BULGARIA. Digital Transformation of Small and Medium Enterprises in. DELab UW Country Report April delab.uw.edu.pl

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1 Digital Transformation of Small and Medium Enterprises in DELab UW Country Report April 2016 delab.uw.edu.pl DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 1 01/04/16 15:13

2 Authors: dr hab. Katarzyna Śledziewska dr Renata Włoch Tinatin Akhvlediani Kristóf Gyódi Damian Zięba Editor: Martyna Olivet Acknowledgements: dr Agnieszka Pugacewicz Michał Ziembiński Design: EMLAB Commissioned by Google DELab UW April DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 2 01/04/16 15:13

3 DELab UW 2016 delab.uw.edu.pl Table of Contents Acronyms Executive Summary Definitions Main Concepts Bulgaria in a Nutshell Key findings for SMEs in Bulgaria Bulgaria in the EU28 Digital Map: Bulgaria in the EU28 Digital Business Environment for SMEs Digital Skills Digital Infrastructure Digital Technologies Websites and Social Media E-commerce Management Tools Cloud Computing Conclusions 3 DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 3 01/04/16 15:13

4 Acronyms B2B Business to Business B2C Business to Customer B2G Business to Government CRM Customer Relationship Management DESI Digital Economy and Society Index ERP Enterprise Resource Planning Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom EU28 all EU member states ICT Information Communications Technologies Mbps Megabits (Mb) per second Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovak Republic, Slovenia SCM Supply Chain Management SMEs Small and Medium- sized Enterprises 4 DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 4 01/04/16 15:13

5 DELab UW 2016 delab.uw.edu.pl Executive Summary In this report we examine the level of digital transformation of SMEs in Bulgaria in comparison to SMEs from other EU countries. We take into consideration both digital business environment (digital infrastructure such as Internet availability and digital skills of human capital) and adoption of digital technologies. Introduction of digital technologies such as websites, social media, e-commerce, electronic information sharing and cloud computing simplifies and accelerates decision making, allows effective brand building, facilitates transactions and makes it possible to reach new customers. Why is it so important for SMEs to go digital? Internet and digital tools become a must in the context of the Digital Single Market strategy. The regulations proposed by European Commission within the DSM framework greatly enhance the opportunities stemming from successful digital transformation, as well as pose risks connected with losing markets and customers due to digital business incompetence. Although the digital revolution affects both ICT and traditional businesses, it puts significant pressure on small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that are relatively more sensitive to global competition occurring within the Internet compared to their stronger, bigger counterparts. Are Bulgarian SMEs ready to compete in the Digital Single Market? Our analysis suggests that Bulgarian enterprises do not use the opportunities offered by digital transformation, performing worse than their regional counterparts. Although they benefit from access to relatively good digital infrastructure, they lag behind in the adoption of digital technologies, especially in the area of e-commerce and cloud computing services. The most important obstacle to their digital takeover is the very low level of digital skills of the human capital. Bulgarian SMEs are trying to cope by hiring ICT specialists, but at the same time they do not invest in ICT training of their employees. As a result, according to the indicators measuring digital transformation of economy and society (DESI), the country takes the second to last place among the EU28 (27 th ). 5 DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 5 01/04/16 15:13

6 Definitions Digital transformation of enterprises Changes in the functioning of enterprises due to the adjustments in business environment associated with the new application of digital technologies Digital business environment The digital skills of human capital and the development of digital infrastructure enabling utilisation of digital technologies Digital skills of human capital Adoption and skillful utilisation of digital technologies by human capital Digital infrastructure Structure needed for adoption and utilisation of digital technologies; facilities to interconnect components of digital business environment Digital technologies Electronic tools, systems, devices and resources that generate, store or process data: websites, social media, e-commerce, management tools, cloud computing 6 DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 6 01/04/16 15:13

7 DELab UW 2016 delab.uw.edu.pl Main Concepts Digital Transformation Digital Business Environment Digital Technologies Digital Skills of Human Capital Digital Infrastructure Websites and Social Media E-commerce Management Tools Cloud Computing Digital transformation enables and accelerates the smart integration of products and services into the economy and society. Its strongest effect lies in the optimal combination of digital technologies with digital business environment. The more developed the digital infrastructure and digital skills within a society, the better the utilisation of digital technologies. Similarly, the higher the utilisation of digital technologies, the higher the demand for human capital to employ and upgrade digital inventions. Digital tools enable smart economic integration of production and delivery of products and services to customers. Digitally aware SMEs find new market opportunities with greater ease, grow their business partner networks faster and obtain quality feedback from their clients through customer relation management tools. 7 DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 7 01/04/16 15:13

8 Bulgaria in a Nutshell Key findings for SMEs in Bulgaria Subscribe to high-speed Internet Employ a high number of ICT specialists Use advanced functions on their websites (such as order tracking) Use social media to collaborate with partners Implement SCM solutions Lag behind the rest of the EU in the adoption of digital technology Are less engaged in e-commerce, especially in the service sector Do not invest in upgrading ICT related skills of their employees Bulgaria in the EU28 1 st in the usage of video calls 6 th in the usage of social networks by individuals 19 th in the Use of Internet 22 nd in Connectivity 23 rd in the Integration of Digital Technology 28 th in Human Capital 28 th in Digital Public Services 8 DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 8 01/04/16 15:13

9 DELab UW 2016 delab.uw.edu.pl Digital Map: Bulgaria in the EU28 Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) measures the degree of digital transformation of the EU member states. Namely, the index reports the level of development in the following categories: access, speed and quality of Internet infrastructure (represented by Connectivity ), digital skills of society ( Human Capital and Use of Internet ), digitalisation of businesses ( Integration of Digital Technology ) and public e-services. According to the DESI Index, Bulgaria takes the second to last position among the EU28. The biggest challenge can be observed in Human Capital, where Bulgaria occupies the last position in the EU. Bulgarians are second to last when it comes to the share of Internet users (only 55% of individuals aged use Internet), the share of individuals with basic digital skills (31%), and the share of ICT specialists (1.9% of total employees). 9 DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 9 01/04/16 15:13

10 The DESI Index reveals that digital development in Bulgaria is almost at the lowest level in all examined dimensions. The country is characterised by poor performance in Connectivity (which measures the deployment of broadband infrastructure and its quality), taking the 22 nd place among the EU countries. The main challenge is the low number of subscriptions to the fixed broadband Internet. However, Bulgarian Internet users are engaged in various online services: often make video calls (1 st position in the EU) and explore the social media (6 th position), although there is much to improve in online shopping and online banking (second to last and last position, respectively). As far as Digital Public Services are concerned, Bulgaria is in the worst position among the EU28. Figure 1 DESI Index, 2016 Digital Public Services Integration of Digital Technology Use of Internet Human Capital Connectivity 1. Denmark 2. Netherlands 3. Sweden 26. Greece 27. Bulgaria 28. Romania Source: Digital Agenda for Europe, DESI 10 DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 10 01/04/16 15:13

11 DELab UW 2016 delab.uw.edu.pl Integration of Digital Technology represents the level of digital transformation achieved by business. It measures the adoption of digital tools, like cloud computing services or the engagement in e-commerce. In terms of uptake of digital technologies, Bulgaria occupies the 23 rd place in the EU. Bulgaria is in the last position for e-commerce both in terms of the share of turnover and in participation in cross-border selling. Bulgarian SMEs also fall behind through their poor performance in social media usage (26 th place), electronic information sharing (management tools, such as ERP 22 nd ); e-invoices and cloud computing services (21 st and 28 th position, respectively). However, Bulgarian SMEs are the number one in implementing radio-frequency identification (RFID) among the EU28. Figure 2 Integration of Digital Technology, 2016 RFID Electronic Information Sharing Social Media E-invoices Cloud E-commerce 1. Ireland 2. Denmark 3. Sweden 23. Bulgaria 26. Hungary 27. Latvia 28. Romania Source: Digital Agenda for Europe, DESI 11 DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 11 01/04/16 15:13

12 Digital Business Environment for SMEs Digital Business Environment creates the common framework that enables SMEs to utilise digital technology and facilitates engagement of SMEs in the digital economy. We assess Digital Business Environment by analysing the development of digital skills and digital infrastructure. More precisely, we consider the efforts of companies in hiring and training digitally skilled people (including, but not exclusively, ICT specialists) and we assess digital infrastructure by the access, affordability, speed and quality of the Internet. 12 DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 12 01/04/16 15:13

13 DELab UW 2016 delab.uw.edu.pl Digital Skills Bulgarians show a great gap in digital skills in comparison to the rest of the EU, lagging behind the other NMS countries as well. The share of individuals reporting above basic skills is very low - one in ten people has more advanced digital skills, while in the, it is one in three. Furthermore, nearly 40% of Bulgarians have no digital skills. Figure 3 Levels of digital skills amongst individuals (%), % 22% 34% 30% 26% 20% 23% 27% 29% 14% 25% 39% Above basic skills refer to the ability to carry out most of the tasks in all of four general categories (Communication, Information, Problem Solving and Software) Basic skills refer to the ability to carry out one specific task in each category Low skills refer to users who are unable to perform any tasks in up to 3 categories No skills refer to users who are unable to perform any tasks in all categories listed including those who have not accessed the Internet in the last 3 months Source: DELab UW own calculations based on the data from Eurostat 13 DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 13 01/04/16 15:13

14 Analysing the share of individuals reporting specific skills at above basic level, one can see that Bulgarians have strikingly low levels in problem solving skills (24% of individuals, while the average is 61%) and in software skills (19% of individuals compared to 46% in the ). To reinforce these abilities would be an especially valuable asset for enterprises. Figure 4 Individuals with above basic digital skills (%), 2015 Communication 55% 50% 62% Information 44% 63% 74% Problem solving 44% 61% 24% Software 19% 31% 46% Communication skills include the ability to communicate online via , video calls or the social media Information skills show the ability to find relevant information online Problem solving skills represent the ability to manage files, change settings of software and use online services Software skills include the ability to use word processing, spreadsheet and multimedia editing software Source: DELab UW own calculations based on the data from Eurostat 14 DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 14 01/04/16 15:13

15 DELab UW 2016 delab.uw.edu.pl Bulgarian SMEs seem to be aware of the importance of digitally skilled employees. They employ a high share of ICT specialists and they also willingly look for new digitally skilled candidates. On the other hand, they do not invest in training to upgrade the digital skills of their employees (ICT specialists but not only) and lag behind the average in this respect. At the same time, the demand for highly-skilled ICT specialists is growing. Figure 5 SMEs employing and training ICT specialists (%), % 11% 18% 7% 19% 5% Employed ICT specialists Provided training to ICT specialists 8% 21% 6% 13% 9% 4% Recruited / tried to recruit ICT specialists Provided training to other employees Source: DELab UW own calculations based on the data from Eurostat 15 DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 15 01/04/16 15:13

16 Digital Infrastructure The access to high-speed Internet should be the cornerstone of digital infrastructure. In Bulgaria, this is an additional weak point of the digital ecosystem, holding back the potential of the SMEs. Furthermore, 9% of them have no access at all to the Internet ( average is only 2%). Figure 6 SMEs with no Internet access (%), % 5% 9% On the other hand, SMEs mainly use high and medium-speed connections. The share of enterprises with a high-speed Internet connection (above 30 Mbps) amounts to 31%, exceeding not only the regional, but also the level (29%). Figure 7 SMEs according to the speed of their fixed Internet connection (%), % 40% 15% 28% 27% 25% 23% 29% 30% Source: DELab UW own calculations based on the data from Eurostat 16 DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 16 01/04/16 15:13

17 DELab UW 2016 delab.uw.edu.pl The significantly lower cost of high-speed Internet access may explain this relatively high uptake of fast Internet connections: the median price of a monthly subscription in Bulgaria amounts to 29 euros which is one of the lowest among all the EU member states. Figure 8 Median price of monthly subscription to the Internet ( Mbps) in euros/ppp, to to to to to to to 80 missing Source: DELab UW own calculations based on the data from Eurostat 17 DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 17 01/04/16 15:13

18 Digital Technologies The usage of digital technologies simplifies and accelerates decision-making processes within the enterprise; allows more effective business analyses; facilitates the communication with business partners; allows effective image and brand building; and supports the penetration of new markets as well as reaching new customers. To measure the adoption of digital tools we consider the usage of five key technologies: websites, social media, e-commerce, management tools (like ERP) and cloud computing. Overall, Bulgarian SMEs significantly lag behind in the uptake of all analysed digital technologies. Only one in two Bulgarian SMEs has a website, while four in five SMEs have one in the. Additionally, the share of SMEs using cloud computing services, social media or management tools is below the average. Bulgarian enterprises have to increase their efforts to catch up with the rest of the EU in order to remain competitive in the global digital economy. Figure 9 SMEs using main digital technologies (%), % 69% 79% Website 30% 36% 45% Social media 8% 12% 16% Sales via a website or apps 24% 26% 38% ERP software package 8% 12% 23% Cloud computing services Source: DELab UW own calculations based on the data from Eurostat 18 DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 18 01/04/16 15:13

19 DELab UW 2016 delab.uw.edu.pl Websites and Social Media Bulgarian SMEs which do have websites provide similar services as enterprises in the other EU countries. They mainly use their websites to provide information about products and prices. However, the share of SMEs in Bulgaria that provide the information about products and prices is significantly lower than in the rest of the EU. Although in the more advanced services (such as order tracking) Bulgarian enterprises perform similarly to the rest of the EU. Figure 10 SMEs with websites providing selected services(%), 2015 Product catalogues or price lists 39% 55% 59% Ordering or reservation or booking 20% 18% 13% Order tracking 8% 8% 8% Source: DELab UW own calculations based on the data from Eurostat 19 DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 19 01/04/16 15:13

20 While social media and microblogs represent powerful tools for marketing and communication purposes, the share of enterprises using social networks is relatively low in Bulgaria (29% against 43% in the ). Furthermore, their uptake of social media services in all selected categories in Bulgaria is two or three times less than the average performance of enterprises in the. Figure 11 SMEs using social media services (%), 2015 Social networks 34% 29% 43% Multimedia content sharing website 15% 11% 6% Enterprise s blog or microblogs 8% 4% 14% Wiki-based knowledge sharing tools 5% 4% 3% Source: DELab UW own calculations based on the data from Eurostat 20 DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 20 01/04/16 15:13

21 DELab UW 2016 delab.uw.edu.pl Bulgarian SMEs use social media for the same reasons as enterprises from the other EU countries: mainly for brand building and communicating with customers. However, the share of enterprises that use social media for marketing purposes is significantly lower than in the. That being said, SMEs in Bulgaria are more active in collaborating with business partners via social media. Figure 12 Reasons for using social media services by SMEs (%), 2015 Develop image or market product Recruit employees 37% 18% 29% 13% 20% 9% Obtain or respond to customer opinions 23% 22% 17% Exchange views within the enterprise 12% 10% 10% Involve customers in development of goods or services 5% 9% 12% Collaborate with business partners and organisations 11% 11% 12% Source: DELab UW own calculations based on the data from Eurostat 21 DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 21 01/04/16 15:13

22 E-commerce An e-commerce transaction is the sale or purchase of goods or services conducted over computer networks Business to Consumer (B2C) refers to sales to private consumers Business to Business (B2B) refers to sales to other enterprises Business to Government (B2G) refers to sales to public authorities Overall, only less than 8% of Bulgarian SMEs are engaged in sales via websites or apps, which is the second lowest result in the EU. The share of SMEs involved in sales to private consumers (B2C), or in sales to other enterprises (B2B) and public authorities (B2G) is around twice smaller than the average for the. Figure 13 SMEs selling via a website or apps (%), by type of transaction, 2015 B2C B2B B2G 6% 10% 12% 5% 9% 11% Source: DELab UW own calculations based on the data from Eurostat 22 DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 22 01/04/16 15:13

23 DELab UW 2016 delab.uw.edu.pl Analysing the sectors, the gap between Bulgaria and the seems to be as high in services as in industry. When planning to stay in the country, it can be difficult to find a room via a website, as Bulgaria lags significantly behind the EU countries in terms of providing accommodation services online (26% versus 53% in the NMS and 64% in the ). This is surprising given the relatively important role of tourism in Bulgaria. Figure 14 Enterprises (10+ employees) selling via a website or apps, according to sectors (%), 2015 Industry 10% 7% 4% Services 20% 16% 10% Accommodation 64% 53% 26% Travel Agency 61% 49% 57% Source: DELab UW own calculations based on the data from Eurostat 23 DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 23 01/04/16 15:13

24 The small amount of online sales are mostly concentrated within the country. Bulgarian SMEs are much less engaged in cross-border e-commerce than their counterparts in the rest of the EU: less than 3% of SMEs serve the markets of other EU countries, and less than 2% outside the EU. Figure 15 SMEs engaged in electronic sales (%), 2015 Own country 14% 12% 7% Other EU countries 7% 6% 2% Rest of the world 4% 3% 2% Source: DELab UW own calculations based on the data from Eurostat 24 DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 24 01/04/16 15:13

25 DELab UW 2016 delab.uw.edu.pl Management Tools Management tools (Enterprise Resource Planning - ERP) enable automatic flow of information between different business functions such as accounting, planning, production and marketing. Supply Chain Management (SCM) means exchanging all types of information with suppliers and/or customers about the availability, production, development and distribution of goods or services. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a management methodology which places the customer at the centre of the business activity, based on an intensive use of information technologies to collect, integrate, process and analyse information related to the customers. SMEs in Bulgaria make little use of digital management technologies for the management of processes within the company. The usage of ERP software is much less common in Bulgaria (24%) than in the (38%). However, SCM is used at the level (17%), which suggests that Bulgarian small and medium-sized enterprises are well integrated within the supply chains. On the other hand, the CRM software is significantly less frequently used in Bulgaria. Figure 16 SMEs using CRM and SCM software (%), 2015 CRM SCM 17% 24% 35% 17% 15% 17% Source: DELab UW own calculations based on the data from Eurostat 25 DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 25 01/04/16 15:13

26 Cloud Computing Cloud Computing (CC) refers to ICT services that are used over the Internet to access software, computing power, storage capacity, etc. SMEs in Bulgaria reveal a much lower adoption of Cloud Computing services in all examined services than the average. The most considerable gap is in the usage of computing power, storage files and CRM software. SMEs in the use five times more computing power CC services and three times more CC storage for files or CRM than SMEs in Bulgaria. Bulgarian SMEs usage of business , cloud-based office services (like Google Docs), finance/accounting applications, and hosting for the enterprise s database is twice less than in the. Figure 17 SMEs buying selected Cloud Computing services (%), STORAGE OF FILES H OF THE E DA 6% 9% 14% 4% 6% 14% Source: DELab UW own calculations based on the data from Eurostat 26 DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 26 01/04/16 15:13

27 DELab UW 2016 delab.uw.edu.pl E S HOSTING OF THE ENTERPRISE S DATABASE FINANCE OR ACCOUNTING APPLICATIONS O 4% 5% 10% 4% 5% 8% E TING IONS OFFICE CRM COM POWE THE EN OWN S 4% 5% 8% 2% 2% 6% COMPUTING POWER TO RUN THE ENTERPRISE S OWN SOFTWARE 1% 3% 5% Source: DELab UW own calculations based on the data from Eurostat 27 DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 27 01/04/16 15:13

28 Conclusions What have we found? The usage of digital technologies by Bulgarian SMEs is one of the lowest in the EU, lagging behind the other as well. Bulgarian enterprises are struggling with going digital, similarly to the rest of the society. What are the challenges? Uneven use of digital infrastructure: a relatively high share of SMEs have no access to the Internet, but one in three has access to high-speed and relatively cheap Internet connections. Only a small share of Bulgarian SMEs have adopted digital tools, such as Cloud Computing services or Customer Relationship Management software. The SMEs do not engage in e-commerce and do not use social media for selling their services, which may seriously hamper the future development of the economically important touristic sector. The digital skills of the work force are limited or non-existent, ranking at the lowest level in the EU. The Bulgarian SMEs hire ICT specialists but are two times less likely to train them, and even five times less likely to provide ICT training to other employees than their counterparts. 28 DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 28 01/04/16 15:13

29 DELab UW 2016 delab.uw.edu.pl What needs to be done? The improvement of digital infrastructure is a key requirement to successful digital revolution in both society and economy. In Bulgaria s case, there is a dire need to upgrade the digital skills of the individuals. Only then can the uptake of digital technologies in SMEs be possible, and with it, their chances to compete in the Digital Single Market. Encourage more young people to enroll in ICT-related majors to satisfy the country s growing demand for high skilled ICT professionals. Strengthen e-leadership in enterprises. Encourage the entrepreneurs to invest in improving the digital skills of their workers by presenting them with benefits stemming from digital transformation of their businesses. Encourage workers to increase their digital skills by showing them benefits such as promising employment opportunities and better salaries. 29 DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 29 01/04/16 15:13

30 30 DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 30 01/04/16 15:13

31 DELab UW 2016 delab.uw.edu.pl 31 DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 31 01/04/16 15:13

32 Digital Economy Lab (DELab) is a research centre established in 2014 within the University of Warsaw to accelerate the development of digital economy and society by providing high-quality research on the impacts of digital transformation and innovation. By application of data science methods DELab examines how digital markets, skills and societies build smart economies, businesses and governance. We deliver policy recommendations on how to better meet the challenges of global digitalisation. Our studies promote entrepreneurship and enhance society s awareness of the benefits of digital transformation. DELab s interdisciplinary team consists of professors and young researchers from various academic backgrounds including economics, sociology, law, administration, IT, European integration, philosophy, political sciences, globalisation, management and entrepreneurship. DELab UW Country Report April 2016 delab.uw.edu.pl delab@uw.edu.pl DELAB raport B5 Bulgaria.indd 32 01/04/16 15:13

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