Initially pupils put the description of the stages of Brazil s railway network into the correct order (d, a, e, b, c).

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1 *** geog.2 activity Teacher s notes Aims Pupils are able to understand the history of the growth of Brazil s railway network Pupils can relate the history of the growth of Brazil s railways to a general model of transport network growth Pupils can relate this to environmental issues Introduction This activity addresses Unit 11 of the QCA Scheme of Work. This activity provides extension material for Unit 7.4 (pages in geog.2). It uses the map of Brazil s natural resources on page 103 of the students book. Activity Initially pupils put the description of the stages of Brazil s railway network into the correct order (d, a, e, b, c). Pupils then compare the growth of Brazil s railway network with the model provided on page 2. This model, by Taaffe, Morrill, and Gould, links the growth of transport networks to economic development. Pupils note that different parts of Brazil s rail network have developed to different stages, and explore why this might be. In questions 6 and 7 pupils consider the likely future of Brazil s rail network. These questions require pupils to draw on their prior learning about Brazil. Less-able pupils may require some help with these questions. In a whole-class session, you could use this as a verbal (discussion) activity; using groups, you could get pupils to write up their answers. OI BRAZIL 1

of transport network growth Pupils can relate this to environmental issues Introduction This activity addresses Unit 11 of the QCA Scheme of Work. This activity provides extension material for Unit 7.

2 Development of a transport network This model suggests that transport networks tend to develop in four stages: A The first stage shows small ports and trading stations along the coast of an undeveloped region. Local tracks lead inland for a short way to supply the ports with goods and food, but there is little contact along the coast between one port and the next. B Stage 2 shows the development of main routes inland with small settlements growing up at the inland ends of these routes. The coastal ports with inland routes grow because of the increased trade they carry. C The third stage consists of the growth of links between the coastal ports and of other routes connecting the inland towns. D In stage 4 all the towns develop links with each other and the biggest roads, and the busiest railways or air routes connect the most important towns. OI BRAZIL 2

B Stage 2 shows the development of main routes inland with small settlements growing up at the inland ends of these routes.

3 geog.2 activity A good rail network is a sign of a highly developed country. How good is Brazil s rail network? How and why did it grow to its current state? What is its future? You are going to do an activity to try to answer these questions. Tasks 1 Have a look at the five labels below. They fit into the five gaps on the history of Brazilian railways. You need to work out which goes where. 2 Now look at your Development of a transport network page. This model has four stages. Which stages do you think are shown by each map of Brazilian railways? 3 The 1987 map seems to show that different parts of Brazil are at different stages of development. Which stages would you say have been reached by the railways near: a Belem? b Fortaleza? c Porto Alegre? 4 Look at the map on page 103 of geog.2. What goods do you think are carried on the railways near Belem, Fortaleza, and Porto Alegre? 5 Do you think that railways are likely to be more or less harmful to the environment than roads? (Hint: which has more engines; 1 passenger train, or the buses or cars that carry that number of people?) 6 Do you think Brazil s rail network is likely to grow or shrink? 7 What do you think ought to happen in the future? What do you think is most likely to happen in the future? If you were the Brazilian Government what would you do? Labels to be sorted and inserted in correct blank spaces a Sao Paulo to Santos rail link built. A system using cables and cogs is used to climb the steep slope between the two places. b Rail system grows with many branches. Inland and cross links are added to form an iron quadrilateral. c Most railways suffer from old equipment and poor maintenance, and are losing money. Only the Madeira to Mamore sightseeing train and Victoria to Minas to Tubarao railways remain profitable d First railway in Brazil built by Dr Thomas Cochrane linking Rio with Petropolis in the mountains. e Two main railways are linked by a coastal route. Branch lines are often narrow gauge (this means they are small-scale railways and can t take full-sized trains). OI BRAZIL 3

You need to work out which goes where. 2 Now look at your Development of a transport network page. This model has four stages. Which stages do you think are shown by each map of Brazilian railways?

4 The development of Brazil s railways Railways run by 22 private companies, many using different gauges (having different gauges means not all trains can travel on all lines) OI BRAZIL 4

5 1957 Brazilian Government nationalise 17 of the 22 railway companies (this means the government takes control of most of the railways). They begin to close lines that aren t making money. The Government says that all railways must be standard gauge (meaning all trains run on one type of track). Sao Paulo Railways still run by five private companies Sao Paulo State Railways created through merging the five private companies OI BRAZIL 5

The Government says that all railways must be standard gauge (meaning all trains run on one type of track).

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