Initial Development of a SIP-/RTP-based Core Network for the TETRA Mobile Radio System aiming at Transparent Availability of its Features in LTE

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1 16. VDE/ITG Fachtagung Mobilkommunikation May Osnabrück, Germany ( ) Initial Development of a SIP-/RTP-based Core Network for the TETRA Mobile Radio System aiming at Transparent Availability of its Features in LTE Daniel Hartmann, Mark Stephan, Xing Cao, Diederich Wermser (Research Group IP-based Communication Systems, Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences, Salzdahlumer Str. 46/48, D Wolfenbüttel). Michael Zeuschner, Roberto Hunger, Filipp Andjelo (Rohde & Schwarz Professional Mobile Radio GmbH, Fritz-Hahne-Str. 7, D Bad Münder). Abstract This initial paper introduces basic questions and alternative approaches to replace today s circuit switched TET- RA core network with an NGN-based core network. The paper presents first results from an R&D project, which is carried out in collaboration of Rohde & Schwarz Professional Mobile Radio GmbH, the Research Group for IP-based Communication Systems at Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences in Wolfenbüttel and the Institute for Communications Technology at TU Braunschweig, Germany. The project is funded by the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi, Germany) in context of the ZIM program (Zentrales Innovationsprogramm Mittelstand). 1 Introduction Packet switched networks, especially those based on the Internet Protocol, are constantly advancing and spreading in and to various application areas like IP- TV or public mobile radio (e.g. LTE). Along with that, it gets easier and more flexible to integrate specific service and performance features into these IP-based networks or to interconnect one network with another. Due to these considerable advantages, there are approaches to replace the circuit switched TETRA core network by an NGN-orientated packet switched core, using typical VoIP-protocols like SIP and RTP. TET- RA is the digital, professional mobile radio system that is commonly used by public authorities like Police or Fire Brigades, public transport organisations or industrial companies [1]. Section 2 gives a brief overview of the current TET- RA system, while section 3 focuses on the approach for an NGN-based core network, covering basic questions concerning mobility support for TETRA devices, PMR-specific services (in particular push-to-talk group calls) and integration with LTE. 2 Today s TETRA System Compared to public mobile radio, TETRA offers a different spectrum of services. Although being capable of normal full duplex calls as in telephony, the main focus of TETRA is push-to-talk involving groups of users. Moreover, unlike mobile phones in GSM or UMTS, TETRA mobile stations have the ability to establish ad-hoc point-to-point connections without the need of a base station [1]. The original core network as well as the air interface of TETRA is based on circuit switched components using TDM (Figure 1). This came along with the digitalization of communication systems (e.g. ISDN) that used interfaces with 2048 kbps linespeed or multiple of these [1]. The air interface for TETRA, typically working in the range of 400 MHz, is strictly standardised, while the interfaces between elements of the core network are not standardised [1]. Therefore, vendors implemented their own proprietary solutions for the core network.

2 Multiple BSs (also referred to as Location Areas, LA) can be merged to a cluster, typically managed by a cluster controller (CC). Ideally this task can be taken over by any BS inside the cluster to provide redundancy in case of a drop out. Figure 1: Today s circuit switched TETRA Several aspects of the new VoIP-based core have to be discussed, if it is to take over all functionality of the former TETRA core. The most important ones are the mobility support for the mobile devices (section 3.2) and TETRA-specific services, in particular group call concepts (section 3.3). According to experience, group calls typically make up to about 90% of traffic in a TETRA installation. 3 Approach for an NGN-based Core Network Implementing a VoIP-based and NGN-orientated core network for TETRA results in exchanging a circuit switched network with a packet switched network, commonly based on the Internet Protocol. Established VoIP protocols like SIP and RTP will be used for signalling and user data, respectively. Using an IP-based network infrastructure offers more flexibility to deploy or extend a TETRA core network, since IP networks are widely spread. Furthermore, VPNs, MPLS and QoS mechanisms allow several logical networks to co-exist on the same physical network and to adapt each one of them to its specific requirements, which is critical for a voice orientated system like TETRA. Speaking of service creation, the advantage of NGNs is to make additional IP-based features and services available using application servers, as described in the IMS concept. 3.1 Architecture All components and protocols associated with the TETRA air interface will be left unchanged. Therefore, the access network will stay circuit switched and gateways are needed in order to connect it to the new packet switched core network. These gateways will be located inside the base stations (BS) as a logical unit (Figure 2). The radio connection terminates on one side of the gateway, while the VoIP connection terminates on the other side. Note that this scenario is different from the IMS concept, where the IP connection terminates in the MS and mobility is provided by tunnelling via an additional IP layer. Section 3.2 will give a more detailed description of this topic. Figure 2: TETRA-to-VoIP BS with gateways Preferably, the core network should consist of standard SIP network elements. In terms of the IMS, all TETRA specific features that are not supported by these standard components will be implemented with additional application servers, for example a group call or paging server. 3.2 Mobilty Aspects Comparison with IMS concepts Mobility in the IMS is implemented by using an additional IP layer (Mobile IP [10]) to encapsulate the payload and tunnel the traffic to the correct location area (Figure 3). While roaming, the applications on a mobile device always use the same IP address and behave like a static node. With the new TETRA core network, the IP connection terminates in the gateway located in the BS and not in the MS. Therefore, the Mobile IP concept cannot be applied, since the SIP UA on the VoIP side of the gateway is not mobile itself. Because of this, mobility has to be implemented on a different layer, e.g. the SIP layer. Possible solutions could be SIP mechanisms like REFER, Re-INVITEs or the Presence Service (NOTIFY, etc.).

3 Figure 5: Handover w/ and w/o new cluster Figure 3: Mobility in UMTS Release 5 [9] In GSM or UMTS the handover decision is done by the network and the mobile devices merely provide the related measurements (Figure 4). In TETRA a handover is initiated by the mobile devices themselves [1]. Even more timing critical is scenario (3) (Figure 6), which shows two devices changing their BS at the same time, while being in a session with each other. This is not unlikely, since a group of Firemen for example will pass radio cell borders almost simultaneously, while being on a fire run. Figure 6: Simultaneous handover (same cluster) Conceptual Sequence Diagrams A concept for a handover (1) exemplified by the RE- FER method is shown in Figure 7 (some details left out for better overview). Figure 4: Handover decision in GSM [8] Handover Scenarios Due to the hierarchical structure, several handover scenarios have to be considered. Additionally, there has to be a differentiation between handovers while or while not being in an existing session. While being idle, a handover can basically be reduced to a simple location update in the appropriate location register (e.g. SIP Registrar). Handovers within existing sessions are much more complex and timing critical, since no user data is to be lost. In the course of proof-of-concept implementations, it is to be examined, if SIP-based mobility is fast enough to provide seamless handovers. In the basic handover scenario (1) (Figure 5) an MS moves to a different BS connected to the same cluster. Moving to a different cluster is shown in scenario (2), as well. In TETRA, an MS is not obliged to inform its old BS 1 in case of a handover [1]. Therefore, after associating with a new BS 2, it has to be made sure to notify the old BS 1 and the cluster controller of the handover. After that, the call can be transferred to BS 2 with identical session parameters, initiated by BS 1. Figure 7: Concept of a handover using REFER

4 Figure 8: Conceptual group call scenario 3.3 Group Call Concepts The group call is a prominent service in a TETRA system. The following section illustrates the group call as a service example, implemented by additional application servers Terminology First of all, a clarification of the term group call is needed. In a classical telephony environment, a group call causes a group of TEs to ring at the same time. As soon as one user accepts the call, the other TEs stop ringing and a normal two-legged call is in progress. Contrary to this, a group call in TETRA means paging a live voice message to a group of participants simultaneously, without users accepting the call manually. This is a service much similar to PoC functionality (Push-to-Talk over Cellular) defined for the IMS [7] TBCP and SIP RE-INVITE A TETRA group call session can stay alive for a much longer period of time than a typical VoIP call, with changing sources and destinations of simplex media streams within the same session. One current focus of examination is to analyse, whether to control the RTP streams in a group call VoIP session via the Talk Burst Control Protocol (TBCP) or via SIP RE-INVITE messages. These are two alternative approaches to implement TETRA group call functionality. TBCP is based on RTCP (Figure 9) and is used to handle access control for all participants of a session. TBCP consists of typical messages like Request, Granted or Deny [7] TETRA group call The TETRA group call is initiated by a push-to-talk (PTT) button on the MS. If no prior group call is existent, this is triggering a request directed to the network to allow the user to speak. Once the permission is granted, a simplex point-to-multipoint media stream is established. Note that releasing the PTT button does not end the session. The session is kept alive, until the initiator ends it manually. Until then, every member of the call group is able to cast a message in the way as described above. To implement automatic answering of a UA without the need of manual user interaction, SIP provides an additional header field Answer-Mode, as described in RFC Figure 9: TBCP stack [7] With RE-INVITES on the other hand, it is possible to control RTP streams in an existing session. This is done by the SDP attributes sendrecv, sendonly, recvonly and inactive, as described in RFC 4566.

5 3.3.4 Group Call / Paging Server In a VoIP scenario using a SIP proxy, it is not intended to control routing of an RTP stream by a separate instance. This is typically done by the underlying IP layer and an RTP stream is typically exchanged directly between the participating TEs. In order to implement a paging functionality, additional components (paging and group call server) are needed to multiply an incoming RTP stream and to dispose it to the appropriate destinations (Figure 8). The group call functionality preferably has to be realised with standard VoIP mechanisms in combination with application servers. 3.5 Integration with LTE LTE for TETRA can be used to extend its range to areas not covered by the TETRA radio network, as well as to extend its features and services. Moreover, LTE provides much more bandwidth than the TETRA air interface. This enables additional services, e.g. transferring high resolution pictures to a Police task force spontaneously. In parallel to the definition of LTE as the evolution of the radio access network, SAE (System Architecture Evolution) specifies the corresponding evolution of the core network [5]. The design of interworking between the new NGN-like TETRA core network and the LTE/SAE network needs thorough analysis to ensure best possible support for TETRA-specific service features. Figure 10: SipXecs architecture [2] 3.4 Proof-of-Concept Implementation The proof-of-concept implementation of the new TETRA core network as explained above will be based on sipxecs components as far as possible. SipXecs is an open source unified communications platform developed by SIPfoundry [17]. It has a modular architecture and makes use of standard interfaces using SIP, XML or SQL, thus implementing the idea of a SIP Service Orientated Architecture (SSOA). Signalling and media related components are separated, analogue to IMS concepts. Connections to non- VoIP architectures are provided by external gateways (Figure 10). Due to the modular architecture and its interfaces, sipxecs is very scalable and is capable of distributed operation with high availability mechanisms. 4 Conclusions This initial paper introduces basic questions and aspects of designing an NGN-orientated core network for the circuit switched TETRA system. Gateways are needed to connect the circuit switched TETRA air interface to the packet switched core network. The gateways can be located in the base stations and consist of a TETRA UA and a SIP UA. Mobility for TETRA radio devices cannot be implemented by using Mobile IP concepts like in the IMS, since the IP connection terminates in the BS and not in the MS. Instead, mobility can be implemented using SIP-based mobility support. TETRA-specific services like group calls are to be implemented with additional application servers.

6 5 Outlook Along with first proof-of-concept implementations, subjects like signalling delays, scalability and stress tests will be focused more intensely. Especially delays to initiate a TETRA group call with SIP signalling are a critical topic, since a group can comprise several hundred participants. Furthermore, it is important to be able to record and store user data to verify spoken statements at a later point. This is basically feasable, since application servers like the paging services have access to the respective RTP streams anyway. Speaking of LTE, so far it is planned to use it as an additional and independent access network aside the TETRA air interface. The next step-up could be the implementation of a seamless handover for mobile stations between both access networks. For this, SRVCC-like concepts [14] may be considered, which handle handover procedures from circuit switched to packet switched access networks. 6 References [1] Dunlop, John; Girma, Demessie; Irvine, James: Digital Mobile Communications and the TETRA System. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Reprint of [2] Schumacher, Jan; Wermser, Diederich: VoIP- TK-Anlagen auf Basis von Open Source. Berlin- Offenbach: VDE-Verlag, ntz 7-8, Nov [3] Ahson, Syed A.; Ilyas, Mohammad: SIP Handbook. Boca Raton: CRC Press, [4] Poikselkä, Mikka et al.: The IMS. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Reprint of [5] Dahlman, Erik et al.: 3G Evolution. 2nd Edition, Burlington: Academic Press, [6] Camarillo, Gonzalo; García-Martín, Miguel: The 3G IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). Second Edition, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Reprint November [7] Lescuyer, Pierre; Lucidarme, Thierry: Evolved packet Systems (EPS). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, [8] Schiller, Jochen: Mobilkommunikation. 2. Auflage, München: Pearson Studium, [9] Trick, Ulrich; Weber, Frank: SIP, TCP/IP und Telekommunikationsnetze. 4. Auflage, München: Oldenbourg Verlag, [10] Agbinya, Johnson: IP Communications and Services for NGN. Boca Raton: CRC Press, [11] Norris, Mark: Mobile IP Technology for M- Business. Norwood: Artech House Inc., [12] Olsson, Magnus et al.: SAE and the Evolved Packet Core. Burlington: Academic Press, [13] Ericsson White Paper: Voice over LTE. oice-over-lte.pdf, December [14] Salkintzis, Apostolis et al.: Voice Call Handover Mechanisms in Next-Generation 3GPP Systems. IEEE Communications Magazine, Feb [15] Wedlund, Elin; Schulzrinne, Henning: Mobility Support using SIP. New York, 2nd ACM international workshop on Wireless mobile multimedia, [16] Wedlund, Elin; Schulzrinne, Henning: Application-Layer Mobility Using SIP. Mobile Computing and Communications Review, Volume 1, Number 2, July [17] SIPfoundry open source community. April Abbreviations ACD B2BUA BS CDR CSV FDM HA IMS IP ISDN LTE MPLS MS NGN PMR PoC PTT QoS RPC RTCP RTP SAE SIP SOAP SRVCC SSI SSOA TBCP TDM TE TETRA UA VPN VoIP XML Automatic Call Distribution Back-to-Back User Agent Base Station Call Detail Records Comma-separated Values Frequency Division Multiplex High Availability IP Multimedia Subsystem Internet Protocol Integrated Services Digital Network Long Term Evolution Multiple Protocol Label Switching Mobile Station Next Generation Network Professional Mobile Radio Push-to-Talk over Cellular Push-to-Talk Quality of Service Remote Procedure Call Realtime Transport Control Protocol Realtime Transport Protocol System Architecture Evolution Session Initiation Protocol Simple Object Access Protocol Single Radio Voice Call Continuity Short Subscriber Identity SIP Service Orientated Architecture Talk Burst Control Protocol Time Division Multiplex Terminal Equipment Terrestrial Trunked Radio User Agent Virtual Private Network Voice over IP Extensible Markup Language

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