Introduction. Mission Statement for Duggan Library

Transcription

1

2 Introduction Welcome to Hanover College and the Duggan Library! The primary purpose of this Research Guide is to teach incoming students the fundamental skills needed to do library research successfully during the freshman year. Mastering these skills will provide the foundation for moving on to advanced research in your upperclass years, and beyond. We hope that this guide will also prove useful to upperclass students, faculty, and staff wishing to learn more about the library s resources and services. This guide cannot possibly cover everything you will need to know about the library. Your professors may schedule an instruction session, or you may need to consult with a librarian for more specific information or resources. Above all, we want you to know that the library staff is here to, and happy to, assist you at any stage in your research. Mission Statement for Duggan Library The Duggan Library is a locus for scholarly activity, in which students, faculty, and librarians work together in the venture of learning, and is also the seat of intellectual endeavor for our community. Committed to the unfettered pursuit of knowledge, the Library vigorously and visibly sustains the academic mission of Hanover College. Librarians, students, and faculty work closely together to: ensure that the Library collects, and acts as a gateway for, materials that inspire intellectual vitality and support the scholarly activity at Hanover College; make the best use of information resources in all formats. The Librarians: engage the community in information literacy initiatives, including teaching how information is organized and how to conduct research; periodically evaluate the library facilities, programs, policies, materials, and services to ensure that the intellectual and scholary needs of the Hanover College community are being met; seek and maintain cooperative alliances to complement the resources available locally.

3 Getting to Know the Library and Library Services There is more to learn about the Library than we can present in this guidebook, and the world of libraries in general is constantly changing. The Library staff is your most valuable resource for learning to navigate this strange new world. Get to know us! We are here to help you. Staff Directory Victoria Bramwell Head of Circulation Services Brenda Calvert Circulation Assistant Doug Denne Interlibrary Loan / Archives Assistant Jaleh Fazelian Archives and Government Documents Librarian Patty Glasson Technical Services Librarian Ken Gibson Director of the Duggan Library Bernice Hatton Acquisitions Assistant Alynza Henderson Periodicals/ILL Assistant Grace Ireland Government Documents Assistant Kelly Joyce Periodicals and Reference Librarian Kim Kreuzburg Interlibrary Loan / Archives Assistant Heather Loehr Coordinator of Information Services Ralph Seifert Archives Assistant bramwell@hanover.edu calvert@hanover.edu denne@hanover.edu fazelian@hanover.edu glassonp@hanover.edu gibson@hanover.edu hatton@hanover.edu henderson@hanover.edu ireland@hanover.edu joyce@hanover.edu kreuzburg@hanover.edu loehr@hanover.edu seifert@hanover.edu Library web page The library web page is an important source for complete and up-to-date information about the library s services and resources. In addition to building and service hours, you can find circulation policies, subject guides for reference and research, and links to many of the information resources the library offers our online catalog, periodical indexes and databases, and Internet resources. Electronic services/forms are also available, such as for interlibrary loans. The URL is: Accessing and borrowing library materials Accessing materials in the Duggan Library is, for the most part, self-service, meaning you need to do your research yourself using catalogs and indexes to find information and walking around the library to retrieve the materials from the shelves. How to do this is discussed later in this guide. Certain materials, such as videos, audio CD s, Independent Studies, or Special Collections, may only be retrieved by library staff.

4 Library hours The library is open nearly every day except holidays, with reduced hours and days of service during summer and semester breaks. While classes are in session, library hours are: Monday-Thursday: 7:30 a.m. - midnight Friday: 7:30 a.m. - 10:00 p.m. Saturday: 10:00 a.m. - 10:00 p.m. Sunday: 1:00 a.m. - midnight Although there is an increasing amount of useful information available through online resources, you will need to spend a certain amount of time in the library to complete your research. Library hours are available on: Signs posted at the entrance to the library Library's web site: ID Card: You will need your Hanover College ID card in order to check out materials. Printing and Copying The Library provides access to laser printing from public computer workstations and microform readers on the first floor of the building. Copiers are available on the first and second floors. Please see a staff member if you need assistance with printing and copying. Library Computers The library provides computers to access the library catalog (ALEPH), periodical indexes, databases, and the Internet. From the library computers you can: find books find newspaper, magazine, and journal articles find government documents search the Internet Circulation Desk The Circulation Desk, located on the first floor of the Library, is where you can: borrow materials (videos, DVDs, audio materials, and Richter Grants and Independent Studies are housed here) --- request items your professor may have put on reserve request a hold or recall for a book that is already on loan request a search for a missing book pay fines -- pick up Interlibrary Loan materials Holds Imagine: you find the perfect book on your topic in the library's catalog, and discover that it is already checked out. You may request a hold (having the book held for you when it is returned) at the Circulation Desk. You may also request an Interlibrary Loan for the title; the Library allows ILL requests on items that we own but are out on loan. Loan Periods When you have located the books you need, take them to the Circulation Desk. Your due date will be noted with a sticker on the front cover of each item. Loan periods for books are: students 28 days faculty - term

5 The following library items usually have some type of restriction on borrowing: reference materials, periodicals, video/audio resources, government documents, and Special Collections materials (Archives, Rare Books, etc.). You are responsible for all library materials borrowed in your name. It is not recommended that you borrow library materials for other people on your account. If you are working for a professor or staff member please contact the library for information on setting up a proxy account. Book Return Books should be returned to the Circulation Desk. You may request a receipt if you want one. When the building is closed, return books to the outside book drop slot to the left of the Library s front doors. If you lose or damage a item, you will be charged the replacement cost plus some fees. Please take care of the items you borrow and be sure to return them. Reserves Reserve items are housed at the Circulation Desk and include books and other materials that professors have assigned for students to use during the semester. Since there is a great demand for these materials, their use is restricted to short loan periods (usually 1-3 hours). You will need your ID to check these materials out, and most are restricted on in-library use only. Interlibrary Loan The Duggan Library collection is intended to support the general undergraduate curriculum at Hanover and cannot purchase every book or journal published in the world. If the library doesn't have the item you want, you may request an Interlibrary Loan for it. Simply provide the citation/publication information of the desired item and your contact information, and the ILL staff will find a library willing to lend it. Paper forms are available at the Reference Desk and an electronic form is available on the Library web site. This service is free to all members of the Hanover community (although lost ILL items may incur a replacement fee). Visit the ILL web site for a full description of services and policies. Lost and Found items are kept at the Circulation Desk. A free campus telephone is available in the front lobby. Exploring the library Libraries tend to be large buildings with many resources organized in complex ways. In this section you will learn how libraries organize materials. Taking the time to come in and walk around the library will help you become familiar with the physical arrangement of resources and services. Library organization There are two major components in the library resources and services. Resources, primarily books and periodicals, are organized according to subjects and formats. Services are provided at various points throughout the library, mainly on the first floor and at reference desks for each of the major collections. Collections Most books and periodicals in the library are organized by subject. This is done in two ways: First, there are collections in the library that house format or specialized areas, such as the government documents collection or the video collection. Second, within each collection a classification and call number system is used to order/arrange the books by narrower subjects, such as history, music, sociology, and literature.

6 Call numbers Call numbers generally function to classify materials by subject and to identify the location of items. There are several frequently used call number systems Library of Congress, Dewey Decimal, Superintendent of Documents (SuDocs), etc. Most academic libraries including the Duggan Library use the Library of Congress classification system for books and audiovisual materials. In the Library of Congress classification system, each subject is identified broadly by letter(s) of the alphabet (for example, BF for psychology) and narrowly identified by additional numbers and letters (for example BF173 to BF175 for psychoanalysis). See Appendix A for an outline of the Library of Congress classification system; see Appendix B for how to read a Library of Congress call number. Formats Library materials are also arranged by format. This means that microforms (microfilm and microfiche) and audiovisuals (videotapes, compact discs, etc.) are usually located in separate collections from the books and periodicals. Duggan Library Collections and Collection Codes: ARCH Archives ATLAS Atlas Stands ACAS General Collection (audio cassette) COMP General Collection (computer software) CDROM General Collection (CD-ROMs) MSCD General Collection (Music CDs) DVDS General Collection (DVDs) DOCCD L Electronic Resources-gov docs CD-ROMs FBCL Fitton Browsing Collection FOLIO Hanover Folio Collection (over 28cm) GENC General Collection VIDEO General Collection (videos) DOCS Government Documents (print) INDOC Indiana State Documents JUVC Juvenile Collection LRES Circulation Desk (library reserve) IS Circulation Desk (Independent Study) RG Circulation Desk (Richter Grant) MAPS Map Collection MFRM Microform Collection DOCMF Microforms (Gov Docs) REFC Reference Collection RDSK Reference Collection (ready ref at desk) FREF Reference Collection (over 31 cm) SPEC Special Collections RBST Recent Bestsellers INDEX Periodicals Indexes WEB Web Access BPER Bound Periodicals NP Newspapers PER Current Periodicals RESV Course Reserves Planning your research Planning is one of the best investments you can make in the research process. A methodical approach ultimately saves time and ensures that you find appropriate information and a variety of sources. In this section you will learn about the various types of information sources available to you. Later in this guide, you will learn how to search for them using various library tools. Planning and conducting research requires creativity and flexibility. Research often involves using of a variety of information resources. You must decide what resources are needed and how to locate and use them. Even when it is carefully planned, however, research may take unanticipated twists and turns. Some avenues of exploration may be productive, others not. Creativity and flexibility are, therefore, important in research because they enable you to alter plans and find solutions to research problems. Types of information sources and their uses Different kinds of information resources meet different research needs. In planning a research project it is important to determine what types of resources will supply suitable information. There are several broad categories of information resources.

7 Scholarly and popular sources All of us are familiar with popular sources of information such as the The New York Times or Newsweek. These include newspapers, magazines, books, and other resources that inform, entertain, and are widely available to the public. They are written for a general audience and do not use highly technical or specialized language. Because they are often commercial publications, they contain numerous advertisements and are colorfully packaged to promote sales. The authors may not be identified, and when they are, their credentials are frequently not given. Sources of information are probably not cited, and there are usually no notes, lists of references, or bibliographies. We may not be as familiar, however, with scholarly sources of information. Scholarly publications generally report the results of research. They are written for other scholars and often use technical language that may be difficult for readers not familiar with the subject to understand. They are not packaged for wide sales and contain few if any advertisements. The authors are experts and are identified. Their credentials, such as degrees or university positions, are provided. Sources of information are cited, and there are usually notes, lists of references, or bibliographies. In order to be published, scholarly works usually undergo a review by experts to determine if the research meets the standards for the field. Scholarly journals that require such expert review are often referred to as peer reviewed or refereed journals. Primary, secondary, and tertiary sources You may encounter the terms primary, secondary, and tertiary to describe different kinds of sources used in research. The specific types of sources to which these terms refer may depend on the scholarly discipline or even on the particular research project. In general, however, they can be defined as follows. Primary sources provide first-hand knowledge of a subject. They may be the first records of events, original literary works, or other types of documents. Examples include novels, poems, correspondence, diaries, interviews, newspapers, and some kinds of government publications. Secondary sources report the results of research based on primary sources or data. Authors often cite or quote secondary sources to support their own research. Examples include scholarly books and journal articles. Tertiary sources are based on secondary sources and often summarize and explain research in a field for non-specialists. Examples include textbooks and reference works such as encyclopedias. Periodicals, books, and reference sources Periodicals, books, and reference works each have characteristics that may make them suitable for particular research needs. Any of these information sources can be either popular or scholarly. Periodicals are publications issued in successive parts, usually at regular intervals. They frequently contain articles or other relatively short, focused works written by different contributors. Examples include newspapers, newsletters, magazines, and scholarly journals. They usually require less time to publish than books and are, therefore, often more current. If, for example, you need the latest research on a specialized topic, you will probably want to obtain articles from scholarly journals. Books are longer than periodical articles and frequently cover a single subject or group of related subjects. They usually require more time to publish than periodicals and may not report the most current research. Books are often useful for obtaining full, detailed analyses of an area of research. Reference works, such as encyclopedias or handbooks, are often less current than either books or periodicals. They summarize what is known on a topic and are useful for obtaining overviews, basic facts, and key concepts. If you are beginning a research project on an unfamiliar topic, a reference work may provide a good starting point. World Wide Web The World Wide Web may be roughly defined as Internet resources that are accessible using a browser such as Netscape or Internet Explorer. Students sometimes begin their research by searching the World Wide Web. Because of the huge number of web sites and the wide variation in their quality, it may not be

8 the most productive starting point. In general the web is useful for finding information about current events, about companies and other organizations, and information produced by the government. A research scenario With so many sources of information the research process may seem bewildering, but it can be managed by breaking it down into steps. The steps may vary depending on the kinds of information you need at different stages of your research. The following scenario suggests a sequence of steps for a research project. You can modify the scenario to meet your needs. Each of these steps is discussed more fully in a subsequent part of the handbook. 1. Topic analysis: Focus your topic, formulate a research question, and identify the terms you will use to begin searching for information. Use reference sources to develop your background knowledge of your topic. 2. Finding books: Use library catalogs to locate books. Examine the books for references to other sources of information. 3. Finding articles: Use periodical indexes to locate articles in periodicals. Examine the articles for references to other sources of information. 4. Finding other information: Use resources such as World Wide Web to locate other information (e.g., statistics, dates, or maps). Topic analysis Topic analysis prepares you to think about your topic in ways that will enable you to effectively use the right tools to find books, articles, and other information. The three steps discussed below will help you choose a topic, formulate a question, and identify search terms. Step one: choose your topic You can get ideas for topics in a number of ways. Here are a few suggestions: Talk with your instructor: One of your instructors may suggest a topic or may guide you in exploring your interests. Explore your personal interests: Your own interests are a great source of research topics. For example, you might pick some aspect of art, business, historical events, music, news and media, politics, popular culture, or sports. Browse the table of contents and index of a textbook: A textbook in your field of study or on your subject will list topics in the Table of Contents or Index which may spark your interest in locating more indepth information. Read an encyclopedia article: Information in an encyclopedia is organized to give easy access to information on almost any topic. Not only will you get an overview of a subject, but also you will be introduced to key terms. In addition, many encyclopedia articles end with selective bibliographies that list significant books related to your topic. To focus your topic using an encyclopedia, try the following: 1. Find your general subject in the index (usually the last volume of the set). 2. Scan the subtopics listed under your subject in the index. 3. Turn to the appropriate volume and page of your general topic. 4. Scan the article. Note how the encyclopedia article is divided into subtopics. 5. Select a focus from the subtopics in the article. Step two: formulate a question Narrowing your topic is crucial. A topic that is too broad may result in a hodgepodge of isolated and unsubstantiated facts. A topic too technical may be difficult to research in the amount of time you have.

9 Formulating a question about your topic is one of the best ways to refine your thinking and narrow your topic. It makes you articulate all the key concepts of your topic and think about the context and scope of your topic. Think about this technique as a tool to manage your topic. You may find that you will change or modify your question as you learn more about and develop your topic. Examples of topic questions/sentences might look like the following: How did the look of fashion change after World War II? How has electronic mail affected scholarly communication? Step three: identify search terms In order to find information on your topic in the library, it is necessary to identify key concepts and terminology to use in searching databases and other library resources. A natural approach to identifying search terms is to start with the words and concepts from your topic question or sentence. The most important words are called keywords. They become your key concepts to work with. You will normally have 2, 3, or sometimes 4 key concepts for your topic. There are a number of ways to expand your concepts with the addition of synonyms, broader or narrower terms, and subject headings for specific databases. 1. Select keywords from your topic sentence/question. These become your key concepts to work with. For example: How did the look of fashion change after World War II? 2. Then think of synonyms or related words for each key concept. I.e.: fashion could also be clothing or dress. 3. If your own brainstorming doesn't provide you with enough synonyms or related words, try using the following types of reference materials to get ideas for keywords. Also ask at the reference desk for the sources listed below and for suggestions of other thesauri or subject heading lists Reference sources Reference sources can provide general background information, assistance in focusing your topic, quick access to important factual and statistical information, and references to other sources of information. Types of reference sources Reference sources can be classified as either general or specialized. General reference sources are broad in scope and cover more than one subject area. Specialized or subject reference sources are narrower in scope and are limited to providing information on one subject area such as art, education, music, or religion. Below is a list of some of the types of reference sources found in a library and their uses: Almanacs: Recent dates, important yearly dates, trends, yearly statistics. Also includes lists of facts, tables & charts, glossary, summary of annual events & awards Bibliographies: Lists of works by a specific author or on a given subject, such as works of art, music, literature or lists of newspapers Also includes title and author of a book, article, film, software. Biographical sources: Information about a person's life. May include information about an individual's education and employment history, as well as, creative accomplishments, awards, and publications. Dictionaries: Information about words such as definitions, pronunciation, usage, and derivations of words. May include spelling, grammar synonyms, antonyms, etymology, and pictures. Directories: Addresses of people, companies, organizations, or institutions. May include other contact information such as telephone and fax numbers, addresses, and short biographies.

10 Encyclopedias: Overview and background information, historical facts, bibliographies, dates, geographic facts. Also includes charts, diagrams, pictures, photographs, biographies, long and short articles on various topics and places. Geographical sources atlas and gazetteers: Atlases are collections of maps covering a given area which may range from the entire world to a small geographic area. Specialized atlases may contain maps of such things as a historical period or product distribution. Includes place/city, state region, country, historical and geographic facts, statistics, and dates. Gazetteers are geographic dictionaries which give data on geographic places, including rivers, mountains, national parks, etc. Research guides: How to do research in a specific field, research methods and library sources tailored to a particular subject area. Handbooks and Manuals: Technical information about a subject. Includes basic "how-to" information in a concise format. Often includes academic, technical, and disciplinary knowledge, rules, guidelines, bylaws, categories of information, and instructions. For example, a style manual includes writing form, bibliographic style, footnote style, capitalization rules, punctuation rules, abbreviation forms, grammatical rules, reference formats, instructions for writing a paper. Indexes/Abstracts: Citations (title of work, author name, and publication title, place, and date) to periodical articles, book reviews, plays, short stories, essays, movies, etc. May also include subject/keywords and abstracts. Statistical sources: Numerical data from a variety of sources. Often published annually. Yearbooks: Significant events or progress of a particular year. Also includes lists of facts, tables, charts, and statistics How to locate reference sources To find out what reference sources are available in the library for your topic: 1. Do a subject search in the library catalog using a broad subject and selecting Reference from the Collection limit option. 2. Ask for suggestions at the Reference Desk

11 Part II. Finding information Finding books Finding articles Internet and World Wide Web

12 Finding books Locating a book in the library After preparing yourself for the research process by analyzing your topic and thinking about the type of resources you need, you are now ready to find information. Here we will introduce you to finding books, finding articles, and finding other information using reference sources. In this chapter you will learn how to find books using a library catalog. The concepts used in searching a catalog will provide a foundation for searching many kinds of library databases. Library catalogs A library catalog is the tool you use to find what is in a library. Libraries contain not only books, but also journals, magazines, newspapers, audiovisual materials, maps, and so forth. The catalog describes each item and its location in the library. The description of each item is called a bibliographic record and includes the author, title edition, number of pages, publisher, date, and other details of publication. Catalog as database A library catalog is an example of a database a collection of related data. Understanding a few database concepts will enable you to search and retrieve information more efficiently. This knowledge will also be the basis for searching other kinds of databases, such as periodical indexes Records Individual entries in a database are called records. Records provide descriptions of individual books and other library materials in the catalog. Fields The information in each record is systematically divided into fields. Each field contains a specific type of information. Fields serve as access points to search and retrieve records. A record for a typical book might have the following fields: Book Number ISBN Main Entry Krakauer, Jon. Title Into thin air : a personal account of the Mount Everest disaster / Jon Krakauer. Edition 1st ed. Imprint New York : Villard, c1997. Descr. xx, 293 p. : ill., maps ; 25 cm. Gen. note Maps on lining papers. Bibliogr. Includes bibliographical references (p. 293). Per.Sub. Krakauer, Jon. Conf.Sub. Mount Everest Expedition (1996) Subject - Lib.Cong. Mountaineering accidents -- Everest, Mount (China and Nepal) The example above uses the full spelling and abbreviations for the names of fields. Many databases use only abbreviations, such as TI for title, AU for author, and PY for publication year. Consult the help file of the specific database you are using for the key to field label abbreviations Access points All of the fields in a record are potential access points - that is, they are searchable. There are three basic access points in a catalog record author, title, and subject fields. You may also use other fields, such as those for publication date and language, to limit or focus a search. The key to effectively accessing relevant records on your topic is to: identify the concepts and terms you wish to search select the appropriate fields to search for those concepts/terms select an appropriate search method (keyword vs. browse)

13 Database searching One of the first decisions you need to make when searching a database is whether you are looking for a known-item such as War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy or something by topic such as "politics and gender in America." There are generally two kinds of searches: browse and keyword. For step-by-step instructions on how to search a specific database, consult that product's instructions or tutorial. Browse searching Browse searching refers to looking for something that is pre-ordered, usually in alphabetical or numerical order. Browse searches are usually performed on specific fields. You will use this type of search primarily when looking for a known item, such as the author or title of a book. In more advanced search strategies you will use browse searching with call numbers and subject headings. There is more about subject headings later in this chapter. An example of a browse search that most people do in daily life is when you use the telephone book to look up a name of a person, or when you use a dictionary. Keyword searching Keyword searching means that the words you enter in the computer are searched regardless of word order. The search may be performed on a combination of fields (such as the author and title fields) or sometimes on all the fields. Keyword searching is especially useful when you are: unsure about the order of words in a title or author unsure of a specific author, title or subject heading searching for terms from different parts of a record There are several concepts connected with keyword searching that you need to be aware of: Boolean operators, proximity operators, nested searches, truncation, and stop words. These are described in the following section. Boolean operators Boolean operators are used to logically include, exclude, or link search terms. This enables you to broaden or narrow your search. There are three frequently used Boolean operators: AND, OR, NOT. AND Searches for records with all of the terms. This focuses or narrows a search. (cats AND dogs) OR Searches for records that contain any of the terms. This expands or broadens a search. (cats OR dogs) NOT Searches for records that contain the first term, but not the second term. You should use caution with the operator NOT, as you may unintentially exclude records. (cats NOT dogs) Why is it called Boolean? It is called Boolean because it is a concept named after George Boole, an English mathematician, who first developed Boolean algebra, also known as Boolean logic. Proximity operators Proximity operators are used to indicate the "closeness" and "order" in which the terms occur relative to each other. Database companies vary greatly in the use and labeling of proximity operators. The important concepts to remember are that databases may allow one or all of the following: searches for terms in exact order in which they are typed. In many databases this is the default operator, so there is no need to type it in. searches for terms in the order in which they are typed and within a specified number of words of each other. searches for terms within a specific number of words of each other, but in any order. Some databases use proximity operators implicitly, meaning they automatically judge the proximity of terms to each other, usually ranking the search results accordingly. Other databases allow users to explicitly indicate the closeness of search terms. For example in some databases, the search phrase special w/5 education means the term special occurs within five words of education; and, the search phrase special pre/5 education means the term special occurs before and within five words of education.

14 Nested searches You can combine multiple search terms with more than one logical operator by using parentheses to create nested searches. A nested search allows you to specify the order in which the search is executed. For example, the single search phrase (cats OR dogs) AND birds is equivalent to first searching for cats AND birds and then searching for dogs AND birds. Truncation Truncation allows you to shorten a term by using a symbol at the point you want to shorten the word. This allows you to search for singular or plural forms or different spellings of a word or name. For example, searching for cloth* will result in matches with cloth, clothes, and clothing. The asterisk is a common truncation symbol. Some systems also allow a type of internal wildcard symbol for the substitution of letters. For example, searching for wom?n will result in matches with woman and women. Stop words Stop words are words that a database will not search. Stop words are words that are so common it is usually not useful to include them in a search. Some common stop words are: a, an, from, in, of, on, the. You should also avoid using words, such as AND, OR, NOT, that have special usage as Boolean operators. Subject heading searching Most library catalogs and databases have controlled vocabulary for each record. Controlled vocabulary is subject terms assigned to each record in a database. Controlled vocabulary terms are called subject headings or descriptors. The controlled vocabulary helps describe books and other resources in a uniform and consistent manner. These terms provide access points through which a record can be located and retrieved in a subject search. The idea, in theory, is that you should be able to systematically retrieve all records in a database on a particular topic by searching the appropriate subject terms. Focusing the search There are several ways to focus your database search. You can limit your search to a specific: library or collection field or group of fields, such as only the author or title or subject fields format, such as videotapes language publication date range There are also search strategies you can use to focus or narrow a search, such as adding another term for another concept in your topic or by adding a: geographic term (country, region, or place name) time period (20th century, Renaissance, etc.) type of publication (handbook, dictionary, etc.) In addition you can also focus your search by identifying subject headings or descriptors in database records. A useful strategy is often to begin with your keywords. Once you find a useful record, examine the subject headings assigned to it, then use those subject headings as new search terms. The example below shows that there are two subject headings, Subculture and Fashion--Social aspects. You could use these subject headings as keywords for another search in the database. In the next section on finding books, you will learn how to search a database, specifically the library catalog, to find books.

15 A sample Library of Congress subject heading: Rivers (May Subd Geog) [GB1201-GB (Hydrology)] [GR680 (Folklore)] [TC401-TC537 (Hydraulic engineering)] UF BT NT Brooks Creeks Runs (Rivers) Streams Water Alluvial streams Bayous Braided rivers Estuaries Rapids Waterfalls -Law and Legislations (May Subd Geog) NT International rivers -Pollution USE Water-Pollution -Religious aspects UF Rivers (in religion, folk-lore, etc.) [Former heading] --Buddhism, [Christianity, etc.] -Alaska NT Alsek River Ambler River (Alaska) Abbreviations May Subd Geog: may subdivide geographically. See the example below. BT: broader topic. More general headings. If there are too few books under the main heading, try these broader headings. NT: narrower topic. More specific topics. If there are too many books under the main heading, consider using these narrower headings. RT: related topic. Associated headings that fall outside of the main term's hierarchy. SA: see also. Headings that cover similar subjects. UF: used for. These are unauthorized headings. In other words, don't use these headings. USE: refers to the appropriate heading.

16 Searching a library catalog - ALEPH ALEPH is the name of the Duggan Library s online catalog. The catalog allows you to search for books, periodicals (journals, magazines, and newspapers), audiovisual resources, and so forth. You can access the Hanover Online Catalog from the Library s home page, by clicking on the PALNI Online Catalog link. The front screen of the catalog appears as follows: Two types of searches are available in our Online Catalog, and each has a specific use. If you are unsure of how you should best search the catalog, consult with a Reference Librarian. Use the Browse Headings feature to scroll through an alphabetical (or a numerical) list of Titles, Authors, Library of Congress Subject Headings, etc. Examples: o You know the exact title or the beginning of the title, omitting initial articles. Type: tale of the genji, not the tale of the gengi. o You know at least the author's last name and first initial. Type: bronte emily, not emily bronte o You know the exact LC Subject Heading and want to see titles on that subject. o You know the ISBN number of a book or the ISSN number of a journal. Use the Search function when you do not know the exact item you are looking for, or if you want to search multiple fields and multiple search terms. Examples: o You are looking for a topic but don't know the exact Subject Heading. o You are looking for a specific work and know part of the title, but not the exact wording. o You are looking for a work and know the author's last name and what it is about.

17 o You want to combine search fields and phrases, such as the title word "encyclopedia" and a subject heading. For a Keyword Search only, you can apply optional limiters to further specify what kind of items you want to find: Brief Result List Screen: A maximum of 30 records from your search will appear on each page of your Brief Result List. Most of the information you need to quickly find your item on the shelves is here. Choose the hyperlink under the Title column to retrieve the full bibliographic information about the item: Choose the hyperlink under the Lib/Collect/Call Number column to retrieve the holdings information about the item, including whether or not it is available on shelf or checked out on loan, and for periodicals, what issues and dates the Library subscribes to:

18 Locating a book in the library Once you find a record in the catalog, the next step is to locate the book in the library. To locate a book in the library, you need the location code and the call number from the catalog record. The Holdings screen, or the Lib/Collect/Call Number column in the Brief Results screen, will show you the collection and call number information for each item. Call numbers After you identify the location code, then look at the call number. Most of the books and audiovisual items in the Duggan Library have Library of Congress call numbers; we have a few in Dewey Decimal Classification. Government documents are shelved by SuDoc (Superintendent of Documents) call number. See Appendix B for how to read a Library of Congress call number. Examples of call numbers you may see include: Call number Type of classification HM646.M Library of Congress A 1.1:998 SuDocs (U.S. government documents) If you have trouble locating materials in the library, consult a member of the Library staff.

19 Finding articles This section introduces you to finding articles in periodicals. You will learn the basic differences among several types periodicals newspapers, magazines, and journals. In addition, you will learn about an efficient way to find articles by using indexes, rather than leafing through hundreds of issues hoping to find something on your topic. Types of periodicals As mentioned earlier, there are two basic types of information sources scholarly and popular. This also applies to periodical literature (review the comparison table for scholarly journals versus magazines). There are three basic types of periodicals newspapers, magazines, and journals. Articles in newspapers and magazines tend to be very different from articles in scholarly journals. To effectively evaluate the information in articles, you must understand how articles in the various types of periodicals differ. Newspapers Newspapers are usually published daily or weekly. In general they provide current events information in their geographic region and around the world. They are a major source of reviews of literary, entertainment, and cultural activities. Past issues of newspapers not only offer a day-by-day account of past or historical events but also offer a record of historical and popular trends, and as such can be considered primary source materials. Newspaper articles tend to be short and written in non-technical language. Newspapers are printed on newsprint, a highly perishable paper; therefore, most libraries preserve newspapers on microfilm. Examples of newspapers: Wall Street Journal New York Times Los Angeles Times Louisville Courier-Journal Madison Courier Magazines Magazines are usually published weekly or monthly. They contain popular reading and include news, opinion, and recreational and entertainment information. News magazines include general articles about current events. Opinion magazines include commentary about current events from a particular point of view. Magazine articles tend to be written in non-technical language. Examples of magazines: People...(recreational and entertainment) Time...(news and current events) Newsweek...(news and current events) The Nation...(opinion) The New Republic...(opinion) National Review...(opinion) Journals Journals are usually published quarterly, semiannually, or annually. Journals tend to be more scholarly or scientific. Not all journals, however, are scholarly. There are trade and association periodicals that are considered journals, but are not necessarily scholarly. In scholarly journals, advertising is rare and limited to announcing books, seminars, or conferences. Journal articles are usually written by experts in a specific field. They are written using technical language and present original research, reviews of research, or theoretical positions. Two key attributes of scholarly articles are: (1) articles published in scholarly journals are reviewed by scholars or experts in the same field prior to publication. These are called peer-reviewed or refereed journals. This review process ensures that the information appearing in these publications is authoritative and contributes to the field's body of knowledge; and (2) authors cite the sources they use, using a list of references or bibliography at the end of each article. For these

20 reasons, many of your instructors may require that you only use articles from scholarly or refereed journals for your research. Examples of scholarly journals: Journal of Adolescence Review of Political Economy The table below compares the main characteristics of scholarly journals and popular magazines. POPULAR MAGAZINE ARTICLES SCHOLARLY JOURNAL ARTICLES Provides general information (usually current events) presented in a cursory original research or a review of past research covered in depth manner Written for the general public professionals/students in a particular field or discipline Language used is relatively simple, non-technical language specific to field or discipline - technical in nature hired reporters -professional writers scholars, experts, or specialists in the field articles may or may not be articles are always signed by the About the authors signed author(s) author(s) credentials/affiliations author(s) credentials/affiliations are are not usually included always included. usually one writer often has many co-authors (joint authors) Documentation does not include a bibliography or contains a bibliography and/or cited formally cited reference list references Acceptance process articles are reviewed by the magazine editor usually the article has undergone a "review" process by other experts in the field Purpose to entertain, sell, or promote to inform reader of scholarly research Published by usually commercial enterprises or professional organizations individuals Looks like contains glossy photos, often contains charts, graphs, tables, advertisements, etc. statistics, or appendices Value added does not contain an abstract often includes an abstract (overview) of the (overview) of the article s content article s content Examples Time Newsweek Sports Illustrated Wired Vanity Fair Readers Digest Ebony Vogue Rolling Stone Women s Sports & Fitness Life George Cosmopolitan Review of Religious Research Film Quarterly Social Policy Economica Journal of Bacteriology Hypatia Journal of Historical Studies Mathematical Intelligencer Sport History Review Philosophy and Rhetoric Wordsworth Circle Educational Forum Art Nexus Periodical indexes As you learned earlier, the library catalog is the tool you use to find out what is contained in a library, but it does not include information about individual articles in periodicals. Indexes are the tools used to find

21 articles in journals, magazines, and newspapers. Most periodical indexes are arranged so that you can look up articles by subject. They are the most efficient way to find articles on a particular topic. Print and electronic indexes Indexes are published in print and electronic format. Many indexes published today are accessible through the World Wide Web and on CD-ROM. Most indexes are produced by companies who sell or license the indexes. Libraries, in turn, buy or license indexes for faculty and students to use. Indexes are purchased in print or in electronic format, depending on availability, cost, and demand. Information available in an index Indexes provide citations to articles about a topic. A citation is the information that identifies a publication and usually includes the author, title of article, title of the publication, volume number, issue number, date of publication, and page numbers. Each citation is assigned subject headings or descriptors. Subject headings provide access points to systematically retrieve citations on a particular topic. Example: Author: Johnnie L. Roberts Title: Mr. Rap goes to Washington Periodical title: Newsweek Volume no.: 136 Issue no.: 10 Date: Sep 4, 2000 Pages: Subjects: Rap music Entrepreneurs Politics Activism Political parties Personal profiles You may also see indexes that provide an abstract or summary of an article. An index that provides such summaries often has the term abstracts in the title of the index, such as Historical Abstracts and Sociological Abstracts. Sometimes the title of a periodical is abbreviated in the citation. For example, J Sci Stud Relig stands for Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. You most often find abbreviations in printed indexes. To find the full spelling of a title, check the front matter of the index for a list of abbreviations or consult a Reference Librarian. Scope There are many kinds of indexes and you need to understand the scope of the index to select an appropriate one for your research topic. There are multi-subject indexes which cover a wide range of subjects and may include journals, magazines, and newspapers. There also specialized indexes which cover broad or narrow subjects. Examples of multi-subject indexes: Academic Search Premier Examples of specialized indexes: ERIC (education) PsycINFO (psychology) Historical Abstracts (history and culture) The scope of indexes may be limited by time period or by type of materials indexed such as plays, poems, and songs. Indexes and abstracts may also include chapters of books, dissertations, and conference papers

22 Searching an index Academic Search Premier (ASP) EBSCOhost is an online reference system offering access to a variety of scholarly and popular sources from databases from leading information providers. EBSCOhost databases range from general reference collections to high-level, subject-specific databases in a variety of fields including arts and humanities, business, medicine, and education. Accessing Academic Search Premier: Academic Search Premier is accessible from any workstation connected to the Hanover campus network. 1. Go to the Duggan Library homepage at: 2. Select A-Z List of Electronic Resources 3. Scroll the title list and choose the EBSCOhost database of your choice, i.e. Academic Search Premier 4. At the EBSCO Publishing front page, choose EBSCOhost Web 5. Select Academic Search Premier by checking the box beside the database title and click Continue. Academic Search Premier automatically defaults to the Advanced Search option. Advanced Search provides multiple search boxes for entering search terms, and pull-down menus for defining search fields and combining terms and phrases. Additional limits, by date, full-text availability, publication title, and scholarly journal are also available. The Advanced Search function allows you to construct a detailed, targeted search, and is your best option for finding highly relevant results.

23

24 Steps to Using Advanced Search: 1. Enter the terms or phrases you wish to search in the boxes provided. 2. Select the field in which you wish to search your terms using the pull-down menu. 3. Select the Boolean operator you wish to use to combine your terms using the pull-down menu. 4. Choose limits, as desired. Options include publication date or title, full-text only, and publication type. *To find scholarly, research articles only, check the Scholarly (Peer Reviewed) Journals box. Selecting this option will exclude popular sources such as Time and Newsweek, or newspaper articles. * 5. Click Search. Refine your searches when necessary by using the following advanced techniques: To search for Use Example Results all words AND television AND violence television and violence required in every record any of the words OR television OR violence television or violence (or both) will be in every record one word but not another NOT television NOT television but not violence violence variant endings of a word * educat* educated, educator, education, variant spellings of a word? ne?t neat, nest, next, words near each other, any order N# tax N5 reform tax and reform within 5 words of each other words near each other, W# tax W8 reform tax and reform within 8 words of