Algers anvendelse i foder og fødevarer -med fokus på indholdsstoffer

Transcription

1 Algers anvendelse i foder og fødevarer -med fokus på indholdsstoffer Susan Løvstad Holdt PhD, Adjunkt DTU Fødevareinstituttet Leder af Tangnetværket i DK Temadag om Nye proteiner til foder og fødevareapplikationer

2 Menu Basisviden om alger En verden af alger Generel sammensætning - makroalger/tang - mikroalger Valg af biomasse Biomasse- dansk! Eksempler på eksisterende anvendelse

3 Basics Algae Algae are a large and diverse group of simple, typically autotrophic organisms, ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms. The largest and most complex marine forms are called seaweeds. They are photosynthetic, like plants, and "simple" because they lack the many distinct organs found in land plants Microalgae in fresh and marine water Different unicellular green algae (from left to right): Chlorella, without flagella; Chlamydomonas, with flagella, and colonies of 4 cells of Scenedesmus. (Wegeberg og Felby, 2009)

4 Microalgae production designs Light, light and.light (CO 2 and nutrients) or organic carbon Flat Panel Airlift Reactor in Stuttgart, Germany (Subitec) Open-pond Test Facility at Ashkelon (Seambiotic)

5 Pigments from algae Astaxanthin 8000 US$/kg Haematococcus sp. Highly antioxidant

6 Microalgal cultivation (just incl. Spirulina, Haematoccocus, and Chlorella) WORDLWIDE PRODUCTION TONNE FAO statistics-2012

7 Basics Seaweed / macroalgae Seaweed is a loose colloquial term encompassing macroscopic, multicellular, benthic marine algae. The term includes some members of the red, brown and green algae Differentiated into: Thallus: the algal body Lamina/frond: a flattened structure that is somewhat leaf-like Sorus: spore cluster Holdfast: specialized basal structure providing attachment Haptera:finger-like extensions of holdfast anchoring to benthic substrate Figure 1

8 Basics No roots- just holdfasts and haptera Nutrient uptake takes place at the entire thalli and there is no need for benthic substrate Cultivate in suspension or on other substrates Figure 2. (a) Spores from Palmaria palmata settled on vinylon string (2 mm in diam), (b) spores germinated in 3 weeks in nursery tanks with added nutrient and aeration and transferred to the field at this stage, (c) harvestable thalli after 4 months of field cultivation (a-c seeded and cultivated by Maeve Edwards). (d-e) Seeded string with Alaria esculenta coiled around culture rope and (f) Alaria after approximately 120 days culture at sea (Arbona and Molla 2006).

9 A world of seaweed H a r v e s t Figure 3. (a) Storm toss Chondrus crispus (Irish moss) harvester from 1975 (Prince Edwards Island, Canada) equipped with waders and basket to drag through the shallow water at the beach and (b) a typical Irish moss handraker (Pringle and Mathieson 1986). (c) Painting by Carl Locher (1882), Tangsamlere ved Hornbæk Strand (Seaweed collecters at Hornbæk beach, Denmark). (d) natural harvest of drifting populations of Furcellaria lumbricalis in Denmark getting loaded on trucks and sold to Litex A/S to extract the Danish agar (e) Ascophyllum handraked in Ireland 2008 at low tide and bundled to a metric tonnes climeen dragged up shore at high tide (wheel barrow upside down on top of the climeen ), (f) where a lorry drives down to the shore at low tide and picks it up (pictures by Maeve Edwards).

10 A world of seaweed Cultivation China knows how! Polyculture in embayments in Yellow Sea region, China J. FANG

11 A world of seaweed Seaweed production in Indonesia; travelling exhibition: Earth from Above Boat Polyculture in embayments in Yellow Sea region, China; Google Earth

12 A world of seaweed The commercial seaweed production worldwide accounts for 20 % of the total aquaculture production Figure 4. Globally harvested ( ) and cultivated seaweed ( ) in offshore marine and brackish water from (FAO 2008).

13 Ireland Palmaria palmata (dulse in english, søl in Danish)

14 Århus Saccharina latissima (former Laminaria saccharina) ( sukkertang in Danish)

15 Seaweed utilisation Gelling purposes Chondrus crispus (Irish moss) contains the valuable stabilising agent carrageenan (E407) used in a wide range of product such as toothpaste, gelling agent for marmalade, whipped crème etc. Soil enrichment The seaweed can serve as fertilizer for crops if grounded into powder or made into nutrient rich extracts. Snack, food, feed or health products Pleasant taste, minerals and vitamin and bioactive compounds are just some of the reasons for the applications of seaweed in the kitchen, stall and health products Energy: 11,000 MJ/tonnes dried seaweed Reference: Havets dyr og planter

16 Seaweed utilization Table 1. Current and potential future uses of seaweeds (free after Indergaard and Jensen 1991). Extraction Fermentation Mechanical treatment Pyrolysis Alginate Methane Vegetables/spices Gas Agar Alcohols Fertilizer supplement Chemicals Carrageenan Esters Fodder/feed supplement Coal Fine chemicals Organic acids etc.

17 Variation and evolution

18 Variation in content Holdt and Kraan, 2011 Storage Laminarin (β-1, 3 glucan) Floridian starch (amylopectin like glucan) Cell walls Alginate, fucans, cellulose Agar, carrageenan, xylan, cellulose Starch Mannane, ulvane, xylan, cellulose

19 Microalgal composition High lipid content during stress Sustainable Energy Ireland, 2009

20 Microalgal bioactive components Pigments/Carotenoids: astaxanthin, cantaxanthin, lutein, violaxanthin Antioxidant activity, immunomodulation, and cancer prevention Fatty acids: EPA, oleic, lineolenic, palmitic, palmmitoleic, and DHA fatty acid Reduce risk of certain heart diseases, antioxidant, and anti-microbial activity Proteins: Phycobiliproteins Immunomodulation, and anti-cancer activity, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties Polysaccharides: Sulfated polysaccharides and insoluble fibers Anti-viral, anti-tumor, antihyperlipidemia, and anti-coagulant, reduce total and LDL cholesterol Vitamins/tocopherols (vitamin E): Antioxidant activity Phenolic and volatile compounds: Antioxidant and anti-microbial activity Plaza et al, 2009

21 Functional microalgae Proteins Vital for growth and development Beta Carotene Produces Vitamin-A Which is good for the eyes Vitamin-B Complex For effective metabolism Of Nutrients GLA Controls cholesterol Improve skin tone SPIRULINA Iron Helps in the formation Of haemoglobin Antioxidants Slow down the Ageing process Phycocyanin Strengthens the immune system Calcium For healthy bones And teeth Recognized by WHO as one of the best food supplements to combat malnutrition

22 Seaweed composition Seaweed is known for its high content of polysaccharides, minerals and certain vitamins Difficult to conclude on the contents of the different components as they vary with geography, environment, within populations and season Proteins: Generally low content: 5-15% of dry weight Green and red: 10-30% Palmaria and Porphyra (red): up to 47% Lipids: up to 4%, rich in the omega 3-fatty acids Polysaccharides: 35-60% Minerals: Na, K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, I Vitamins: Vitamin A, B 1, B 2, B 6, B 12, C, D og E

23 Minerals & vitamins Seaweed contain more minerals than any other food. This is mainly due to the the surface cell wall polysaccharides that freely and selectively absorb inorganic nutrients from the sea. This also include undesirable compounds.. May work as biofilter. seaweed contain all the minerals human needs including trace metals (Murata and Nakazoe 2001)

24 Proteins % DW % DW 5-15 % DW Soy beans: 35 % 35% is like soy beans Seaweed as protein substitute of fish meal (Soler-Vila et al 2009): ~ 10% Porphyra in feed to rainbow trout: - no changes in growth performance - enhanced pigmentation ~ 5% Ulva in tilapia fish feed (Sebahattin et al 2009): - increased growth - better feed conversion ratio (FCR), - better protein efficiency ratio (PER) 30% substitution i salmon feed: - colour -taste Contains: Phycobili proteins: antioxidative effect (Plaza et al 2008) Lectin: aggregate blood cells (Murata and Nakazoe 2001)

25 Proteins Includes: Phycobili proteins: antioxidative effect (Plaza et al 2008) Lectin: aggregate blood cells (Murata and Nakazoe 2001) Fish feed Increased gowth 1 Better coloration 2 Less need for fish meal Livestock anti-infectious (weanling pigs) 3 Greater weight at birth (sheap) 4 Better wool (sheap) 5 Greater milk yield (cows) 5 Less landbased area to produce feed 1 Ergün et al, Soler-Vila et al, Gardiner et al, Nordic Seaweed Project, McHugh, 2003.

26 Amino acids The nutritional value of proteins referred to as amino acid score is evaluated based on the composition of essential amino acids. The amino acid score of the proteins of the marine algae ranges from 60 to 100, a value higher than that of the proteins in cereal and vegetables. The amino acid score of proteins in Porphyra and Undaria was 91 and 100, respectively, and the same as that of animal foods Seaweeds mainly consist of: Alanine Aminobutyric acid Taurine Omithine Citruline Hydroxyproline 25,000 EURO/Ton (Japan) (Arasaki and Arasaki 1983)

27 Seaweed seasonal variations Seaweed as biofilter SL Holdt

28 Seasonal variations seaweed

29 Seasonal seaweed biomass

30 Amino acid profile in seaweed

31 Criteria for species selection in DK High in added value products High growth rate/yield Low cultivation costs/manpower Sustainable Energy Ireland, Soil enrichment and energy potential are low in priority, however possible in the waste of all species

32 Algal choice depends on end-product(s) Micro Macro Polysaccharides Low (4-60 %) High (15 to 75 %) Lipids High (up to 40 %) Low (max 4 %) Proteins Similar (6-60 %) Similar (5-50 %) Pigments Phenolics (flavonoids) Similar/but different types Similar (up to 16 %) Similar/but different types Similar (up to 14 % in brown sp.) fish feed (omega-3 and protein) Pigments alginate Phenolics/flavonoids/phlorotannins

33 Macro and microalgal cultivation Landbased (tanks) and bioreactors Controlled light nutrients flow Safe fouling Harvest! Expensive (energy, nutrients) Maintenance (man power) Off-shore (lines/floating) No control on growth parameters Higher risk Cheaper No use of agricultural land

34 Microalgal projects Algal Biorefinery High rate algal biomass production for food, feed, biochemicals and biofuels (Indo-Danish project, DTU Environment, etc) Algal Biofilter and biorefinery E4water: EU project, Industrial waste water, DTU Environment, Kalundborg Symbiose, etc. Microalgae for feed: FIMAFY GUDP project: Industrial waste water transformed to feed, DTU Food, Kalundborg Symbiose, Biomar, etc

35 Cultivation/projects seaweed Commercial seaweed, mussel and fish farm, Hjarnø havbrug, Horsens Also involved in project (GUDP: Hjarnø havbrug, Dansk Akvakultur, Orbicon, DTU Miljø, Seaweed Seed Supply, Triple9 Marin Centre of the Great Belt (MKS)/Sunde Fødevarer Slagelse Funded by: Slagelse local authority and LAG Ministry of Food Partners: Slagelse, GEMBA Seafood Consulting, Bisserup Fisk, DTU Food, Fishermen at Omø Commercial utilization of organic seaweed for consumption DFFE: Bælternes Fiskeriforening, GEMBA, DTU MAB3 Seaweed for feed and bioenergy DSF: DTU, AU, Aller Aqua etc. SL Holdt

36 Eksisterende anvendelse Anita Dietz Lykkegård Kok og kostvejleder Forfatter til bogen Rimelig Rå Høster, tørrer og sælger tang NOMA/Nordic Foodlab

37 Recommendations by the Seaweed Network in DK Steering committee White paper for aimed at guiding decision makers within research grants, business, local authorities and national politicians in Denmark Some important point: Biomass or research within utilization first? Logistics no problem: follow the fish! Production including breeding (we need the biomass) Enzyme development for pretreatment in order to utilize the biomass Clear guidelines of legislation in regard to non or novel food according to EU and daily intake recommendations Feed ingredient potential (organic feed)

38 Thank you! Tangnetværket

39 Why eat seaweed? Taste good: Different taste and also used as flavour enhancer Healthy: Low in calories, loow in fat, high in sugars (but dietary fibres), antioxidants High content of vitamins and minerals Health effects (scientifically): anti-cancer, anti-virus, lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases etc. Easy: Dried and long shelf-life. Collect yourself Beautyful: Sprinkle as decoration or build in.