r e m a y b e s o m e i n s t a n c e s, e. g., i n v o l v i n g n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y o r l a w e n f o r c e m e n t, w h e n a n S I A m a y n o t b e n e c e s s a r y o r a p p r o p r i a t e. I n c a s e s o f d o u b t, t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n s h o u l d r e f e r t o t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e g u l a t o r y a u t h o r i t y. 2. I d e n t i f y t h e S I A t e a m a n d s e t t h e t e a m s t e r m s o f r e f e r e n c e, r e - s o u r c e s a n d t i m e f r a m e. I t i s e s s e n t i a l t h a t a p p r o p r i a t e r e s o u r c e s a r e a l l o c a t e d t o t h e c o n d u c t o f a p r o p e r, c r e d i b l e S I A. A l a c k o f r e - s o u r c e s w i l l d i r e c t l y i m p a c t t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e S I A a n d m a y r e n d e r t h e p r o c e s s u s e l e s s. T h e p r o j e c t m a n a g e r d e v e l o p i n g o r d e p l o y i n g t h e s u r v e i l l a n c e t e c h n o l o g y o r s y s t e m s h o u l d b e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e c o n d u c t o f t h e S I A, b u t s h e m a y n e e d s o m e a d d i t i o n a l e x p e r - t i s e, p e r h a p s f r o m o u t s i d e h e r o r g a n i s a t i o n. T h e a s s e s s o r t e a m c o u l d c o m p r i s e t h e p r o j e c t m a n a g e r o r h i s d e l e g a t e, a l a w y e r, a t e c h n i c a l p e r s o n, a c o m m u n i c a t i o n s e x p e r t ( f o r e n g a g i n g s t a k e - h o l d e r s ), a fi n a n c i a l e x p e r t ( f o r a n a l y s i n g t h e c o s t - b e n e fi t o f t h e F i g u r e 4. 1 : S t e p s 1 5 i n t h e S I A
24 2 4 s u r v e i l l a n c e i m p a c t a s s e s s m e n t m a n u a l p r o p o s e d s y s t e m ), a n o p e r a t i o n s a n a l y s t, a n e t h i c i s t, e t c. T h e s e e x - p e r t s m a y o r m a y n o t n e e d t o w o r k f u l l - t i m e o n t h e S I A, b u t t h e y s h o u l d b e a c c e s s i b l e t o t h e a s s e s s o r l e a d i n g t h e S I A. T h e p r o j e c t m a n a g e r a n d / o r t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n s s e n i o r m a n a g e m e n t s h o u l d d e c i d e o n t h e t e r m s o f r e f e r e n c e f o r t h e S I A t e a m, i. e., t o s p e l l o u t w h o w i l l c o n d u c t t h e S I A, i t s p u r p o s e, i t s b u d g e t, t h e t i m e f r a m e f o r i t s c o n d u c t, w h e t h e r p u b l i c c o n s u l t a t i o n s a r e t o b e h e l d, t o w h o m t h e S I A r e p o r t i s t o b e s u b m i t t e d, w h e t h e r t h e S I A r e p o r t i s t o b e p u b l i s h e d, e t c. 3. D e s c r i b e t h e p r o p o s e d s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m i n a " s c o p i n g r e p o r t ". W h a t t y p e s o f s u r v e i l l a n c e w i l l i t i n v o l v e? W h a t i s t h e s c o p e a n d p u r p o s e o f t h e s u r v e i l l a n c e t e c h n o l o g y, a p p l i c a t i o n o r s y s - t e m? W h y i s t h e p r o j e c t b e i n g u n d e r t a k e n? W h a t d a t a w i l l b e c o l l e c t e d? W h o w i l l h a v e a c c e s s t o t h e d a t a c o l l e c t e d? W i l l t h e d a t a b e s h a r e d? H o w w i l l t h e c o l l e c t e d d a t a b e s e c u r e d? W h o c o m - p r i s e s t h e t a r g e t m a r k e t? W h o i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e p r o j e c t? T h e d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e p r o j e c t s h o u l d p r o v i d e s o m e c o n t e x t u a l i n f o r m a - t i o n. I t s h o u l d i n d i c a t e i m p o r t a n t m i l e s t o n e s a n d, e s p e c i a l l y, w h e n d e c i s i o n s a r e t o b e t a k e n t h a t c o u l d a f f e c t t h e p r o j e c t s d e s i g n. S e e A n n e x A f o r m o r e q u e s t i o n s w h i c h c o u l d b e a s k e d o f a p r o p o s e d s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m. 4. C h e c k t h a t t h e p r o p o s e d s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m o r t e c h n o l o g y c o m - p l i e s w i t h l e g i s l a t i o n. T h e r e m a y s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t p i e c e s o f l e g i s l a - t i o n o f r e l e v a n c e ( d a t a p r o t e c t i o n, c o n fi d e n t i a l i t y o f c o m m u n i c a - t i o n s, s u r v e i l l a n c e, e t c. ). A n S I A i s m o r e t h a n a c o m p l i a n c e c h e c k. N e v e r t h e l e s s, a s a m i n i m u m, t h e p r o j e c t m u s t c o m p l y w i t h r e l e - v a n t l e g i s l a t i o n. A s t h e S I A a n d, i n d e e d, t h e p r o j e c t p r o g r e s s e s, t h e a s s e s s o r m a y n e e d t o r e v i s i t t h i s s t e p o r m a y fi n d o t h e r l e g i s l a t i o n o r r e g u l a t i o n s t h a t n e e d t o b e c h e c k e d. 1 T h e r e a r e m a n y r e a s o n s f o r e n g a g i n g s t a k e h o l d e r s, n o t l e a s t o f w h i c h i s t h a t t h e y m a y i d e n t i f y s o m e p r i v a c y o r e t h i c a l o r s o c i e t a l r i s k s n o t c o n s i d e r e d b y t h e p r o j e c t m a n a g e r o r a s s e s s o r. B y c o n s u l t i n g s t a k e h o l d e r s, t h e p r o j e c t m a n a g e r m a y f o r e s t a l l o r a v o i d c r i t i - c i s m t h a t t h e y w e r e n o t c o n s u l t e d. I f s o m e t h i n g d o e s g o w r o n g d o w n s t r e a m w h e n t h e p r o j e c t o r t e c h n o l o g y o r s e r v i c e i s d e p l o y e d a n a d e q u a t e c o n - s u l t a t i o n a t a n e a r l y s t a g e m a y h e l p t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n a v o i d o r m i n i m i s e c r i t i c i s m a n d p e r h a p s l i a b i l i t y. F u r t h e r m o r e, c o n - s u l t i n g s t a k e h o l d e r s m a y p r o v i d e a s o r t o f " b e t a t e s t " o f t h e p r o j e c t o r s e r v i c e o r t e c h n o l o g y. C o n s u l t e d s t a k e h o l d e r s a r e l e s s l i k e l y t o c r i t i c i s e a p r o j e c t t h a n t h o s e w h o w e r e n o t c o n s u l t e d. 5. I d e n t i f y t h e s t a k e h o l d e r s w h o s h o u l d b e i n v o l v e d i n t h e S I A. 1 F o r w h o m i s t h e s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m b e i n g d e v e l o p e d? W h o w i l l b e t a r g e t e d b y t h e s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m? W i l l i t b e t a r g e t e d a t s p e - c i fi c i n d i v i d u a l s o r g r o u p s o r i s i t a m a s s s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m ( e. g., C C T V c a m e r a s o n t h e U n d e r g r o u n d o r o n b u s e s o r i n t h e s t r e e t s )? W h o r e p r e s e n t s t h e s t a k e h o l d e r s? H o w m a n y p e o p l e w i l l b e s u r v e i l l e d? T h e a s s e s s o r s h o u l d i d e n t i f y s t a k e h o l d e r s, i. e., t h o s e w h o a r e o r m i g h t b e i n t e r e s t e d i n o r a f f e c t e d b y t h e p r o j e c t, t e c h n o l o g y o r s e r v i c e. S t a k e h o l d e r s c o u l d i n c l u d e p e o p l e w h o a r e i n t e r n a l a n d e x t e r n a l t o t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n. T h e y c o u l d i n c l u d e r e g u l a t o r y a u t h o r i t i e s, c u s t o m e r s, c i t i z e n a d v o c a c y o r g a n i s a t i o n s, s u p p l i e r s, s e r v i c e p r o v i d e r s, m a n u f a c t u r e r s, s y s t e m i n t e g r a t o r s, d e s i g n e r s, a c a d e m i c s, t h e m e d i a a n d s o o n. T h e a s s e s s o r s h o u l d
25 c o n d u c t i n g a s u r v e i l l a n c e i m p a c t a s s e s s m e n t 2 5 i d e n t i f y t h e s e d i f f e r e n t c a t e g o r i e s o f s t a k e h o l d e r s a n d t h e n i d e n t i f y s p e c i fi c i n d i v i d u a l s f r o m w i t h i n e a c h c a t e g o r y, p r e f e r a b l y t o b e a s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a s p o s s i b l e. T h e r a n g e a n d n u m b e r o f s t a k e h o l d e r s t o b e c o n s u l t e d s h o u l d b e a f u n c t i o n o f t h e p r i v a c y, e t h i c a l a n d s o c i e t a l r i s k s a n d t h e a s s u m p t i o n s a b o u t t h e f r e q u e n c y a n d c o n - s e q u e n c e s o f t h o s e r i s k s. A s t h e S I A p r o g r e s s e s, t h e a s s e s s o r m a y r e a l i s e t h a t a d d i t i o n a l s t a k e h o l d e r s s h o u l d b e i n v i t e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e p r o c e s s R i s k i d e n t i fi c a t i o n a n d a n a l y s i s T h i s p h a s e f o c u s e s o n r i s k i d e n t i fi c a t i o n a n d a n a l y s i s. T h e p u r p o s e o f r i s k i d e n t i fi c a t i o n i s t o d e t e r m i n e w h i c h f e a r e d e v e n t s c o u l d h a p p e n t h a t w o u l d h a v e n e g a t i v e c o n s e q u e n c e s f o r t h e p r i m a r y a s s e t s o f s t a k e h o l d e r s, a n d w h e r e, h o w a n d w h y t h i s m i g h t o c c u r. 2 T h i s a l s o 2 B y i m p a c t, w e r e f e r t o t h e p o t e n t i a l i n c l u d e s a s s e s s i n g t h e s c o p e o f a f e a r e d e v e n t, i. e., t h e s i z e o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n t h a t m i g h t b e a f f e c t e d b y t h i s e v e n t. R i s k a n a l y s i s i s t h e p r o c e s s w h e r e b y t h e r i s k m a n a g e r a t t e m p t s t o a s s e s s a n d u n d e r s t a n d t h e l e v e l o f a r i s k a n d i t s n a t u r e. N o t a l l r i s k s c a r r y t h e s a m e s e r i o u s n e s s o r c o n s e q u e n c e s o r l i k e - l i h o o d. I n o r d e r t o e v a l u a t e t h e s e r i s k s a n d t o f o r m u l a t e c o u n t e r - s t r a t e g i e s, v a l u e s c a n b e a s s i g n e d t o p r i m a r y a s s e t s, t h r e a t s, v u l n e r a - c o n s e q u e n c e o r i m p a c t o n p r i v a c y a n d o t h e r h u m a n r i g h t s a s w e l l a s o n s o c i a l o r e t h i c a l p r i n c i p l e s ( a n d t h e v i o l a t i o n t h e r e o f ). I m p a c t s ( c o n s e q u e n c e s ) c a n b e o n i n d i v i d u a l s, g r o u p s, o r g a n i s a t i o n s o r s o c i e t y a s a w h o l e. b i l i t i e s a n d c o n s e q u e n c e s. 3 3 T h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s d e s c r i b e h o w t h i s T h e t e x t a n d t a b l e s i n t h i s A n n e x h a v e c a n b e d o n e. b e e n a d a p t e d f r o m C N I L ( C o m m i s s i o n N a t i o n a l e d e l I n f o r m a t i q u e e t d e s W e h a v e t w o i d e n t i fi c a t i o n - a n a l y s i s c y c l e s fi r s t f o r t h e f e a r e d L i b e r t é s ), " M e t h o d o l o g y f o r P r i v a c y e v e n t s, t h e n f o r t h e t h r e a t s t h a t m a y l e a d t o t h e f e a r e d e v e n t s. T h e R i s k A s s e s s m e n t : H o w t o i m p l e m e n t t h e D a t a P r o t e c t i o n A c t ", P a r i s, , f o l l o w i n g a r e t h e k e y t a s k s i n t h i s s t e p ( s e e F i g u r e 4. 2 ; t h e i n d i v i d u a l [ p p ]. s t e p s a r e e x p l a i n e d i n m o r e d e t a i l i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s ) : I d e n t i f y t h e r i s k c r i t e r i a, i. e., t h e c r i t e r i a t o u s e f o r e v a l u a t i n g t h e s e r i o u s n e s s o f t h e r i s k. I d e n t i f y f e a r e d e v e n t s. S t a k e h o l d e r s s h o u l d p l a y a m a j o r r o l e i n t h i s. A n a l y s e t h e s e v e r i t y ( s c o p e a n d c o n s e q u e n c e s ) o f t h e f e a r e d e v e n t s w i t h a f o c u s o n t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t ( t h i s m i g h t e l i m i n a t e s o m e o f t h e e v e n t s t h a t a r e n t t h a t f e a r e d ). I d e n t i f y s u p p o r t i n g a s s e t s f o r t h e r e m a i n i n g f e a r e d e v e n t s, a n d t h e t h r e a t s t o t h e s e a s s e t s. A g a i n, s t a k e h o l d e r s c a n p r o v i d e i m p o r t a n t i n p u t i n t h i s s t e p. A n a l y s e t h e l i k e l i h o o d o f t h o s e t h r e a t s ( b a s e d o n t h e v u l n e r a b i l i t y o f a s s e t s a n d c a p a b i l i t i e s o f t h r e a t s o u r c e s ). C r e a t e a r i s k m a p.
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