The Water, Energy, Food Nexus: Lebanese Policy and Ins=tu=onal Analysis

Transcription

1 The Water, Energy, Food Nexus: Lebanese Policy and Ins=tu=onal Analysis Nadim Farajalla, Patricia Haydamous, Silva Kerkizian and Rana El Hajj Climate Change and the Environment in the Arab World Program Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy and International Affairs American University of Beirut

2 I- Nexus Source: Holger Hoff, 2011, Understanding the Nexus, Bonn 2011 Background Paper

3 II Stressors Stressors: n Population (World Bank): n ~ 0.7% annual growth (4, 400,000 currently, 5,200,000 by year 2030) n Urban Population growth rate 0.9% n Rural Population growth rate -0.2% n Urban Population 87% n Population density 397 persons/km 2 ranked 20 th in the world (CIA Fact Book) n Increasing economic growth

4 + II Stressors n Climate Change n Increase in temperature by 1 C along the coast and to 2 C in the mountains by 2040, n Increase in temperature by 3 C on the coast and to 5 C in the mountains by 2090 n Reduction in precipitation of 10 to 20% by 2040 and 25 to 45% by n Drought season to start earlier by as much as one month n Snow might decrease by as much as 70% n Snow line could start from 1900 m by 2090

5 II Lebanese Sectors Water Demand: 60%agriculture 29% domestic 11% industry Total annual renewable sources: 926m 3 /per. to drop to 839 m 3 /per. by 2015 Discontinuous Supply Infrastructure - old or outdated in some areas and poorly maintained. Energy Total supply comes: 85% thermal power plants 4.5%hydropower plants 10.5% neighboring countries Supply is 77% of total demand; the remaining 23% are supplied by private generators. Food/Agriculture Global Hunger Index <5 ( range from < 5 low hunger level to > 30 alarming) The agriculture sector covers ~ 20% of the food demand Lebanon imports: Cereals 80% Red Meat 82% Fish 75% Dairy 37% Around 15 to 20% of people experiencing food insecurity

6 II Lebanese Sectors Crude Oil Prices vs. Wheat Yield 45, , , Wheat Yield (Hg/Ha) 30, , , , , , Oil Price ($/barrel) Yield (Hg/Ha) Crude oil price

7 III - Institutions n MOEW General Directorate of Hydraulic and Electric Resources Administration Studies Water Planning Electrical Equipment Environment The Ministry is made up of three general directorates: Hydraulic and Electric Resources, Exploitation, and Oil Irrigation Studies Projects Planning Water Unit Planning Electricity Unit Programs Unit Statistics Unit

8 III - Institutions Water Ministry of Energy and Water - Water Policies and Strategies - Action Plans - Regulation - Oversees the WEs - Water resource management Water Establishments Regional WEs: -System operation and maintenance -Irrigation plans -Oversees local committees Litani River Authority: Planning Operating Municipalities - WW collection - Operation and maintenance - Small irrigation schemes

9 III - Institutions Energy: Ministry of Energy and Water Electricité Du Liban LCEC Private Concessions EDZ Aley Jbeil

10 III - Institutions Agriculture Minister of Agriculture General Director Directorate of Studies and Coordination LARI Directorate of Agriculture Resources Green Plan Higher Council for Agriculture Directorate of Animal Resources Directorate of Rural Development and Natural Resources Planning and Coordination Body Regional services

11 III - Institutions Minister of Environment General Director Service of Regional Departments and Environmental Policies Service of Planning and Programming Service of Environmental Technology Higher Council of the Environment Service of Natural Resources Service of Urban Environment Service of Environmental Guidance Registrar

12 III - Institutions Water Energy Food/Agriculture Climate Change Direct Line Ministries and related agencies Ministry of Energy and Water Regional Water Establishments Litani River Authority Council of the South Municipalities Ministry of Energy and Water EDL Ministry of Agriculture Green Plan Ministry of Environment Councils Higher Council of Urban Planning National Council for Quarries Higher Council for Hunting Centers Lebanese center for water and wastewater management Lebanese water conservation center Indirect Ministries LCEC (Lebanese Center for Energy Conservation) ALMEE (Lebanese Association for Energy Saving & for Environment) Lebanese Association of Solar Industries CEDRO Association of Lebanese Industries Industrial Research Institute Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute Higher Council of Urban Planning CDR LCPC (Lebanese Cleaner Production Center) Ministry of Finance - Ministry of Agriculture - Ministry of Environment - Ministry of Finance - Ministry of Industry - Ministry of Social Affairs - Ministry of Public Health - Ministry of Interior Municipalities

13 Institutional Integration Water Green Plan WE MOPH MoIM LWCC LARI Higher Council of Quarries MOSA Agriculture MOA MOEW MOE CDR MOF MOET Energy LCEC EDL Private concessions MOI

14 Water Integration in Strategies Agriculture Infrastructure Wastewater Irrigation(B) Seed selection (A) Reforestation Plan (A) Hill lakes (A) National LU plan HASAD project Enhance product quality Dams and hydropower Energy Transmission Infrastructure Gas and oil pipeline Encourage Renewables NEEAP

15 Sector Policies 1. Water n National Water Sector Strategy n n Aims at providing continuous water supply for households and irrigation, and improving water treatment.

16 Sector Policies 2. Energy n The EDL policy paper 2010 n Aims at.new sustainable, reliable, and efficient delivery of electricity. n Policies presented cover infrastructure, supply/demand problems and the financial problems n The National Energy Efficiency Action plan (NEEAP) n Lebanese Center for Energy Conservation (LCEC) and Ministry of Energy and Water n 14 separate but related initiatives, covering suggested policies by the EDL such as geothermal, waste to energy, promotion of energy efficient equipment, hydro power for electricity generation, and electricity generation from wind and solar power.

17 Sector Policies 3.Agriculture n Ministry of Agriculture Strategy : n Strategy for the Development of the Agriculture Sector n n n n n Action Plans: National Reforestation Plan Safeguarding and restoring Lebanon s woodland Resources Strategy for Forest Fire Management Green Plan n Water reservoirs, Land Reclamation, Reforestation. n Hilly Areas Sustainable Agricultural Development Project.

18 Sector Policies 4.Climate Change n MOE; Climate Change unit n UNFCCC, Kyoto protocol n National Communications n NEEDS n TNA report n Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) n Country environmental analysis n UNCCD Convention n National Action Plan to Combat Desertification; subprojects dealing with land planning, water supply, demand management, promotion of sustainable agriculture, soil and natural resources conservation.

19 IV - Strategy Making Processes Water n Policy making process was inclusive n Most stakeholders and international donor community were invited at an early stage n A lot of suggestions and comments were taken into consideration n Contact initiated was based on a one to one relationship, not from an institution to institution.

20 IV - Strategy Making Processes Energy n The policy paper was led by advisers within the ministry of energy and water. n Stakeholders were brought in at a later stage. n The policy draft was circulated to the main stakeholders for approval and comments before finalization.

21 IV - Strategy Making Processes Agriculture n Agriculture policy was internalized. n Formation of technical committees from within the ministry, representatives from the different directorates were assigned n Multi-stake holder approach (but within the ministry) n 4 directorates n Organizing decisions

22 V - Analysis n Personnel: n Many Vacancies (ex. MoEW 15% of positions occupied 77 out of 505) n Empowerment of personnel and freedom of expression n Functionality: n Discontinuity: no institutional memory (reliance on donor personnel e.g. UNDP s role in many ministries) n No coordination protocol between institutions n No coordination within the same ministry n No common method for setting strategies n Legal: n Communications between ministries have to pass through DG/Minister n Data: n Quality n Sharing n Uniformity

23 VI Recommendations n Institutional n Reorganize and empower the existing planning bodies within ministries (through legal and institutional initiatives) to embark on a nexus approach to planning n Improve and decentralize communications between ministries n Create a planning body or develop the capacities of planning bodies such as councils and higher councils n Develop the capacities of concerned stakeholders in nexus planning n Policy n Improve the level of integration of policies n Improve the resource efficiency factors in the different sector strategies n Undertake a sustainability assessment or SEAs for all sector strategies

24 Thank you