Küreselleşmenin Toplumsal Boyutları Üzerine Bibliyografik Bir Deneme

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1 Dini Araştırmalar, Cilt: 6, s. 17, ss Küreselleşmenin Toplumsal Boyutları Üzerine Bibliyografik Bir Deneme İhsan ÇAPCIOGLU ABSTRACT A Bibliographical Essay on the Social Dimensions of Globalization. In this papeı:; it has been presented an analytical franıework on globahzation phenomenon w hi ch consists of m ulti-dimensional processes. This multiple process es are not uni!orm, as they take place in a differentiated manner in time and space. They are also of a multifaceted and cont:radictoıy nat:ure. The diverse and cont:radictoıy nat:ure of globalization processes has given rise to new global!orms with different levels of aggregation, such as global identities and has given renewedimport:ance to et:hnic and religious!orms in the shaping and re-ordering of global, regionai, national and local spaces. Paralleling these t:rends has been a resurgence of theoretical debate. about the challenges posed by globalization. Thus, this research indudes some papers and books on the related topics of globalization, such as economics, govemance, religion, politics, media, identitz cult:ure, time and space and other resources, especially specific sources on cross border canıpaigns and historical dimensions of global concepts. Keywords: Globalization, Bibliographz Religion, Social Dimensions of Globalization. Giriş Belirli bir kültür, ekonomi ya da siy'aset normunun, değer yargısının ya da kurumsal yapının küresel ölçekte yaygınille kazanarak zamanla o alanda geçerli tek norm, tek değer yargısı ya da tek kurumsal yapı haline gelmesini ifade eden "küreselleşme", kitle iletişim ve ulaşım araçlan alanında yaşanan başdöndürücü gelişmeler sonucunda kültürel, siyasi, iktisadi ve dini çeşidiliği ile dünyanın tek bir mekan olarak algılanmasını açıklayan bir kavramdır. Sosyo-kültürel yoğunluk ve bilinçlenme ile birlikte dünyayı bir bütün olarak algılama ve planlama çabalarının her geçen gün artması, dünyamızı kültürel farklılıklan ve benzerlikleri bir arada barındıran bir İrıekan haline getirmiştir. 1 Küreselleşme kııramcılarından Robertson, insanlığın eş zamanlı olarak hem benzerliğin hem de farklılığın gelişimine katkıda bulunan bir süreçten geçtiğini ve bu süreci tanımlamak için kullanılan küreselleşme kavramının sadece benzerliğin hızla yayılması anlamına gelmediğini, aynı zamanda onun kültürel, dini, siyasi, etnik ve iktisadi * Ar. Gör., Ankara Üniversitesi ilahiyat Fakültesi Din Sosyolojisi Anabilim Dalı (icapci@divinity.ankara.edu.tr). 1 Judit Bokser-Liwerant, "Globalization and Collective Identities", Soda] Compass49 (2), 2002, s. 257.

2 404 DINI ARAŞTIRMALAR farklılıklan da yeniden canlandırdığını ifade etmektedir. 2 Ayrıca Robertson, küreselleşme sürecinin bir yönünü evrensel (küresel) olanın yerelleşmesi, diğer yönünü ise yerelliklerin evrenselleşmesinin oluşturduğuna dikkat çekerek, küresel ile yerelin zannedildiği gibi birbirinin karşıtı kavramlar olmadığına işaret etmektedir. 3 Bu anlamda küreselleşme, iktisadi, siyasi, sosyal ve kültürel alanlarda bazı ortak değerlerin yerel ve ulusal sınırıatı aşarak dünya çapında yaygınlık kazanmasını ifade etmektedir. 20. yüzyılın ikinci yansından itibaren hızlı bir gelişme kaydeden bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri sayesinde ülkelerin siyasal ve iktisadi sınırlan arasındaki esneklik ve akışkanlık artmış ve böylece dünyanın bir ucunda yaşanan bir olayın olumlu ya da olumsuz etkisi kısa süre içinde diğer bölgelere de ulaşarak küresel sonuçlar ortaya çıkarmaya başlamıştrr. Bu yeni ortamda dikkat çeken önemli gelişmeler arasında uydu enformasyon sistemlerinin kurulması, ulusal kültürlerin kendi kapalı sınırlarını zorlaması, küresel tüketim ve pazarlama kalıplarının ortaya çıkması, kollektif yaşam tarzlannın gelişmesi, Milleder Cemiyeti ve Birleşmiş Milleder gibi küresel ölçekte siyasal sistemlerin kurulması, insan hakları l<avramının kapsam alanının genişlemesi, ekonomllerin birbirine daha bağımlı hale gelmesi, soğuk savaş dönemindeki politik kutuplaşmaların ortadan kalk. ması ve hemen her alanda liberal eğilimlerin güçlenmesi sayılabilir. Aynca, bu gelişmeler sonucunda dünyanın adeta "büyük bir köye" dönüştüğü pek çok kişinin ortak kanısı haline gelmiştir. 4 Bu çalışmanın amacı, yuk'!rlda tasvir edilen temel nitelikleri ile günümüz sosyal bilimlerinin en çok tartışılan kavramlarından biri olan küreselleşme fenomeni hakkında ilgili okuyucuya uluslar arasıliteratürde yayınlanmış bazı makale ve kitapların bibliyografik künyelerini tanıtmak ve bu sayede konu ile ilgili yayınlara erişim kolaylığı sağlamaktır. Elbette, ekonomiden sanata, bilimden iletişime ve politikadan uluslar arası ilişkilere kadar pek çok alanı içine alan böylesine geniş bir literatürü, sadece bibliyografik künyeleri ile bile olsa, bütünüyle tespit etmek imkan dahilinde değildir. Bu nedenle, araştırmada öncelikle küreselleşme tartışmalarının odaklandığı belli başlı alanların. ve bu alanlardaki temel tezleri ve tartışmalan ortaya koyan eserlerin tespiti amaçlanmıştrr. Böylece, küreselleşmenin kuramsal yönünün yanı sıra, toplumsal boyudan (devlet, din, ekonomi, kimlik, kültür, siyaset, medya ve zaman-mekan) ile ilgili başlıca yayınlar belirlenmeye çahşılmıştır. Bu belirlemedeki temel kriter, küreselleşme tartışmalarınm sosyal bilimlerin neredeyse bütün alanlarını kuşatan bir çok yönlülüğe sahip olmasıdır. Aynca, eserlerin bibliyografik künyeleri verilirken yazarların soyadiarına göre bir sıralama takip edilmiştir. Konu ile ilgili olarak tespit edebildiğimiz kaynaklar şunlardır: 2. Roland Robertson, "Globalization and the Future oftraditional Religion", Gad and Globalization: Religion and The Powers of The Comman Life içinde, editör! er: Max L. S taekhouse ve Peter J. Paris, Trinity Press International, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 2000, Cilt. 1, s. 56, 57. 3; Roland Robertson, "Mapping the Global Condition: Globalization as the Central Concept", Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modemı!yiçinde, ed. Mike Featherstone, London: sage, 1990, s Mustafa Acar, "Ekonomik, Siyasal ve Sosyo-Kültürel Boyutlanyla Küreselleşme: Tehdit mi, Fırsat mı?", Liberal Düşünce Küreselleşme Özel Sayısı (Kış-Bahar 2002), S , s _,_..,,_-"t'~

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9 IHSAN ÇAPCIOGLU 411 -:-:-==---' 11ıe TwilightofSovereignf$NewYork: Schribner's, VAYRYNEN, Raimo, Globalizadon and Global Govemance, New York, Rowman & Littlefield Pubishers, YOUNG, Oran R., George J. Demko ve Kilaparti Ramakrishna, eds. Global Environmental Change and Intemadonal Govemance, Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, Küreselleşme ve Din ABE, Yoshiya, "Religion in the Emerging Global Religions: A Comment on Davie, Nakajima, Robertson and Rousselet'', Sodal Compass41!1, (1994), AHMED, Ekber S. ve Donnan Hastings, ed. Islam, Globalizadon and Postmodemif$ London: Routledge, AMBLER, Rex, Global Theology: The MeaningofFaitlı in The Present World Crisis, London and Philadelphia: SCM(llinity, BARBER, Benjamin ve Andrea Schulz, eds. Jihad vs. Mc World: Ho w Globalism and Triba Jism are Reshaping the World., New York: B allantine Books, BEYER, Peter, Religion and Globalizadon, London: Sage Publications, ,~ "Globalizing Systeıns, Global Cultural Models and Religions", Intemadonal Sodology13(1), (1994), '---'"Modem Emergence ofreligions anda Global Social System for Religion", Intemadona1Sodology13!2, (June 1998), , "Secularization from the Perspective of Globalization", William H. Swatos Jr ve D ani el V. A. O ls on, eds. The Secularizadon Debate içinde. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, BIBBY, R. W., Fragmented Gods, Toronto: Irwin, CASANOVA, Case, "Religion 'the NewMillenium' and Globalization", SodologyofReligion 62/4 (2001), COBB, John B., Sustaining the Comman Good: A Chrisdan Perspecdve on the Global Econom% Cleveland, Ohio: Pilgrim Press, =~=""' The Eaıthist ChaUenge to Economism: A Theolo"gical Cridque of the World Baıık, New York: St. Martin's Press, CO LEMAN, S. ve John J., ed. One Hundred Years of Catholic Sodal Thought., Maryknoll NY: Orbis Books, CURRAN, Charles, Catholic Sodal Teaching Sin ce 1891: A Histarical Theological and Ethical Analysis, Washington DC: Georgetown University Press, DAVIE, Grace, "The Religious Factor in the Emergen ce of Euro pe as a Global Region", Soda] Compass41!1, (1994), DJAJASUGITA, A., "Ahmediyye and Globalization", The LightJuly-September EL-MİLAD, Zeki, "Islamic Thought and the Islamic Discussion of Globalization", Middle EastAffairsJoumal1999, no EVANS, Atice E, R. A. Evans ve D. A. Roozen, eds. The Globalizadon oftheological Educadon, Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Bçıoks, FALK, Richard, Religion and Humane Global Govemance, Palgrave, JfAYNES, Jeff, Religion, Globalizadon and Polidcal Culture in the Third World., New York: St. Martin's Press, HEFNER, R. W., "Multiple Modernities: Christianism, Islam and Hinduism ina Global Age", Annual Review of Antlıropology27 (1998). HElM, S. M., "Mapping Globalization for Theological Education", Theological Educadon, Supplementl (1990), ":~ ,

10 412 DINI ARAŞTIRMALAR HOLLENBACH, David, Claims in ConDict: The Catholic Human Rights Tradition, New York: Paulist Press, =---' The Comman Good and Christian Ethics., New York: Cambridge University Press, HUBAND, Mark, Wamors of The Prophet: The Struggle for Islam, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, JACK, Homer A., Religion in the Struggle for World Communitz New York: World Canference on Religion and Peace, JUERGERNSMEYER, Mark, Terfor in the Min d of Gad: The Global Rise ofreligious Violence, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001., A New C old War: Religious Nationalism Caniran ts the S ecular S ta te, B erkel ey: University of California Pı:ess, KARADAYİ, Yusuf, el-muslim un ve1-avleme, Kahire: Dar et-tevzi' ve'n-naşr el~islamiyye, ~ KEOWN, Darnien ve Diğerleri, Buddhism and Human Rights, Surrey, England: Curzon, KEPEL, Gilles, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2002;. KUTUB, Muhammed, el-muslim un ve1-avleme, Kahire: Dar eş-şuruk, LECHNER, E J., "Religion, Law and Global Order'', R. Robertson ve W. R. Garret, eds. Religion and Glo_bal Orderiçinde. New York: ParagonHouse, MOTHLABI, Mokhgethi B., "Ethical Implication of Globalization for Church, Religion and Society'', Religıon and TheologyBil (2001), MUZAFFAR, Chandra, "Globalization and Religion: Some Reflections", Globalization: The Perspectives and Experiences of the Religious Traditions of Asia Paci.ficiçinde, e ds. Joseph A. Camilieri ve Chandra M uzaffar, Selangor, Malezya: International MovementforajustWorld, 1998., ve Sulak Sivaraska, Altemative Politics for Asia:A Buddhist-Muslim Dialogue, Kuala Lumpur, Malezya: International Mavement for a just World, MAZRUİ, Ali A., "Globalization, Islam and The West: Between Homogenization and Hegemonization", The American Joumal oflslamic Social Sciences ıs (1998), no.3. NAIPAUL, V. S., Beyand Belief: Islamic Excursions Among the Converted Peoples_ New York: Vintage Books, A Divjsion ofrandom House, Ine., ROBERTSON, ;Roland, "Religion, Global Complexity and the Human Condition",Absolu~e Values and the Creation of the New World içinde, Vol. I. New York: International Cultural Foundation, :---' "The Sacred and the World Syste171", P. Hammond, ed. The Sacredina Seeular Age içinde, CA: University of California Press, , ve Joann Chirico, "Humanity, Globalization and Worldwide Religious Resurgence", Sodological AnalysıSFalll :-::-:--:ı "From Secularization to Globalization", Joumal of Oriental Studies 26 (1), (1987), , "AN ew Perspective on Religion and Secularization in The Global Co n text'', Secularization and Fundamentelism Reconsiderect Cilt 3, ed. J. K. Hadden-A. Shupe, New York: Raragon House, , ve William Garrett, eds. Religıon and Global Ordeı; New York: Paragon House, , "Religion and the Global Field", Social Compass4l {1), 1994, , "Globalization and the Future oftraditional Religion", Gad and Globalization: Religion and The Powers of The Comman Life içinde, eds. Max L. S taekhouse

11 IHSAN ÇAPCIOGLU 413 ve Peter J. Paris, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Trinity Press International, 2000, Cilt. ı, SMART, Ninian, "Religion and Globalization",ReWsion22/2 (Fallı999). STACKHOUSE, Max L., "Globalization and Theology in America Today'', W. C. Roof, ed. World Orde_r and Religion içinde, Albany; NY: State University of New York Press, ı991., ve Peter J. Paris, eds. Gad and Globalization: Religion and The Powers of the Comman Life, Cilt ı, Harrisburg/Pennsylvania: Trinity Press International, TURNER, B. S., "Cosmopolitan Virtue: On Religion ina Global Age", Europen Journal of Social Theory4/2, (200ı), ı3ı-ı52. WARBURG, M., "Religious Organizations in a Global World a Comparative Perspective", The Spiritual Supennarket: Religious Pluralism in the Twenty First CentulJ{ London School ofeconomics, Aprilı9-22, ::> "Baha'i: A Religious Approach to Globalization", Soda] Compass46!ı, (ı999), Küreselleşme ve Ekonomi AGUETTA, Michel, Anton Brenderve Virginie Coudert, Globalisation Finandere: l'aventure Oblige,Paris: Economica, ı990. AMIN, Samir, Capitalismin the Age of Globalization: The Management of Contemporaıy Sodet}{ London, Zed Books, ı997.,el Capitalismo en la Era de la Globalizad6n. Paid6s, Barcelona, ı999. ANDERSON, Saralı, John Cavanagh, Thea Lee ve The Institute for Policy Studies, Field Guide to The Global EconomxNewYork: The New Press, APPADURAl, Arjun, "Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy'', Public Culture2.2 (ı990), ARISTIDE, Jean-Bertrand, Eyes of the Heart: Seeking a Path for the Poor in the Age of Globalization, Laura Flynn, ed. Monroe, ME: Comman Courage Press, BLANK, Stephen, "How Globalization and Freer Trade are Cereating a New Architecture of North America", Hofstra Labor Law Joumalıo (Spring ı993), 609. BOURDIEU, Pierre, Acts ofresistance: Against the Jyranny of the Market., New York: New York Press, ı999. BRECHER, Jeremy ve Tim Costello, Global Village or Global Pillage: Economic Reconstruction From the Battom Up, Bostan: South End Press, ı ,-..,..' Tim Costello ve Brendan Smith, Globalization from Below: The Power of Solidarit}{ Cambridge, MA: South End Press, BRUBAKER, Pamela K., Globalization at What Price?: Economic Change and Daily Life, Cleveland, OH: Pilgrim Press, 200ı. BURTLESS, Gary ve Diğerleri, Globalphobia: Canfronting Fears about Global Trade, Washington DC: Brookings Institution, ı998. BRYAN, Lowell L. ve Diana Farrell, Market Unbound: Unleashing Global Capitalism, New York: John Wiley, ı996. CAM OY, Martin ve Diğerleri, The New Global Economy in the Infannation Age, University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, ı993. CANDLAND, Christopher ve Rudra Sil, The Politics aflabor in a Global Age: Continuity and Change in Late-Industralizing and Post-Sodalist Economies, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, CHOSSUDOVSKY, Michel, The Globalisation ofpoverty: Impacts of!mf and World Bank Refonns, London: Zed Books, ı997. COBB, John B., Sustaining the Comman Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Eco- : :! J ,

12 414 DINI ARAŞTIRMALAR nomzcleveland, Ohio: PilgrimPress, 1994., The Earthist ChaDenge to Economism: A Theological Cdtique of the World Bank., New York: St. Martin's Press, COHEN, Benjamin J., "Phoenix Risen: The Resurrection of Global Finance", World Politics 48 (1996), CRAFTS, N. E, Globalization and Growth in the Twentieth Centuı:z International Monetary Fund Research Department, CVETKOVICH, Ann ve Douglas Kellner, Articulating ihe Global and the Local: Globalization and Cultural Studies, Boulder: Wesı:View Press, DANAHER, Kevin ve Roger Burbach,_eds. Globalize This!: The Batde against the World Trade Organization and Corporate Rule, Monroe, ME: Comman Courage Press, , Corporations are Gonna Get Your M ama: Globalization and The Downsi- zing of The Amedcan D re am, Monroe, Me.: Comman Courage Press, DAS, Dilip K., Global Trading System at the Crossroads: A Post Seattle Perspective, New York: Routledge, DIRIJK, Arif, "The Postcolonial Aura: Third World Criticism in the Age of Global Capitalism", Critica] Inquiıy20.2 (Winter 1994): ; DUNNING, John H, ed. Regions, Globalization and the Knowledge-Based Economz Oxford: Oxford University Press, EMMERIJ, Louis, "Globalization, Regionalization and World Trade", Columbia Joumal of World Business27 (Summer 1992), FEMANDEZ, Jilberto Alex, Regionalization and Globalization in the Modem World Economy: Perspectives on the 11ıird World and TransilionaJ Economies, New York: Routledge, FIREBAUGH, Glenn, The New Geography of Global Ineome Inequality; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, GIDDENS, Anthony ve Will Hutton, eds. On the Edge: Living with Global Capital., New York: Randam House, GRAHAM, Edward M., "Beyond Borders: On the Globalization of Business", Harvard Review15 (Summer 1993), GRAY, John, False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Çapitalism, New York: The New Press, GREIDER., William, One World, Readyor Not: The M ani c Logic of Global Capitalism, New York, Simon & Schuster, HART, Jeffrey A. ve Aseem Prakash, 'The De eline of 'Embedded Liberalism' and the Rearticulation of the Keynesian W elfare State", (Aseem Prakash.ile birlikte), New Political Economz 2 (March 1997), HIRST, Paul, 'The Global Economy: Myth and Realities", lntemational.affiıirs, 73 (1997), ,,ve Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question: The lntemational Eco-. nomy and the Possibilities ofgovemance, Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, HOOGVELT, Ankie M. M., Globalization and the Postcolonial World: The New Political EconomyofDevelopment,Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.

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14 416 DINI ARAŞTIRMALAR University Press, ı998., ve Weiıning Th, Confucianism and Human Rights_ New York: Columbia University Press, ı 998. DOWER, N. ve Williams, J., eds. Global Citizenship: A Cdtical Introduction, Routledge: New York, EDWARDS, Michael ve John Gaventa, e ds. Global Citizen Action, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 200ı. HALL, Stuart, "The Local imd the Global: Globalization and Ethnicity'', Anthony D. King, ed. Culture, Globah'zation and the World-System içinde, Binghamton, NY: Dept. of Art and Art History, State University of New York, ı99ı, ı =--'"Old and New Identities, Old and New Ethnicities", Culture, Globalization and the World-System: ConiemporaryConditions for the Representation ofldentityiçinde, ed. Anthony D. King. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, ı997, 4ı-68. HEELAS, Paul, Scott Lash ve Paul Morris, eds. Detraditionalization: Critical Reflections on Authodty and Iden til]) Oxford: Blackwell, ı 996. HUNfiNGTON, Samuel P., "The Clash of Civilizations?", Foreign Affairs 72.3 (Summer ı993), :--' ;'The West: Unique, Not Universal", Foreign Affairs 75.6 (November/December ı996), KAPSTEIN, Ethan B., "We Are Us: The Myth of the-multi-national", The National Interest (Winter ı99ı), KING, Anthony, ed. Culturc; Globalization and the World-System: ContemporaryConditions for the Representation of! den til]) Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, ı997. KYMUCKA, W. ve Norman, W., "Return of the Citizen: A Survey ofrecent Work on Citizenship Theory'', Roland Beiner, ed. Theodzing Citizenship içinde, New York: Suny Press, ı995. MPITUTIK, Martin ve Joseph Beck, Postnational Iden til]) New York: Guilford Press, ı993. MITTLEMAN, Alan, "Pluralism: Identity, Civility and the Comman Good", Modem Judaism 2ı (2), 200ı,ı25-ı45. MUNAR, Zdravko, "Individuation and Globalization: The Transformatian of Territorial Social Organization", Zdravko Mlinar, ed. Globalization and Territadal Jdentities içinde, Aldershot: Avebury, ı 992, ı5-34. MUNAR, Zdravko, Globalization and Terdtodal Jdentities_ Vermont, Avebury, ı 992. MORLEY, David ve Kevin Robins, Spaces ofldentity: Global Media, Electronic Landscapes and Cultural Boundades_ London: Routledge, ı 995. NONINI, Donald M., "Situated Identities, Positioned Imaginaries: Transnational Traversals and Reversals by Malaysian Chinese", Aihwa Ong ve Donald M. Nonini, eds. Ungrounded Empiresiçinde, New York: Routledge, ı OOMMEN, T. K., Citizenship and National Jdentity: From Colonialism to Globalism, Sage: NewDelhi, SAHIN, Haluk ve Asu Aksoy, "Global Media and Cultural Identity in Turkey'', Joumal of Communication43, no. 2 (ı993): 3ı-41. TAM, Henry, Communitarianism: A New Agenda for Politics and Citizenship, London: Macmillan, ı998.. WERBNER, Pnina ve Tariq Modood, eds. Debating Cultural Hybddity: Multi-Cultural Jdentities and the Politics of Anti-Racism, London: ZED Books, ı 997. YAEGER, Patricia, The Geographyofldentı'tz Ann Arbor MI: University of Michigan Press, ı996.

15 IHSAN ÇAPCIOGLU 417 Küreselleşme ve Killtür ABOU-EL-HAJ, Barbara, "Languages andmodelsfor Cultural Exchange", Culture, Globalizatian and the World-System: Contemporary Conditions for the Representation of Identity; ed. Anthony D. King. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997, AOKI, Tomatsu, Peter L. Berger ve Samuel P. Huntington, e ds. Many Globalizations: Cultural Diversity in the Contemporary World, New York: Oxford University Press, APPADURAI, Arjun, "Grassroots Globalization and the Research Imagination", Public Cul~ ture12.1 (Winter2000), 1-19.,"Global Ethnoscapes: Notes and Queries for a TransnationalAnthropology'', Richard Fox, ed. Recapturing Anthropology: Working in the Presentiçinde, Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, , Modemity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, BAMMER, Angelika, ed. DisplacementS: Cukural Jdentities in Question, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, BIRD, John, B. Curtis, T. Putnam, G. Robertson ve L. Tickner, eds. Mapping the Futures: Local Cultures, Global Change, London: Routledge, BUELL, Frederick, "N arionalist Postnationalism: Globalist Discourse in Contemporary American Culture", Amedcan QuarterlyNo.3, Vol.50 (September 1998), , National Culture and the New Global System, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, COMWELL, Grant H. ve Eve W. Stoddard, eds. Global Multiculturalism, Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield Publishers, CVETKOVICH, Ann ve Douglas Kellner, "Introduction", Articulating the Global and the Local: Globalization and Cultural Studiesiçinde, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, DURING, Simon, "Popular Culture ona Global Scale: A Challenge for Cultural Studies?", Critica] Inquiry23, no. 4 (1997): FEI\I'HERSTONE, Mike, "Global Culture: An lntroduction", Mike Featherstone, ed. Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization, and Modemityiçinde, Thousand O aks, CA: Sage, 1990, :-:---'"Global and Local Cultures", Mapping the Futures: Local Cultures, Global Change içinde, ed. Jon Bird ve Diğerleri, London: Routledge, , ed. Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization, and Modemitx London: Sage, 1990.,ed. Global Modemities, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, GERSHMAN, Carl, "The Clash within Civilizations", Joumal of Democracy 8.4 (1997), HANNERZ, Ulf, "Cosmopolitans and Leeals in World Culture", Mike Featherstone, ed. Gl o. bal Cultureiçinde, NewburyPark, CA: Sage, 1990, , "Notes on the Global Ecumene", Public Culture1.2 (1989), , "Scenarios for Peripheral Cultures", Anthony D. King, ed. Culture, Globalizatian and the World-System içinde, Binghamton, NY: Department of Art and Art History, S ta te University of New York,.1991, ,-.---' Transnational Connections: Culture, People, Places, London: Routledge, HARİB, Sa'id, es-sekafe ve'l-avlem, el-ayn BAE: Darel-Kitab el-carni'i, JAMES ON, Fredric ve Masa o Miyoshi, eds. The Cultures of Globalization, Durham: Duke University Press, ~ _..,

16 418 DINI ARAŞTIRMALAR ROBBINS, Bruce, Feeling Global: Jntemationalism in Distres~ New York: New York University Press, ROSEN, Robert, Patricia Digh, Marshall Singer ve Carl Phillips, Global Li tera des: Lessons on Business LeadeT$hip and National Cqlture~ New York: Simon & Schuster, SACK, R., Human Territoriality: /ts Theory and HistoiJÇ Ccunbridge: Cambridge University Press, SAID, Edward, Culture and Imperialism, New York: Vıntage, SURIN, Kenneth, "On Producing the Concept of a Global Culture", South Ad an tic Quiıterly94, no. 4 (1995 Fall), \YLOfl., Charles ve Diğerleri, Multiculturalism: Examining The Politics of Recognition, Princeton: Princeton University Press, TOMUNSON, John, Globalization and Gulture, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, TURIM, Maureen, "Specificity and Culture", Culture., Globalization and the World-System: ContemporaryConditions for the Representation of!dentityiçi.nde, ed. Anthony D. King. Minneapolis: UniversityofMinnesotaPress, 1997, WOLFF, Janet, "The Global and the Specific: Reconciling Conflicting Theories of Culture", Culture, Globalization and the World-System: Contemporary Conditions for the Representation of!dentityiçi.nde, ed. Anthony D. King. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, Küreselleşme ve Medya BOYD-BARRETT, Oliver ve Terhi Rantanen, The Globalization of New~ London, S age, BRADLEY, Stephen P., Jerry A. Hausmann ve Richard L. N olan, eds. Globalization, Technology and Competition: The Fusion of Computel"$ and Telecommunications in the 1990~ Boston: Harvard Business School Press, BRAMAN, Sandra ve Annabeli Sreberny-Mohammad, Globalization, Communication and Transnational Civil Sodet}fNew Jersey, Harnpton Press, CHAN, Joseph M. ve Bryce T. Mclntyre, eds.ln Search of Boundaries: Communication, Nation-states and Cultural Identitie~ Westport, CT: Ablex Publishers, GALTUNG, Johan ve Richard C. Vıncent, Global Glasnost: Toward a New World Infannation and Communication Ordeı:?, Cresskill, N.J.: Harnpton Press, HERMAN, E. S. ver. W. McChesney, The Global Media, London: Cassell, JAMES, Jeffrey, Globah'zation, Infannation Technology and Development, New York, St. Martin's Press, LOUCH, H., Hargittai, E. ve Centeno, M. A., "Phone Calls and Fax Machines: The Limits to Globalization", The Washington Quarteri,x22 (2), 83: MI\ITELART, Arınan d, The Invention of Communication, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, ' Mapping World Communication: Waı; Progres~ Culture, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, ' MELUHAN, Marshall ve Bruce R. Powers, The Global Vıllage: Transfonnations in World Life aiıd Media in the 21st Cent:zır% Oxford: Oxford University Press, NOAM, Eli M. ve Joel C. Millonzi, eds. Globalism and Localism in Telecommunication~ New York: Elsevier, TEHRANIAN, M., Global Communication and World Politics: Domination, Development and Discourse, Lynne Rienner Publishers: Boulder, CO, f

17 IHSAN ÇAPCIOGLU 419 Küreselleşme ve Siyaset AUDRETSCH, David B. ve Charles E Bonser, eds. Globalization and Regionalization: Chal Jenges for Public Policz Bostan: Kluwer, BARNET, RiChard ve John Cavanagh, Global Dreams: Imperial Corporations and the New World Orde.r; New York, Simon & Schuster, ı994. BAYLIS, J. ve Steve Smith, eds. The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to Intemational Relations(2. Baskı), Oxford: Oxford University Press, BECK, Ulrich, Weltrisikogeselschaft., Weltöffentlichkeit und Globale Subpolitilç Vortrag im Al ten Rathaus, Picus Verlag, Wien, ı 996.,La sodedad de Riesgo, Paid6s, Barcelona, Madrid, ı998. BHAGWATI, Jagdish, The Wind of the Hundred Days: How washington Mismanaged Globalization, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, BONEFELD, Werner ve Kosmas Psychopedis, eds. The Politics of Change: Globalization, Ideolotm and Critique, New York: Palgrave, CERNY, Philip G., "Globalization and the Changing Logic of Collective Action", Intemational Organization49 (ı995), CHOMSKY, Noam, "Power in the Global Arena", New Left Review(July-August ı 984), no CO HEN, Edward S., The Politics ofglobalization in The United States, Washington, D.C: Georgetown University Press, 200 ı. DALY, H., "Globalization and its Discontents", Philosophy and Public Policy Quarterly2ı, 2/3. DAVUTOGLU, Ahmet, "Globalization and the Grisis oflndividual and Civilizational Crisis", Globality versus Democracy?: The Changing Nature oflntemational Relations in the Era ofglobalizationiçinde, ed. Hans Köchler, Viyana: International Press Organization, DIERKS, Rosa Gomez, Introduction to Globalization: Political and Economic Perspectives for the New Centurz Chicago: Bumham Publishers, 200ı. FALK, Ricjıard, On Humane Govemance: Toward a New Global Politics, PA: Penn State University Press, ı 995. GILL, Stephen, "Globalization, Democratization and the Politics. oflndifference", James H. Mittelman, ed. Globalization: Critica] Reflectionsiçinde, Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner Publishers, ı996, GROSSBERG, Lawrence, "Speculations and Articulations of Globalization", Polygraph ll, (ı 999), ll -48. (New Metropolitan Forms Özel Sayısı). GUMMETT, P., ed. Globalization and Public Po li ez Brookfield, Vt.: Edward Elgar, ı996. GUP'D\, Satya Dev; The Political Economy of Globalization, Bostan, Zed Books, ı997. HABERMAS, Jürgen, The Structural Transformatian of the Public Sphere, Cambridge: MIT, ı99ı (ı962). HARRIS, Errol E. ve James A. Yunker, eds. Toward Genuine Global Govemance: Critica] Reactions to O ur Global Neighborhood, Westport, CT: Praeger, ı 999. HAYNES, Jeff, Religion, Globalization and Political Culture in the Third World, New York, St. Martin's Press, ı999. HELD, David ve Anthony MeGrew, e ds. The Global Transformations Readeı; Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2000., Anthony McGrew, David Goldblatt ve Jonathan Perraton, Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture, Stanford: Stanford University Press, ı 999.,,Democracyand the Global Orde~; Stanford: Stanford University Press, ı995. HEROD, Andrew ve Diğerleri, An Unruly WorJd?: Globalization, Govemance and GeographzNewYork: Routledge, ı998. ~

18 420 DINI ARAŞTIRMALAR HUNTINGTON, Samuel P., The Clash ofcivilizations and the RemaldngofWorld Orde~; New York: Simon and Schuster, KARLINER, J., The Corporate Planet: Ecology and Politics in the Age of Globalization, San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, KEYMAN, E. Fuat, "Globalization, Civil Society and Democracy in Thrkey", D. Durst, ed. Civil Society in Southeast Europeiçinde, London: Vertigo, KHOR, Martin, Re thinking Globalization: Critica/!ss u es and Policy Choices., London, New York: Zed, KIELY, Ray ve Phil Marfleet, Globalisadon ;pıd the Third Worlti New York, Routledge,1998. KO RTEN, David, Gl abafizing Civil Society: Redaiming O ur Right to Powe~; New York: Seven Stories Press, 1998., When Corporadons Rule The World Wes~ Hartford, Conn.: Kumarian Press, KRUGMAN, Paul, "Regionalism versus Multilateralism: Analytical Notes", Jaime de Melo ve Arvind Panagariya, eds. New Dimensions in Region al Integradon içinde, (1993). KUNG, Hans, A Global Ethics for Global Politics and Economics., New York: Oxford University Press, LEWIS, Bernard, Wlıat Went Wrong? Westem Jmpact and Mkldle Eastem Response, New York: Oxford University Press, UPSHUTZ, R. P., "Reconstructing World Politics: The Emergence of Global Civil Society'', Millennium: Joumal oflntemational Studies21.3 (1992), MAHBUBANI, Kishore, "The Dangers of Decadence: What the Rest Can Tea ch the West?", ForeignAffairs73.4 (1993), , MAZARR, Michael J., Global Trends 2005: Ali Owner's Manual for the Next Decade,New York: St. Martin's Press, SASSEN, Saskia, Losing Control? Sovereignty in an Age of Globalization_ New York: Columbia University Press, \BB, W. K., "The Arnoral Elephant: Gİobalization and The Struggle for Social Justice in The Twenty-First Century", Monthly Review Press2001, ' The Global Cit}J Princeton: Princeton University Press, THOMAS, Caroline ve Peter Wilkin, Globalizadon and the South, New York, St. Martin' s Press, THOMAS, Janet, The Battle in Seattle: The Stoıy Behind and Beyand the WTO Demonstrations, Fulcrum Publication, WALLACH, Lon ve Michelle Sforza, Whose Trade Organization?: Corporate Globalizadon and the Erosion ofdemocracz Public Citizen Ine., 1999., WTO: Five Years of Reasons to Resİst Corporate Globalizadon, New York: Seven Stories Press, WALLERSTEIN, Immanuel, TheModem World-System,NewYork, 1974.,, The PoHdcs of the World Economz Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, WEB ER, St~ven, Gl abalizatian and the European Po li d cal Economz New York: Columbia University Press, Küreselleşme ve Zaman-Mekan APPADURAI, Arjun, "Introduction: Place and Voice in Anthropological Theory", Cu/tura/ Aıithropology3.1 (1988), DODGSHON, Robert, "Human Geography at the End of Time? Some Thoughts on the Notion oftime-space Compression", Environment and Planning: Society and Spa-

19 IHSAN ÇAPCIOGLU 421 ce17 (1999), GREGORY, David, Geographical Jmagination5ı Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, HARVEY, David, The Condition of Postmodemity: An Inquiry into the On"gins of Cultural Change,Oxford, UK: Blackwell, KEITH, Michael ve Steve Pile, eds. Place and the Politics of Jdentitx London, New York: Routledge, lavie, Sarnar ve Te d Swedenburg, e ds. Displacement, Diaspora and Geographies of!dentitx Durham and London: Duke University Press, MASSEY, Doreen, "Politics and Space/Time", M. Keith ve S. Pile, eds. Place and the Politics of!dentityiçinde, London: Routledge, 1993., "Power Geometry anda Progressive S ense ofplace", John Bird ve Diğerleri, eds. Mapping the Futures: Local CultureSı Global Changeiçinde, London: Routledge, O'TUATHAIL, G., ve Timothy Luke, "Building Blocks: Deterritorilization and Reterritorilization in the New Wor(l)d Order'', Annals of the Assodation of Amedcan Geographers(October 1993). ROBERTSON, Roland, "Globalization: Time-Space and Homogeneity-Heterogeneity'', Mike Featherstone, ed. Global Modem Citiesiçinde, London: S age, SACK, R., Place, Modemity and the Cansamers World, Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press, SOJA, Edward, Postmodem Geographies: the Reassertion of Space in Cdtical Social TheoıxLondon: Verso, Sonuç Bu eserlerin sadece konu bruılıklan bile küreselleşme olgusunun kapsam alanınının ne kadar geniş olduğu konusunda yeterince bilgilendiricidir. Sonuç olarak, ister emperyalizmin "çağdaş versiyonu" şeklinde değerlendirilerek karşı çıkılsın, ister yeni dünya düzeninin ekonomik, siyasi ve kültürel kurgusunu oluşturmak amacıyla savunulsun, küreselleşme ve sonuçlan hakkında yapılan tartışmalar günümüzün sosyal bilimleri içinde önemli bir yer işgal etmeye devam etmektedir. 5 Küreselleşme, siyasi, kültürel, iktisadi ve dini boyutlan ile toplumsal bir olgudur ve bu olguya karşı çıkmak ya da taraf olmak çok anlamlı tavırlan ifade etmez. Eğer tarihin teleolojik olarak ileri giden bir düzlem olduğu düşünülürse, küreselleşme hiç şüphesiz ileri doğru atılmış bir adımdır. Elbette küreselleşme, toplumsal hayatta bazı problemleri de beraberinde getirecektir. Ancak bu problemler, mevcut durumun tamamen karşısında olmak gibi bir sonucu ortaya çıkarırsa, bu tavır gerçekçi bir zemin arayışının önünde engel teşkil edecektir. Küreselleşme, toplumsal ve kültürel pek çok sürecin değişmesi anlamına gelmekte ve bu değişim süreci bilinen ideblojik yaklaşımlan geçersiz kılmaktadır. Dolayısıyla,. ideolojik niteliği ağır basan yaklaşımların sağlıklı ve kabul edilebilir sonuçlar ortaya çıkarmasını beklemek geçerli bir yol gibi görünmemektedir. Bu noktada küreselleşmenin bir fiili durum olduğunun kabulü önem kazanmaktadır. Taraf olmak ya da karşı çıkmak yerine "durum belirlemeyi" önemli S. Hayriye Erbaş- M. Kemal Çoşkun, Küreselleşme, Yerellik ve Demokrasi: İslam Tartışmalan ve Türkiye,!IL UlusalSosyolojiKongresi Dünya'da ve Türldye'de Farklılaşma Çatışma Bütünleşme II, Ankara, 2002, s ',"!' ---

20 422 DINI ARAŞTIRMALAR hale getiren bu süreçte, yep.i durumun getirilerinin arttınlması ve olumsuzluklannın asgariye indirilmesi için çaba sarf edilmesi gerçekçi ve yapıcı bir tavır olacaktır. Yıne küreselleşmenin ortaya çıkardığı durumun olumsuzluklarını öne çıkarmak ve karamsar tablolar çizmek, geciktirilmeye gelmez sorunların çözümünü ertelemekten öte her hangi bir işieve sahip olmayacaktır. 6 Küreselleşmenin yol açtığı olumsuz sonuçlar, bu sürecin bütünüyle reddedilmesini gerektirmemelidir. Aksine, küreselleşme sürecinin yaratacağı imkanlardan fayda sağlamak kadar, zararlarından kaçınma yollarını da öğrenmek durumunda olduğumuzu düşünüyorum. 6. Şenol Ba:ıtürk, "Bir Olgu Olarak Küreselleşme", İş-Güç E-Dergi (2003), c. 3, S. 2.