TECHNOLOGIES FOR ARSENIC MITIGATION
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1 Arsenic Contamination in South-east Asia Region : TECHNLGIES FR ARSENIC MITIGATIN M. Feroze Ahmed Ph.D., FIE, MASCE Professor of Civil/Environmental Engineering Bangladesh Univ. of Eng. & Tech., Dhaka, Bangladesh utline of Presentation Arsenic Contamination: Global and South-east Asia Scenario Arsenic Mitigation Water Supply Technologies Arsenic Detection and Measurement Technologies Costs of Water Supply for Arsenic Mitigation
2 Worldwide Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater FAIRBANKS. ALASKA ALEUTIAN ISLANDS WESTERN U.S.A. LAGUNERA DISTRICT. MEXIC BRITISH CLUMBIA EL SALVADR YELLWSTNE PARK NRTH- CENTRAL MEXIC ZIMAPAN VALLEY HALIFAZ. NVA SCTIA DMINICA SUTH-WEST ENGLAND MASSIF CENTRAL. FRANCE ASHANTI REGIN. GHANA GREAT HUNGARIANPLAIN. HUNGARY. RMANIA LAVRIN PENINSULA. GREECE INNER MNGLIA. CHINA XINJIANG PRVINCE. SHANXI CHINA PRVINCE. CHINA BENGAL DESTA. WEST BENGAL. BANGLADESH RED RIVER DELTA VIETNAM RNPHIBUN DISTRICT. THAILAND TAIWAN KAMCHATKA KYUSHU. JAPAN ZIMBABWE ANTFAGASTA CHILE NRTH-WEST ARGENTINA SUTHAFRICA LEGEND Arsenic-affected aquifers Arsenic related to mining operations Geothermal waters CHAC-PAMPEAN PLAIN. ARGENTINA WAIRAKI. NEW ZEALAND
3 ARSENIC MITIGATIN WS TECHNLGIES Treatment of Arsenic Contaminated Water; Alternative water Supply ptions Treatment of surface water Deep tubewell; Dug/Ring well; Rainwater harvesting; 0 Piped Water Supply adopting any of the above Technological ption
4 TREATMENT F ARSENIC CNTAMINATED WATER Major Treatment Processes xidation and Sedimentation Coagulation and Filtration Aluminium Alum Iron salts Naturally ccurring Iron Sorptive Filtration Activated Alumina Granulated Ferric Hydroxide/xide Metallic Iron/ Iron re Synthetic Composite Active Materials Ion Exchange Membrane Filtration Nano Filtration Reverse smosis
5 TREATMENT F ARSENIC CNTAMINATED WATER Processes Mainly Based on xidation Passive Sedimentation ( Bashi Pani) In-situ xidation Solar xidation (SRAS) Advantage No Chemical added Limitations 1400 mm 1100 mm Not reliable Reduction is variable Inlet to TW Tray (75 mm slope) 600 mm 35 mm GI pipe Reduction is dependent on alkalinity, presence of adsorbing substances like iron, aluminum etc. Section X-X 150 mm Wash out 75 mm
6 TREATMENT F ARSENIC CNTAMINATED WATER Coagulation, Co-precipitation And Adsorption Processes - Household Units Top Bucket Bottom Bucket Flexible Plastic Pipe Cloth Screen Chemicals Mixing stick Transfer of chemical mixed water Main bucket Interior bucket Slits PVC Slotted Screen Sand Filter Filte r sand utlet with cloth filter Plastic pipe to deliver treated water Bucket Treatment Unit Stevens Institute Technology
7 TREATMENT F ARSENIC CNTAMINATED WATER Coagulation, Co-precipitation And Adsorption Processes - Community Units A - Mixing; B - Flocculation; C - Sedimentation; D - Filtration (Up-flow) A B B D C Tubewell Attached Unit Gear system Fill and Draw Units Cover Impeller Tank Sludge withdrawal pipe Handle Filtration unit Treated water
8 TREATMENT F ARSENIC CNTAMINATED WATER Aeration, Adsorption and Filtration Process - Small Town Water Supply Aeration verhead water tank Chlorination Filter bed As-Fe Removal plant at For Urban Water Supply Pump Inlet pipe Back washing Pump Water supply 100 Correlation Between Arsenic and Iron Removal Arsenic Removal,% y = x R 2 = Iron Removal, %
9 TREATMENT F ARSENIC CNTAMINATED WATER Sorptive Filtration- Household Type Lid xidation Sedimentation Unit Activated Alumina Sand Filtratio n Unit Iron Coated Crushed Brick Particles Perforated Plate Covered Cloth Support Treated Water in a Bucket Flexible Water Delivery Pipe BUET Activated Alumina Shapla Filter Raw Water Adsorbing Media Arsenic Contaminated Tubewell Water Arsenic safe Water Filter Media 1 Sand, IronFillings & Brick Chips Filter Media 2 Sand, Charcoal & Brick Chips Filtered Water SAFI Filter Sono 3-Kalshi
10 TREATMENT F ARSENIC CNTAMINATED WATER Sorptive Filtration- Community Type Gravel Filter Bed Adsorption Tower Tubewell Inlet ( Water from Tubewell) utlet (Treated Water) Alcan Enhanced Activated Alumina Contaminated Water Inflow Treated Water utflow SIDK(Bangladesh) Pal Tockner (India) ARU Chlorine Source Raising Hose Pipe Aqua-Bind Filter Media Sieve Stabilizer Stone Chips Column Head Tap Deliver Hose Pipe Lift Pump Aqua-Bind Arsenic Bucket Containing Treated Water Stand Resin Column (Ion Exchanger) Apyron ARU Tetrahedron Ion Exchange Unit
11 ALTERNATIVE WATER SUPPLY PTINS - Surface Water Treatment Handpump for water Supply to Filter Raw Water Filter Sand Coarse Aggregate Clear Water Under Drainage System Water from Pond Slow Sand Filter (Pond Sand Filter ( PSF))
12 ALTERNATIVE WATER SUPPLY PTINS - Surface Water Treatment X Hydraulic Grade Line X Raw Water To verhead Reservoir Clear Water X X X Filter Sand Coarse Aggregate Under Drainage System Multi-Stage Roughing and Slow Sand Filters
13 ALTERNATIVE WATER SUPPLY PTINS - Surface Water Treatment Storage/ Sedimentation Source of Surface Water Secondary Sedimentation StorageTank Mixing Flocculation Coagulants Chlorine Filtration Disinfection To Distribution Small-scale Conventional Surface Water Treatment Plant
14 ALTERNATIVE WATER SUPPLY PTINS - DEEP TIBEWELL Hand Pump Requirements Availability of deep aquifers separated from shallow contaminated aquifers by relatively impermeable layers. The annular space of bore holes of the deep tubewells is required to be sealed at the level of impermeable strata to avoid percolation of arsenic contaminated water. Silty clay Arsenic Contaminated Shallow Aquifer (Sandy silt ) Water Table Clay Seal Clayey Layer Relatively Impermeable Arsenic-safe Deep Aquifer (Fine to medium sand) Strainer Sand Trap Manually perated Deep Tubewell
15 ALTERNATIVE WATER SUPPLY PTINS - Dug/Ring Wells (a) Conventional Dug Well (b) Well with Sanitary Protection
16 ALTERNATIVE WATER SUPPLY PTINS - Rainwater Harvesting Basic Requirements Adequate Rainfall -Intensity of Rainfall -Reliability of Rainfall Distribution of Rainfall Suitable Catchment area Storage Tank peration and Maintenance
17 ALTERNATIVE WATER SUPPLY PTINS - Rainwater Harvesting Monthly Distribution of Rainfall of an Average Year Rainfall Intensity, mm/month J F M A M J J A S N D Month Catchment Area The minimum catchment area, A ( m 2 ) required for collection of rainwater for N number of person to be supplied with q litre per capita per day is : A = q N / ( C I ) Rainwater Storage Tank The minimum volume of storage tank V ( m 3 ) required V = f q N Where f is the fraction of available rainwater required to be stored
18 CST F WATER SUPPLY BY ARSENIC REMVAL TECHNLGY Technology/Process Type Cost, $/m 3 xidation-sedimentation Urban WS Filtration Community 0.10 Coagulation-Sedimentation Household Filtration Community 1.21 Sorptive Filtration Iron Fillings Household 0.24 Iron Coated brick Chips Household 0.73 Granulated Ferric Hydroxide Community 1.37 Synthetic Active Materials Household 1.84 Activated Alumina Household 2.30 Community 3.24 Ion Exchange Community 3.79 Reverse smosis Community 2-4
19 CST F WATER SUPPLY BY ALTERNATIVE PTINS Technology Capital Recovery Cost, $/M 3 and M Cost, $/M 3 Total Unit Cost, $/M 3 Rainwater Harvesting Manually operated Deep Tubewell * Pond Sand Filter Dug/Ring Well Conventional Treatment * * Ground Water Based Piped Water Supply * * With full development potentials
20 ARSENIC DETECTIN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNLGY Laboratory Analysis Methods Techniques MDL,µ/L System Cost Comments (1000 US$) AAS-HG Single Element AAS-GF Single Element ICP-AES Multi-element ICP-MS Multi-element ASV Free Dissolved As SDDC Single Element
21 ARSENIC DETECTIN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNLGY Field Measurement Methods (Some Common Field Test Kits) Kit Type Country of Range of Cost/Kit Cost/Test rigin µg/l US $ US $ E-Mark Kit Germany HACH Kit USA Quick TM USA AIID&PH Kit India Yes/No NIPSM Kit Bangladesh GPL Kit Bangladesh / Field Test Kit / Sample Test Asenator Austria/UK < ,250/
22 THANK YU For Your Kind Attention
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