Welcome. Hello Everyone, Best regards, Kenneth Arbour President. Australia Page 2 China Page 3 India Page 4 Japan Page 5 Korea Page 6 Malaysia Page 7

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1 Welcome Hello Everyone, Welcome to the latest edition of the Reloc8 Asia Pacific Group s newsletter. Asia-Pacific Updates Reloc8 A Regional Relocation Resource This time around we are getting into the nitty gritty of some basic relocation issues: Health, and Where to Go, What to Do, What to Look out for. Now clearly we are unable to go into great depth. That would require volumes. And actually that is what you come to us for when you have assignees moving into our neck of the woods which, by the way, covers about one-quarter of the globe. So, enjoy our newsletter. And if you have any questions or interests please let us know. Best regards, Kenneth Arbour President Inside This Edition Summary of three basic relocation issues in: Australia Page 2 China Page 3 India Page 4 Japan Page 5 Korea Page 6 Malaysia Page 7 New Zealand Page 8 Philippines Page 9 Singapore Page 10 Taiwan Page 11 Thailand Page 12 Volume 1, Issue 12, April Page 1

2 Australia Medical: Local doctors (known as GP s - General Practitioners) are the starting point except for emergencies. GP s make referrals to specialists (e.g. paediatrician; obstetrician) as required. Most people select their GP by recommendation. Hospitals: For emergency treatment the public hospital system is generally regarded as good. For non-urgent treatment referral to a specialist via the GP is the normal route the specialist will select the hospital Dental: There are many small local dental practices Most people select their dentist by recommendation. The health insurance funds also offer dental care, and this is normally at a lower cost than through a private dental practice. How to open a Bank Account. What to do and what documentation do you need: Can be done prior to arrival in Australia via the internet. Account holder can deposit funds but cannot withdraw before personal attendance at a bank branch need to provide proof of identity (e.g. passport). Links to two major banks to get a sense of the process of establishing banking arrangements are: international/before-you-arrive/default.aspx moving-to-australia This depends on the home country and the particular bank. No universal rules apply. Are there ATMs and what Cards can you use? ATM s are very common for drawing on local bank accounts; most major international payment systems are recognized [e.g. Cirrus ] as well as cash drawing facilities attached to major credit cards. Application can be processed prior to arrival, however the card cannot be used before personal attendance at a bank branch need to provide proof of identity (e.g. passport). Yes, provided they have a current driver s licence. Are International Licences recognized? Yes, although it is generally unnecessary to do this as the home country licence is valid (needs translation to English). In some States it is necessary to get a local licence within a period of time (e.g. six months), in others it is not a requirement although may be advisable, particularly if the assignee / partner plan to drive throughout Australia. In addition some car insurance companies require that anyone resident at one address for longer than three months have an Australian driving licence. Getting a local Licence. What to do and what you need: Requirements vary by State, and depend on whether the assignee has a licence from their home country. For example, in New South Wales, holders of a driving licence from the USA, Canada, and many European countries are exempt from the requirements to take a knowledge or a driving test and thus only are required to provide: proof of a NSW address; proof of identity; and pass an eyesight test. Other driving licence holders will be required to take a written test, a practical driving test and an eyesight test. Is it common practice for expat managers to rent a car on Long-term hire or to purchase a vehicle: Private long-term car rental (operating lease) is unusual (although some employers offer this as an elective part of remuneration as there can be tax benefits). Most motor vehicles are acquired via 3-4 year financing. Volume 1, Issue 12 Page 2

3 China Beijing and Shanghai have a full range of medical treatment options, from traditional Chinese medicine and local hospitals, to western style world class medical facilities. Treatment and in patient stays can be very expensive in the Western style hospitals. E.g. just the private ward cost at a leading international hospital in Beijing is around US800 per day. Some recommended Western medical centres are below: BEIJING: Beijing International SOS Clinic. Beijing United Family Hospital & Clinics. SHANGHAI: Shanghai United Family Hospital & Clinics. Pathway Health How to open a Bank Account. What to do and what documentation do you need: Opening a bank account in Beijing or Shanghai is relatively straightforward. Foreigners are allowed to open a Renminbi and/or a foreign currency account. Foreigners must bring their passport to the bank and fill out a simple form, although some branches may only have forms in Chinese. A minimum deposit (usually only RMB1) may be required. The bank will issue a bank book and an ATM card Establishing internet banking with one s home bank is the simplest option. A foreign individual can receive an unlimited amount of foreign currency into their newly opened foreign currency account. The conversion of incoming remittances to RMB is limited to USD 50,000 per year per foreign individual. Outwards remittances to one s home account require proof that monthly individual income tax has been paid on salary. Lump sum remittances of USD10,000 and above require approval from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange Are there ATMs and what Cards can you use? ATMs linked to international credit systems such PLUS, Cirrus, MasterCard and Visa are readily available in China s first tier cities. Withdrawal limits per transaction may vary but are generally 2,000 or 2,500 RMB. It can be difficult for an expat to get a local credit card. A security deposit of certain amount money or a pledge from a local guarantor is required by most local banks. A variety of supporting documents are needed, such as work permit, residence permit, Income certification from ones employer, proof of assets, etc. One usually needs to have a history of minimum 6 months with the bank before they consider issuing a credit card. The larger international companies usually provide a full time driver with a vehicle for insurance purposes. The assignee may wish to drive, but they need to obtain Chinese Licence first. Assignees to Beijing are more inclined than those assigned to Shanghai to want to drive because of easy access to rural recreation sites. Are International Licences recognized? International driving licences are not recognized in China although international hire companies are pushing for some flexibility Getting a local Licence. What to do and what you need: To get a Chinese driving licence, a foreigner aged must have a valid foreign driving licence and a valid visa and residence registration certificate. The applicant must take a brief eye exam at an approved public hospital. The applicant s foreign licence must be translated into Chinese. S/he must pass a computerized test of the road rules, submit a completed application form with several passport sized photos and pay fees Is it common practice for expat managers to rent a car on Long-term hire or to purchase a vehicle? Many expatriate families prefer to hire a car with a driver. Many companies hire a long-term local driver with/without a car for their expat managers rather than buy a vehicle. Before purchasing a car, it is worth considering that congestion in the larger cities can be appalling. Furthermore driving in China can be more stressful than elsewhere, as the majority of drivers are newcomers behind the steering wheel with less than five years driving experience. Volume 1, Issue 12 Page 3

4 India There are many well qualified doctors and other health professionals in India, many of whom have been trained in Europe and America. Good medical facilities may be very limited or unavailable outside the main cities. Facilities within the private medical sector are worldclass. Hospitals often have attached clinics offering a wide range of medical services. In India one chooses her/his preferred doctor, who will, if necessary, refer an expatriate to a specialist. Many doctors are available outside normal hours. It will help the expatriate s new doctor if s/he is given the expat s overseas medical records. SOUTH MUMBAI: Breach Candy Hospital. NORTH MUMBAI: Lilavati Hospital & Research Centre. DELHI: Apollo Hospital. Fortis. BANGALORE (BENGALURU): Manipal Hospital. St. John s Hospital. Due to the heavy traffic congestion and conditions of the roads, it is not recommended that an expatriate drive, although an expatriate may consider driving once s/he gets used to the roads and the traffic. Are International Licences recognized? To drive in India, one must either have an international or a locally approved licence. An international licence has a limited shelf life (12 months of residence) so it is best to acquire a local licence. Getting a local Licence. What to do and what you need: Some of the required documents are: copies of the driver s licence issued in the home country/international driver s licence; passport; Foreigner s Registration booklet; a letter from the assignee s employer re her/his reason for being in India, and photographs etc. Is it common practice for expat managers to rent a car on Long-term hire or to purchase a vehicle: Usually expatriates avail the services of car rental agencies for their transportation requirements. This is available on yearly contract, customized as per their needs. Most companies in India have a preferred car vendor/s whom they deal with. How to open a Bank Account. What to do and what documentation do you need: can be complicated in India due to the constantly changing Reserve Bank of India (RBI) regulations governing foreign exchange. The types of bank accounts available to expats depends on their citizenship and the account currency. To apply for a bank account, the following may be required: - an interview with the bank official - declaration of (overseas) sources of credit to be taken into account - recent passport size photographs - letter of employment from your employer s Indian office - one US dollar to open the account - copy of valid passport and employment visa Withdrawals are only possible in local currency within India. Are there ATMs and what Cards can you use? Credit cards (e.g.: Visa, Mastercard) are widely accepted in India in large shops and most restaurants, but cash is needed to buy food and for use in small shops and local restaurants. Indian rupees cannot be used to pay foreign credit card bills Acquiring local credit cards is usually a cumbersome process for expatriates. Some of the documents needed are a photo ID, passport size photographs, proof of local address, resident permit, and comfort letter from the company. Volume 1, Issue 12 Page 4

5 Japan Medical and dental care in Japan is excellent. International clinics are the first stop for most seeking medical treatment. If English speaking specialists are required these clinics make the appropriate recommendations and introductions. Tokyo Medical and Surgical Clinic (also offers 24 hour English medical phone assistance) Tokyo British Clinic How to open a Bank Account. What to do and what documentation do you need: Citibank, HSBC, Shinsei and Tokyo Star Bank are international banks that provide full service banking and all one needs to open an account is one s alien registration card and passport. For other domestic banks the procedures and requirements to open an account may vary not only by bank but by branch. However it is a good idea to get a seal made, as Japanese domestic banks do not deal with signatures. Only possible by internet or if one s home bank has regular Japanese branch operations - which is rare except for the largest international banks Are there ATMs and what Cards can you use? ATMs, for those with Japanese bank accounts including the 4 banks mentioned above, are everywhere including most convenience stores. ATM s with PLUS access are available at post offices or Seven Elevens (but NOT most other convenience stores). Getting a local credit card is not easy. Some banks require Japanese reading ability. Citibank and American Express are likely the best option. Yes. Road signs are generally in English and Japanese. There are English speaking navigation systems available as well, but the maps are written in Japanese. Fortunately a phone number is all that is required to find many business or commercial establishments, but not a personal residence. Are International Licences recognized? Yes, for one year, or the length of time for which one s international license is valid. Getting a local Licence. What to do and what you need: Depending on where one lives one will need to go to a driver s license testing centre. The expatriate will need: her/his driving licence and a translation of it, which can be obtained from the Japan Automobile Federation (JAF); passport; and alien registration card. Is it common practice for expat managers to rent a car on Long-term hire or to purchase a vehicle: They could purchase or lease, depending on company policy. Volume 1, Issue 12 Page 5

6 Korea Medical facilities and doctors in Korea are known to be very good and skilled. However, in some cases English speaking doctors are not always available and the following hospitals have international clinic and are recommended for foreigners : Yonsei Severance Hospital (Seoul) Address #134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul Tel : / Seoul National University Hospital (Seoul) Address #101 Dahakno, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea How to open a Bank Account. What to do and what documentation do you need: A bank account can be opened in any bank branch in Korea. Passport and/or alien card are essential and depending on some bank branchs, home country ID and/or employment certificate issued by the assignee s Korean office may be required. If the documents are all in order the bank account can be opened within 1 hour. If the assignee has already set up internet banking with her/his home Bank, s/he can use this system to transfer funds from her/his home bank account to an account in Korea. If the home banking corporation has an operational presence in Korea, then if the assignee opens an account with the same banking corporation in Korea, it may be possible to access funds quickly from the home account quickly through the Korean counterpart bank provided clear instructions are set beforehand. Are there ATMs and what Cards can you use? There are ATMs and most international debit cards or credit cards can be used to withdraw cash from them. However, some machines do not provide English instructions. International credit cards are accepted in most of shops. The assignee can apply for a credit card through a branch of the bank in Korea where s/he has opened an account. The necessary documents will be passport, alien card, employment certificate, and salary statement. Most international assignees drive. It seems somewhat difficult to drive in Korea initially, but after several months of living in Korea most assignees and their spouses become comfortable driving in Korean traffic conditions. Most of the signboards are subtitled in English. Are International Licences recognized? International driving licences are recognized but they are only valid for 1 year. If the assignee is planning to stay longer than 1 year and continue driving, then s/he has to apply for a Korean driving licence. Getting a local Licence. What to do and what you need: If the assignee has a home country driving licence, s/he needs to submit this licence to local driving test centre and the centre will, after s/he passes a simple physical test, issue a Korean driving licence in exchange for the home country one. The home licence will be returned when the assignee leaves Korea in exchange for her/his Korean licence (an airplane ticket has to be shown). Is it common practice for expat managers to rent a car on Long-term hire or to purchase a vehicle: Most expat managers purchase vehicles instead of renting when they are on long term assignments and they sell their vehicles at the end of their assignment. On the other hand, for short term assignments, they may rent cars. Volume 1, Issue 12 Page 6

7 Malaysia Expats have access to private hospitals which are modern and state-of-the-art. Most private hospitals have specialist doctors. Fees are very reasonable. Expats can also consult with General Practitioners who have their own small clinics. Dental surgeries are equally good with the latest equipment. Kuala Lumpur: Damansara Specialist Centre, Jalan Ipoh. Tel: Tel: Gleneagles Intan Medical Centre, 282 &286, Jalan Ampang Tel: Penang: Island Hospital, 308 Jalan Macalister. Tel: Loh Guan Li Specialists Centre, 19 Logan Road, tel: How to open a Bank Account. What to do and what documentation do you need: Go to the bank with passport and work permit, plus a letter of employment from the assignee s company. How to Access your Home Bank Account: The assignee must have an online account with their home bank before relocating to Malaysia. Are there ATMs and what Cards can you use? ATM machines are available at all banks. Bank account holders are provided with an ATM card. Provide the bank with a letter of employment and the assignee s passport. International assignees may drive in Malaysia. Are International Licences recognized? International driving licences are valid in Malaysia for one year. Getting a local Licence. What to do and what you need: There are two categories of countries: those requiring the approval of The Malaysian road authority first and those not requiring any written approval before applying. List of documents required once authorization for converting into a Malaysian licence is granted: * Original driving licence * Copy of driving licence * 2 driving licence photo 32 mm x 25mm, both ears visible, white background. * Copy of Visa/work permit * Original passport to be shown * Copy of passport (the page with assignee's details) * Approval letter from JPJ (Malaysian road authority) in K.L. * JPJ form L-1, original signature. The assignee will need to pay RM30 per year for the driving licence fee + RM20 for admin charges. Is it common practice for expat managers to rent a car on Longterm hire or to purchase a vehicle: Leasing and purchasing for expat managers are both practiced in Malaysia. Companies would also buy cars for their top management. Volume 1, Issue 12 Page 7

8 New Zealand The New Zealand health system is made up of public, private and voluntary sectors, which interact to provide and fund health care. Long term stay in New Zealand would require an assignee and family to register with a local surgery as soon as possible. A comprehensive system of accident rehabilitation and compensation is provided for all New Zealanders and visitors who suffer personal injury by accident. Auckland Hospital, Park Road, Auckland City Wellington - Riddiford Street, Newtown How to open a Bank Account. What to do and what documentation do you need: In order to open a bank account, an expatriate should take with them some form of identification i.e. passport or birth certificate, a letter from their employer confirming their employment and salary details and that the money will be paid into the NZ bank account. Generally banks require an initial deposit; the amount required varies from bank to bank. This will need to be sorted prior to leaving home country. There are foreign banks in NZ which include: Banque Indosuez, Barclays, Citibank, Rabo Bank, Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank. Are there ATMs and what Cards can you use? An ATM machine can almost always be readily found, giving you access to ones funds without having to go to a bank, and these operate at all times and outside usual banking hours. Different ATM s accept different cards, it completely depends on the bank. Please note that Banks will not automatically allocate credit cards to expatriates, as they may require a credit history with them before doing so. This varies and is up to each individual bank. We advise expatriates to bring a credit reference from their home bank. Many International assignees and their spouses drive in New Zealand. Are International Licences recognized? If you have an overseas driving licence or an international driving licence you can drive in New Zealand for a maximum of one year. Getting a local Licence. What to do and what you need: This can involve a theory examination. A practical test is also required to obtain a conversion to a New Zealand driver licence for certain countries. Citizens from the following countries may apply for an exemption from the practical test and theory test: Australia, Canada, Norway, a member state of the European Union, South Africa or the United States of America. Is it common practice for expat managers to rent a car on Long-term hire or to purchase a vehicle: Both rentals and purchase are common for expatriates. This depends on the length of stay in NZ. Volume 1, Issue 12 Page 8

9 Philippines The Makati Medical Center located in Makati City and St. Luke s Medical Center in Bonifacio Global City are just two of the centrally located medical centers in Manila that have state of the art facilities and equipment and updated technology for modern procedures. The medical professionals at these institutions are the country s most respected doctors and most capable medical support staff in the country. MAKATI MEDICAL CENTER 2 Amorsolo Street, Legaspi Village, Makati City. Tel No ST. LUKE S MEDICAL CENTER 32 nd Street, Bonifacio Global City, Taguig. Tel No How to open a Bank Account. What to do and what documentation do you need: Requirements for a foreign assignee to open a bank account: Immigration documents Alien Certificate of Registration or Alien Employment Permit or 9G Visa; passport; two (2) valid ID cards; two (2) 1x1 photos (passport style); and the employer s endorsement letter from the local company. 1) First you need to open a local bank account, then apply for a US dollar account locally. You can deposit a cheque from your foreign account which will take thirty to forty five days for the funds to clear. HSBC requires 100 USD to open and maintain an account and Union Bank requires 500 USD. 2) You can also register with your foreign bank account for on-line internet banking Are there ATMs and what Cards can you use? Yes there are ATM facilities in Manila. An ATM card that uses an internationally accepted ATM system like Plus or Cirrus can be accessed locally but currency is given in Philippines pesos The major credit cards accepted in the Philippines are Mastercard, Visa Card and American Express. To apply for a local credit card, one must first show proof of employment or financial capacity; Immigration documents Alien Certificate of Registration or Alien Employment Permit or 9G Visa ; other requirements are two (2) valid ID cards, proof of billing with current address; and a local bank account. Yes they do, but the majority have either a company hired driver or a family (personal) hired driver Are International Licences recognized? International Driver Licences are recognized but are only valid for ninety (90) days Getting a local Licence. What to do and what you need: One must be at least seventeen (17) years old. Submit a duly completed Application for Driver s Licence. Medical Certificate from an LTO accredited or Government physician; take a drug test from a DOH accredited drug testing centre; taxpayers Identification number (TIN) and must pass the written and practical examination. Is it common practice for expat managers to rent a car on Long-term hire or to purchase a vehicle: It is common practice to purchase a vehicle in Manila for long term assignees. Some employers assist with a loan for car finance. Volume 1, Issue 12 Page 9

10 Singapore The government and private health care in Singapore are very good and of equally high standard. The biggest government hospital, Singapore General Hospital, has within its compound the Dental, Eye, Heart, Cancer and Poison Centres. There are also many private medical centres where specialist doctors have their practices. Hospitals offer 24 hours Accident and Emergencies Departments (A&E). Singapore General Hospital - Mount Elizabeth Hospital - singapore/mount-elizabeth-hospital/index.asp How to open a Bank Account. What to do and what documentation do you need: Generally, it is necessary to have an Employment Pass to open a bank account in Singapore. One can choose to open a current account which allows you to write cheques or a savings account with no cheque book facilities. The current account will have a minimum sum requirement before a service charge is levied by the bank. Internet and phone banking are commonly used for accessing one s bank account with the use of a password and pin. Are there ATMs and what Cards can you use? There are many ATMs around the island, especially for local banks where ATMs are easily found in shopping malls, neighbourhood shops like 7 Eleven and Subway/MRT stations. All banks have their own ATM cards and credit cards. To apply for a local credit card, the expat will need to have an Employment Pass in place, and a company letter to confirm designation and salary. The credit limit will be based on the annual salary and subject to approval. It is very common for International Assignees to drive in Singapore. The road regulations are similar to the British driving system, with left hand drive. Are International Licences recognized? International Licences are recognized in Singapore. However, an Employment Pass holder must apply for a local Singapore Licence within one year from arrival. Getting a local Licence. What to do and what you need: An expatriate will need to have a valid driving licence (at least 6 months old) and pass a theory test before one can convert to a local Singapore Licence. It is recommended that this theory test be booked as soon as possible after settling-in as there might be a long waiting time for available test dates. Is it common practice for expat managers to rent a car on Long-term hire or to purchase a vehicle: It is more common for expat managers to rent a car on long-term hire. Cars are very expensive to purchase in Singapore and the initial outlay may be quite large as the percentage of bank loans are restricted for foreigners. Volume 1, Issue 12 Page 10

11 Taiwan Taiwan has a very good national health insurance system. After an expatriate has obtained an Alien Resident Certificate (ARC) in Taiwan, s/he is issued with a health insurance card. Four months after the ARC is obtained the assignee s spouse/dependents will be covered by the card. With this, they can go to any hospital, medical and dental clinics and pay a minimal registration fee of about TWD100 for each treatment. In major hospitals, there are volunteers who provide assistance to English speaking patients. Almost all doctors speak good English in hospital/ medical and dental clinics. Good medical facilities in Taiwan are: Taipei Veterans General Hospital ext.3530 Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital Yes, they do. Taichung Veterans General Hospital Are International Licences recognized? A foreigner holding an international driving licence issued by any of Taiwan s reciprocating countries can drive in Taiwan for thirty days without the need to apply for a driving permit. How to open a Bank Account. What to do and what documentation do you need: Alien Resident Certificate (ARC) and passport Original Applicant has to be present Minimal saving of NTD1,000 for opening the account When opening the bank account, the applicant may also request to have an online payment system set up with the assignee s designated bank account. There are some documents that require the applicant s signature for bank records. Are there ATMs and what Cards can you use? Once the bank account is set up, an ATM card will be issued. ATMs are everywhere and Debit cards issued by local banks and Cirrus enabled cards can access most of the ATMs. It is very difficult for foreigners to get local credit card. In addition to the ARC and passport, it requires a local citizen as the guarantor. Normally, no local citizen will be willing to be the guarantor as it is high risk for her/him should there be an issue with the foreigner s credit card payments. There is another card option for foreigners the Debit Card. Application requirements are similar to that required for a credit card, except no local guarantor is required. One can use this card for all purchase with the limit set by the current balance in the foreigner s account at the local bank which issued her/him the debit card. The maximum period of validity for a driving permit issued in respect of an international driving licence is one year. The expiry date of the driving permit depends on the expiry date of the original international driving licence and the A.R.C, whichever expires first. Getting a local Licence. What to do and what you need: Alien Residence Certificate [ARC] with validity of over one year ( date of issuance to date of expiry must be over one year). Example : date of issuance : ~ date of expiry : Three Recent Photos (taken within past six months, 1- inch photo of front image without hat) Application Form for Driver s Licence (available at the office) Local Driver s Licence or International Driver s Licence, plus one copy (necessary only for car driver s licence) Physical check Road test Is it common practice for expat managers to rent a car on Long-term hire or to purchase a vehicle: Most of expats opt to have at least one car leased on long-term hire when they first arrive. This means they don t have to worry about the insurance, annual car exam and vehicle taxes, etc. Some families will consider buying a second vehicle for the spouse/parner for driving to buy daily consumption items. collection of children from school and other chores while the assignee drives to work. Volume 1, Issue 12 Page 11

12 Thailand The Thai expatriate community utilizes private hospitals and clinics. The quality and service is at a high international level, competitively priced. Expats are advised to register their health insurance details at one of the many hospitals: Bumrungrad Hospital, Bangkok: Samitivej Hospitals, Bangkok, Eastern Seaboard: How to open a Bank Account. What to do and what documentation do you need: Expatriates need a work permit to open a bank account. The process is easy and simple. Internet banking is available. ATM, and Bank debit and credit cards are available. This depends on your arrangement with your home bank. Are there ATMs and what Cards can you use? ATMs are available throughout Thailand and can be utilized to draw cash, make transfers and pay bills. ATMs with CIRRUS access are available in most locations. The expatriate may apply for a local bank credit card, VISA or MASTERCARD, once the local bank account has been activated. International credit card providers such as American Express and Diners are active in Thailand. Expatriates may drive in Thailand depending on their company s policy. Are International Licences recognized? Expats on long stay must obtain a Thai Licence as soon as they have their work permit. Expats on short stay within 3 months may use their International Licence. Getting a local Licence. What to do and what you need: The process depends on the assignee s status: does s/he already have a licence from another country or does s/he need to start from scratch. The requirements are comprehensive and it s advisable to have local support with the process. Reloc8-Thailand can help. Is it common practice for expat managers to rent a car on Long-term hire or to purchase a vehicle: Many companies provide a car and driver, however, most expats still want to drive themselves, and usually buy a car or motorcycle. Vehicles are expensive in Thailand and the second-hand market offers good buying opportunities. Volume 1, Issue 12 Page 12