Effects of visualization mode and context on comprehension and decision making in litigation law

Transcription

1 Effects of visualization mode and context on comprehension and decision making in litigation law Laura A. Evans

2 Jury Decision Making The story model (Pennington & Has;e, 1992) Trial Evidence Prior Knowledge Verdict Instruc;ons Prior Knowledge of Law Story Construc;on Match accepted story to verdict categories Verdict Op;on Construc;on Final Decision

3 Mental model construction Schnotz s integrated model of text- graphic processing and Mayer s Mul;media Theory: Mental model construc;on is facilitated through the use of an external visualiza;on (Mayer, 2003; Schnotz & Bannert, 2003) Par;cularly through: The Con;guity Principle (Mayer & Sims, 1994) The Personaliza;on Principle (Mayer, 2003)

4 The California Wage Order

5 The CA Wage Order litigation case Case Background A wage dispute between a company and its entry- level employees regarding the employees exemp;on from California Labor Laws, and the resul;ng non- eligibility of the employees to earn over;me pay A text passage containing six sentences comprising eight core facts Case arguments The employees claim that they do not meet any of the requirements to be designated as learned professionals, and should therefore be eligible to earn over;me pay A narra;on containing 24 sentences from the employees perspec;ve

6 Context Visualization

7 Target Visualization

8 Experimental Design Modality of Target VisualizaJon Context VisualizaJon With Without Animated Sta;c No Visual Tes;ng Tes;ng Tes;ng Immediate Delayed Immediate Delayed Immediate Delayed

9 Hypotheses Main effect of modality Higher comprehension and guilt in the animated target visualiza;on condi;on (personaliza;on effect) Boucheix 2005; de Koning, Tabbers, Rikers, & Paas, 2009 Main effect of context Higher comprehension and guilt in the context visualiza;on condi;on Ainsworth, 2003; Bransford & Johnson, 1972; Ortony, Schallert, Reynolds, & Antos, 1978 Modality by Context interac;on Higher comprehension and guilt for the combined context visualiza;on and animated target visualiza;on condi;on Schnotz & Bannert, 2003 Modality by Context by Tes;ng With context, higher comprehension and guilt in the animated condi;on sustained over ;me, but decrease over ;me in the sta;c condi;on

10 Procedure Par;cipants entered a computer lab and were seated at a computer with headphones Par;cipants read the informed consent and were given instruc;ons Par;cipants were given the case background and the materials for one of the experimental condi;ons Par;cipants completed the MIT test, ra;ng scales, and a demographic ques;onnaire One week later Par;cipants were asked complete only the MIT test, ra;ng scales, and fill out a second ques;onnaire

11 Dependent measures Meaning Iden;fica;on Technique for Comprehension The MIT tests each sentence in a passage by requiring par;cipants to indicate whether a new test sentence means the same or means something different than a sentence in the original passage (Marchant, Royer, Greene, 1988) Auditory version The final 21 sentences yielded an alpha =.61 Guilt and Guilt Confidence Two 9- point Likert scales

12 Results on Comprehension No effects on comprehension for any of the factors Animated StaJc No visualizajon Immediate Delayed Immediate Delayed Immediate Delayed With context Without context

13 Results on Guilt The analysis revealed a significant three way interac;on of Modality x Context x Time of tes;ng F(1, 92) = 6.45, MS error =.881; p =.01, ƞ = Immediate Delayed With context Immediate Delayed Without context Animated Sta;c

14 Interpretation No effects on comprehension Ceiling effect produced by the narra;on itself of the case argument Dependent Measure was based on comprehension, not recall However, effects on guilt were found. Guilt ra;ngs increased over ;me for sta;c visualiza;ons paired with context visualiza;ons only Fits well with the Story Model Mental Model construc;on sustained over ;me The combina;on of context and sta;c target visualiza;ons allowed jurors to engage more ac;vely in processing of the visualiza;ons The sta;c visualiza;on requires more visual search which fosters deeper processing and a more robust mental model construc;on

15 Conclusions This study illustrated some of the influences of visualiza;ons on jury decision making processes We found that the sta;c- sequen;al visualiza;ons aided by the use of context visualiza;ons significantly increased guilt ra;ngs over ;me These results are both theore;cally interes;ng as well as ecologically important Both researchers and li;gators can benefit from addi;onal work in this field to beker understand the cogni;ve func;ons of visualiza;ons within the realm of li;ga;on law