GroundRod AC Substation Earthing Tutorial
|
|
- Owen Manning
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 1 GroundRod AC Substation Earthing Tutorial 1. Functions of an earthing system The two primary functions of a safe earthing system are: To ensure that a person who is in the vicinity of earthed facilities during a fault is not exposed to the possibility of a fatal electric shock. To provide a low impedance path to earth for currents occurring under normal and fault conditions. 2. Earthing standards There are a variety of national and international standards available, which provide empirical formulae for the calculation of earthing design parameters and shock potential safety limits. There is some variation in formulae between the different standards. Three standards, which are widely referred to, are: BS : Code of practice for Design of high-voltage open-terminal stations. IEEE Std : IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding. Electricity Association Technical Specification 41-24: Guidelines for the Design, Installation, Testing and Maintenance of Main Earthing Systems in Substations.
2 2 3. Ground potential rise (GPR) The substation earth grid is used as an electrical connection to earth at zero potential reference. This connection, however, is not ideal due to the resistivity of the soil within which the earth grid is buried. During typical earth fault conditions, the flow of current via the grid to earth will therefore result in the grid rising in potential relative to remote earth to which other system neutrals are also connected. This produces potential gradients within and around the substation ground area as depicted in Figure 1. This is defined as ground potential rise or GPR. The GPR of a substation under earth fault conditions must be limited so that step and touch potential limits are not exceeded, and is controlled by keeping the earthing grid resistance as low as possible. 4. Step, touch, mesh and transferred potentials In order to ensure the safety of people at a substation, it is necessary to ensure that step and touch potentials in and around the yard during earth-fault conditions are kept below set limits. These maximum permitted step and touch potentials are addressed within various national and international standards. An illustration of step, touch, mesh and transferred potentials is provided in Figure Step potential The step potential is defined as the potential difference between a person s outstretched feet, normally 1 metre apart, without the person touching any earthed structure. 4.2 Touch potential The touch potential is defined as the potential difference between a person s outstretched hand, touching an earthed structure, and his foot. A person s maximum reach is normally assumed to be 1 metre. 4.3 Mesh potential The mesh potential is defined as the potential difference between the centre of an earthing grid mesh and a structure earthed to the buried grid conductors. This is effectively a worst-case touch potential. For a grid consisting of equal size meshes, it is the meshes at the corner of the grid that will have the highest mesh potential. 4.4 Transferred potential This is a special case of a touch potential in which a voltage is transferred into or out of a substation for some distance by means of an earth referenced metallic conductor. This can be a very high touch potential as, during fault conditions, the resulting potential to ground may equal the full GPR.
3 3 Figure 1: Basic shock situations 4.5 Maximum permitted step and touch potentials The maximum permitted values of step and touch potentials vary widely between the different standards. The value of maximum permitted touch potential has a dominant role in determining the design of the earthing grid. As a general rule, if an earthing grid design satisfies the requirements for safe touch potentials, it is very unlikely that the maximum permitted step potential will be exceeded. The IEEE 80 standard uses the maximum mesh voltage as the touch voltage, and this usually exists at the corner mesh. UK practice defines the touch voltage differently. In practice the voltage at the surface of the ground is a maximum adjacent to a corner of a grid. UK practice is to define touch voltage as the sum of the step voltage plus the voltage difference between the ground surface adjacent to a corner and the grid beneath. Although the mesh voltage is used as the defining touch voltage in American practice, the maximum permitted touch voltage used is less than that used in British Standards. In practice, compliance with American usage thus also ensures the arrangement will comply with UK requirements. CENELEC have issued a harmonisation document HD 637 S1 containing references to the maximum body impedance and permitted touch voltage. 5. Soil resistivity In order to calculate the GPR, the grid resistance firstly needs to be calculated. To do this, the resistivity of the soil at site needs to be determined. This should ideally be obtained via site measurements but if not possible can be determined from soil resistivity maps or tables available in the standards. The Wenner test method is commonly used for site measurements.
4 4 The soil resistivity can vary quite widely over a site and it is thus important that the measurements are taken at several points in the site area. The average site value is thus calculated. Due to the difference in resistivity with depth, two or more layer resistivity models are normally determined. 6. Design considerations 6.1 Conductors A substation earthing grid will consist of a system of bonded cross conductors. The earthing conductors, composing the grid and connections to all equipment and structures, must possess sufficient thermal capacity to pass the highest fault current for the required time. Also, the earthing conductors must have sufficient mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. It is normal practice to bury horizontal earthing conductors at a depth of between 0.5m and 1m. This ensures that the conductor has the following properties: Adequate mechanical protection. It is situated below the frost line. The surrounding earth will not dry out. 6.2 Vertically driven rods Where there are low resistivity strata beneath the surface layer then it would be advantageous to drive vertical rods down into this layer. To be effective the vertical rods should be on the periphery of the site. The length of rod is chosen so as to reach the more stable layers of ground below. The rods would stabilise the grid resistance over seasonal resistivity changes at the grid burial depth. 6.3 Substation fences The earthing of metallic fences around a substation is of vital importance because dangerous touch potentials can be involved and the fence is often accessible to the general public. Fence earthing can be accomplished in two different ways: Electrically connecting the fence to the earth grid, locating it within the grid area or alternatively just outside. Independently earthing the fence and locating it outside the grid area at a convenient place where the potential gradient from the grid edge is acceptably low. In America, the common practice is to extend the grid sides to 1 metre beyond the fence line. The common practice in the UK is to erect the fence away from the grid sides, typically 2 metres, and to earth the fence independently. This will, however, present a problem should the fence inadvertently be connected to substation equipment, and hence the earthing grid. 6.4 Other earthing The GPR at a substation is reduced by: Overhead line earth wires which are connected to the substation earthing grid. This diverts part of the earth fault current to the tower footing earthing.
5 5 Cables entering and leaving the site. The armouring of such cables is usually earthed to the substation earthing grid at both ends. Part of the earth fault current will thus be diverted to a remote earthing grid via the cable armouring. 7. Earthing design calculations Performing earthing design calculations, using one of the standards above, is an involved and time consuming process and there are various subtleties which need to be considered. The GroundRod spreadsheet provides an easy-to-use, fast and accurate means to perform these calculations. The program can perform the calculations in accordance with any of the three above standards. 8. Hot Zone In order to protect telecommunications staff, equipment and users, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has provided recommended limits for acceptable GPR in MV and HV networks. These limits have traditionally been used in the electrical industry as 430V for circuits with a fault clearance time of 200ms and 650V for fault clearance times normally less than 200ms (high reliability circuits). In addition, if the GPR exceeds these limits then the 650V or 430V surface potential contour extending into the ground surrounding the grid needs to be specified and is termed the Hot Zone (measured from the edge of the grid). The relevant telecommunications company needs to be notified when these limits are exceeded and what the extent of the Hot Zone is. The GroundRod program provides both these distances and advises that the latter is best practice. For further information on GroundRod please contact: Mr Richard Simmonds Cobham Technical Services ERA Technology Ltd. Cleeve Road Leatherhead Surrey KT22 7SA UK Tel + 44 (0) richard.simmonds@cobham.com ERACS Software Cobham Technical Services has also combined world-class electrical engineering experience with leading-edge computer technologies to produce ERACS, the new generation of power systems analysis software. The fully integrated suite features loadflow, fault, harmonics, protection coordination, arc flash and transient stability modules together with an intuitive graphical user interface, universal dynamic modeller and equipment data library. For further information on ERACS please visit
EARTHING AND BONDING AT SECONDARY SUBSTATIONS
DISTRIBUTION CONSTRUCTION MANUAL SECTION 4 - SUBSTATIONS ISSUE B SEPT 1996 4.4.4 EARTHING AND BONDING AT SECONDARY SUBSTATIONS 1 SCOPE This section of the Distribution Construction Manual lays down the
More informationEarthing Guidance Notes
Central Networks Earthing Manual Section E2 Earthing Guidance Notes Version: 2 Date of Issue: September 2007 Author: Nigel Johnson Job Title: Earthing Specialist Approver: John Simpson Job Title: Head
More informationCUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS AT POWER SUBSTATIONS
CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS AT POWER SUBSTATIONS Customer Handout Date Aug 2, 2010 Version 1.0 File Name Customer Requirements At Power Substations Document Id Outside Plant Engineering 1 Table Of Contents 1.0
More information4 IX D N E P P A Installation methods Current-carrying capacity and voltage drop for cables Reference method IET Wiring Matters
8 Appendix 4 of BS 7671 by Mark Coles Appendix 4, Current-carrying capacity and voltage drop for cables and flexible cords, has seen significant changes with the publishing of BS 7671:2008. This article
More informationSubstation Grounding Study Specification
Substation Grounding Study Specification Introduction A grounding study is required for name of station, a / / kv substation located in name of location and connected to the following circuits: number
More informationIntroduction to Data Centre Design
Introduction to Data Centre Design Barry Elliott BSc RCDD MBA CEng Earthing, grounding and bonding November 09 Earthing what s the point Safety from electrical hazards Reliable signal reference within
More informationEARTHING SYSTEM CALCULATION
BAZIAN STEAL FACTORY S/S 132/11kV, 1x30/40MVA EARTHING SYSTEM CALCULATION Kurdistan Region Sulaimani May 2011 Bazian Steal Factory S/S 132/11kV, 1x30/40 MVA Contents: 1. Introduction... 3 2. List of references
More informationInterfacing electrification and system reliability. Earthing of AC and DC railways 4,10,13
Interfacing electrification and system reliability Roger White Professional Head of Electrification and Plant Rail Abstract Integration is the term given to ensuring that the different elements of an electrified
More informationCONSTRUCTION STANDARD ELECTRIC OPERATIONS ORGANIZATION
Page 1 of 11 ****This Standard Supercedes BECo CS2.13-2.3 & ComElectric OH Construction Manual, System Grounding Section, drawings CGND, GRDSUM, and C2**** 1.0 Bill of Materials GROUNDING AND BONDING POLE-MOUNTED
More informationTechnical Guidance Note 287. Third-party guidance for working near National Grid Electricity Transmission equipment
Technical Guidance Note 287 Third-party guidance for working near National Grid Electricity Transmission equipment 02 Purpose and scope... 3 Part 1 Electricity Transmission infrastructure... 4 Overhead
More informationwww.klmtechgroup.com TABLE OF CONTENT
Page : 1 of 13 Project Engineering Standard www.klmtechgroup.com KLM Technology #03-12 Block Aronia, Jalan Sri Perkasa 2 Taman Tampoi Utama 81200 Johor Bahru Malaysia ELECTIRAL GROUNDING TABLE OF CONTENT
More informationFault location on power cables. Fault location on power cables
Fault location on power cables Fault location on power cables Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Construction of power cables 3. Cable faults 01. Introduction Fault location on communication and power cables
More informationDESIGN OF EARTHING SYSTEM FOR HV/EHV AC SUBSTATION
DESIGN OF EARTHING SYSTEM FOR HV/EHV AC SUBSTATION (A CASE STUDY OF 400kV SUBSTATION AT AURANGABAD, INDIA) Swapnil. G. Shah 1 and Nitin. R. Bhasme 2 1 P.G.Student, 2 Associate Professor, Department of
More informationLightning Protection Introduction
Lightning Protection Introduction Structural lightning protection design considerations BS 6651 (Protection of structures against lightning) clearly advises strict adherence to the provision of a conventional
More informationHyperlinks are Inactive
Prepared by: NIB/EOB PLANNING GUIDE FOR SINGLE CUSTOMER SUBSTATIONS SERVED FROM TRANSMISSION LINES 05503 Department: Electric T&D Section: T&D Engineering and Technical Support Approved by: G.O. Duru (GOD)
More informationEarth Ground Resistance
Principles, testing methods and applications Diagnose intermittent electrical problems Avoid unnecessary downtime Learn earth ground safety principles Earth Ground Resistance Why Ground, Why Test? Why
More informationComplete Solar Photovoltaics Steven Magee. Health and Safety
Health and Safety Health and safety around solar photovoltaic systems is very important. In the DC circuit you will find up to 600 volts in residential and commercial systems. In utility systems you may
More information12 Appendix 12 Earth Electrodes And Earth Electrode
12 Appendix 12 Earth Electrodes And Earth Electrode Testing 12.1 Introduction This appendix provides guidance and background information an earth electrode testing and some limited information on earth
More informationStrength and Durability for Life CORROSION CONTROL. The Effect of Overhead AC Power Lines Paralleling Ductile Iron Pipelines
Strength and Durability for Life CORROSION CONTROL The Effect of Overhead AC Power Lines Paralleling Ductile Iron Pipelines Last Revised: May 2016 Sharing of rights-of-way by AC power lines and buried
More informationGulf Cable & Electrical Ind. Co.
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PRODUCT RANGE I PRODUCT DATA TABLES XLPE INSULATED 600/1000V CABLES Two Core Cables CU/XLPE/PVC/LC/PVC/SWA/PVC 1 Three Core Cables CU/XLPE/PVC/LC/PVC/SWA/PVC 2 Four Core Cables CU/XLPE/PVC/LC/PVC/SWA/PVC
More informationAssessment of Soil Resistivity on Grounding of Electrical Systems: A Case Study of North-East Zone, Nigeria
Assessment of Soil Resistivity on Grounding of Electrical Systems: A Case Study of North-East Zone, Nigeria Abstract Gabriel A. Adegboyega and Kehinde O. Odeyemi Department of Electrical and Electronic
More informationGrounding of Electrical Systems NEW CODE: Grounding and Bonding
Grounding of Electrical Systems NEW CODE: Grounding and Bonding Presented By Scott Peele PE Grounding of Electrical Systems Outline Defining the Terms Why should I Ground? Types of Grounding Systems Separately
More informationBy Mark Coles. This article looks at the temporary use of portable generators in floating, earthed and reference-earthing scenarios.
16 Operation of portable generators Operation of portable generators By Mark Coles This article looks at the temporary use of portable generators in floating, earthed and reference-earthing scenarios.
More informationSOIL RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS
SOIL RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS APPENDIX B B Soil resistivity directly affects the design of a grounding (earthing) electrode system and is the prime factor that determines the resistance to earth of a grounding
More informationPROTECTION AGAINST ELECTRIC SHOCK by John Ware
16 become live under fault conditions. The potential of the metal enclosure is higher than that of the main earthing terminal of the installation (and that of Earth) because of a potential difference created
More information1. Franklin Rod Performance 2. LEC/DAS Performance
THREE ESSENTIALS OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION: BONDING, GROUNDING AND SURGE PROTECTION by Richard Kithil, President and Orlando Alzamora, Vice-President National Lightning Safety Institute (NLSI) 1.0 Summary.
More information12 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS by John Ware. PV modules are current-limiting
12 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER by John Ware IT IS PLANNED for BS 7671:2008 to include a new Section 712 providing additional requirements for safety applicable to solar photovoltaic (pv) power supply systems.
More informationNEW ZEALAND ELECTRICAL CODE OF PRACTICE. for ELECTRICAL SAFE DISTANCES
NZECP 34:2001 ISSN 0114-0663 NEW ZEALAND ELECTRICAL CODE OF PRACTICE for ELECTRICAL SAFE DISTANCES NZECP 34:2001 NEW ZEALAND ELECTRICAL CODE OF PRACTICE for ELECTRICAL SAFE DISTANCES Issued by: Manager,
More informationComparative study for cables and busbars
Comparative study for cables and busbars Preliminary considerations To compare the prices of two categories of product as different as traditional cables and busbars, it is necessary to make some preliminary
More informationenvironment briefing02
PRODUCED BY THE SAFETY, HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT GROUP OF THE ENERGY NETWORKS ASSOCIATION - JULY 2006 environment briefing02 transporting electricity Overhead Lines or Underground Cables? Introduction The
More informationFEASIBILITY OF ELECTRICAL SEPARATION OF PROXIMATE GROUNDING SYSTEMS AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL STRUCTURE
FEASIBILITY OF ELECTRICAL SEPARATION OF PROXIMATE GROUNDING SYSTEMS AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL STRUCTURE Sharon Tee and Farid P. Dawalibi Safe Engineering Services & technologies ltd. 1544 Viel, Montreal, Quebec,
More informationELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN CRITERIA APPENDIX F
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN CRITERIA APPENDIX F TABLE OF CONTENTS Appendix F - Electrical Engineering Design Criteria F.1 Introduction...F-1 F.2 Codes and Standards...F-1 F.3 Switchyard and Transformers...F-1
More informationScottishPower Distribution Cables & Equipment. Metal Theft
ScottishPower Distribution Cables & Equipment Metal Theft April 2012 As an aid to deterring to metal theft this booklet has been put together to help identify the types of utility power cables and associated
More informationSES Training & Certification Programs Welcome to the SES Grounding, EMI and Lightning Academy
SES Training & Certification Programs Welcome to the SES Grounding, EMI and Lightning Academy A Center of Excellence, Where Experts are Created and Certified 1 SES: Training You and Your Staff to Carry
More informationCHAPTER VIII LINE PLANT SYSTEM COMMUNICATION THROUGH RE CABLE
CHAPTER VIII LINE PLANT SYSTEM COMMUNICATION THROUGH RE CABLE 8.1 SYSTEM 8.1.1 Armoured, screened underground cables are used for control communication in electrified areas to limit induction effect. 8.2
More informationGrounding Demystified
Grounding Demystified 3-1 Importance Of Grounding Techniques 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Grounding 42% Case 22% Cable 18% Percent Used Filter 12% PCB 6% Grounding 42% Case Shield 22% Cable Shielding 18%
More informationCode of Practice Electricity transmission and distribution asset management. February 2009
Code of Practice Electricity transmission and distribution asset management February 2009 CONTENTS 1 PREFACE...4 2 APPLICATION AND OBJECTIVES...5 3 SCOPE...6 4 DEFINITIONS...7 5 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION...11
More informationScreened cable and data cable segregation
December 2007 Screened cable and data cable segregation Can an armoured power cable be considered a screened cable and how does this relate to power and data cable segregation? The short answer is yes;
More informationHigh Voltage. Hazards
High Voltage Hazards HV Hazards Substations, Overhead Lines, Cables Safety Incidents Requirements for Designers, Constructors Construction Regs 2013 and other Legislation Codes of Practice Other Guidance
More informationTS 813 GROUNDING AND BONDING TTD 813.001 TRAFFIC SIGNAL INSTALLATION AND CONTROLLER CABINET GROUNDING SYSTEM TTD 813.005 CONTROLLER CABINET GROUNDING
TORONTO TRANSPORTATION January 2012 TS 813 GROUNDING AND BONDING TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. DRAWINGS TTD 813.001 TRAFFIC SIGNAL INSTALLATION AND CONTROLLER CABINET GROUNDING SYSTEM TTD 813.005 CONTROLLER CABINET
More informationA series of technology briefs spanning Tyco Electronics product portfolio
A series of technology briefs spanning Tyco Electronics product portfolio Coordinated Circuit Protection Schemes Help Prevent Overvoltage and Overcurrent Damage Through advances in materials science and
More informationAS COMPETITION PAPER 2007 SOLUTIONS
AS COMPETITION PAPER 2007 Total Mark/50 SOLUTIONS Section A: Multiple Choice 1. C 2. D 3. B 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. A 8. C 1 Section B: Written Answer Question 9. A mass M is attached to the end of a horizontal
More informationModeling of Transmission Lines
Modeling of Transmission Lines Electric Power Transmission The electric energy produced at generating stations is transported over high-voltage transmission lines to utilization points. The trend toward
More informationConsultants Handbook
Consultants Handbook CONSULTANTS HANDBOOK Welcome to our Wallis Designers Lightning Protection Handbook. This handbook offers a guide for any designers of the structural Lightning protection system to
More informationElectrical for Detached Garages: Updated Feb 19, 2016 for 2015 CE Code in force Jan. 1, 2016. Underground branch circuit feeding a detached garage:
Electrical for Detached Garages: Updated Feb 19, 2016 for 2015 CE Code in force Jan. 1, 2016 * Garage construction requires permits (electrical, building) * Permits must be applied for at the time. * Dial
More informationFIREFIGHTER SAFETY. Stay safe during substation fires
FIREFIGHTER SAFETY Stay safe during substation fires FIREFIGHTERS AND SUBSTATIONS Electrical substations reduce the high voltages used to move electricity over long distances to the lower voltages that
More informationAdvanced Fencing and Security Technologies Ltd
G.M. Advanced Fencing and Security Technologies Ltd P.O. Box 2327 Kfar Sava Industrial Area 44425, Israel Tel +972-9-7662965 Fax + 972-9-7662964 E-mail: info@gmsecurity.com Website: www.gmsecurity.com
More informationBUILDING OVER OR NEAR WATER & SEWER MAINS POLICY
MURRAY SHIRE COUNCIL BUILDING OVER OR NEAR WATER & SEWER MAINS POLICY ADOPTED: 1 May 2012 1 BUILDING OVER OR NEAR WATER AND SEWER MAINS POLICY CONTENTS 1. Objective... 2 2. Requirements for Building Near
More informationDOMESTIC ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION CERTIFICATE (Requirements for Electrical Installations BS 7671 IEE Wiring Regulations)
DOMESTIC ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION CERTIFICATE (Requirements for Electrical Installations BS 7671 IEE Wiring Regulations) DETAILS OF THE CLEINT Client and address ADDRESS OF THE INSTALLATION Installation
More informationSpecifications for Lightning Protection. ASAE Engineering Practice
Chapter 8: Lightning Specifications for Lightning Protection ASAE safety standards are not laws. They are recommended voluntary standards used by designers, engineers, manufacturers and users of the equipment,
More informationWORKING IN THE ELECTRIFIED AREA
Network Safety Management System SPECIFICATION SAF/SPC/5178/ELE/NET WORKING IN THE ELECTRIFIED AREA Version 1.0 Effective Date: 12 October 2014 AURIZON COMMERCIAL-IN-CONFIDENCE SAF/SPC/5178/ELE/NET Working
More informationWork in Substations - General
Work in Substations - General Summary: This document supports the Power System Safety Rules and its requirements assembled under Work in Substations General Category 3 and apply to all persons working
More informationTHE LIGHTNING PROTECTION INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
THE LIGHTNING PROTECTION INTERNATIONAL STANDARD Prof.-Dr-Eng. Christian Bouquegneau, Chairman of IEC TC81 (Lightning Protection), Pro-rector of the Faculté Polytechnique de Mons (Belgium) Abstract The
More informationSection B: Electricity
Section B: Electricity We use mains electricity, supplied by power stations, for all kinds of appliances in our homes, so it is very important to know how to use it safely. In this chapter you will learn
More informationUnified requirements for systems with voltages above 1 kv up to 15 kv
(1991) (Rev.1 May 2001) (Rev.2 July 2003) (Rev.3 Feb 2015) Unified requirements for systems with voltages above 1 kv up to 15 kv 1. General 1.1 Field of application The following requirements apply to
More informationCable Size Selection for Energy Efficiency
Cable Size Selection for Energy Efficiency Introduction The traditional method for determining the appropriate cable size for a particular installation involves the selection of the smallest size conductor
More informationCurrent Ratings. TABLE BEC 107. (Continued) Current ratings for 6350/11000 volts grade PILC/SWA/PVC cable to BS6480/69
Ratings TBLE BEC 107. (Continued) ratings for 60/11000 volts grade PILC/SW/PVC cable to BS64/69 CBLES LID IN IR: The ratings given in the foregoing tables are based on an ambient of C. It is recommended
More informationHow Much Voltage Drop Is Acceptable?
How Much Voltage Drop Is Acceptable? Article supplied by Ideal The National Electrical Code (NEC) recommends that the combined voltage drop of the electrical system (branch circuit and feeders) not exceed
More informationGuide to Gate Safety Legislation & the Machinery Directive. In Association with:
Guide to Gate Safety Legislation & the Machinery Directive In Association with: Tel: 0191 267 4922 info@primeautomation.co.uk Tel: 0191 267 4922 Email: info@primeautomation.co.uki Guide to Gate Safety
More informationEXCAVATION AND PILING NEAR SEWERS, STORMWATER DRAINS AND WATER MAINS
NMP 1.4 EXCAVATION AND PILING NEAR SEWERS, STORMWATER DRAINS AND WATER MAINS Index Purpose... 2 Application... 2 Referral Agency... 2 Associated Requirements... 2 Referenced Standards...2 Definitions...
More informationSession 14 Cable Support Systems
Session 14 Cable Support Systems Cable Support Systems in the IEC World A new IEC Standard, IEC61537 2001 has been developed If full details of the cabling layout are available then the likely cable load
More informationHigh-voltage systems. Identifying high-voltage overhead conductors
High-voltage systems Working safely around high-voltage conductors (over 750 V) is a challenge for many workers in British Columbia. High-voltage systems are generally associated with utility services
More informationFIXED CHARGE: This is a cost that goes towards making the service available, including
ELECTRICITY BILL COMPONENTS FIXED CHARGE: This is a cost that goes towards making the service available, including installation and maintenance of poles, power lines and equipment, and 24-hour customer
More informationCURRENT RATINGS MORE THAN A CABLE
CURRENT RTINGS Updated for the 17th Edition of the IEE Wiring Regulations MORE THN CBLE C O M P N Y EI CBLES, DURHM ROD, BIRTLEY, CO DURHM. DH3 2R Tel: +44 (0)191 410 3111 Fax: +44 (0)191 410 8312 E-mail:
More informationWHITE PAPER Fire & safety performance standards
WHITE PAPER Fire & safety performance standards Terminologies describing Fire Performance Terminologies describing Fire Performance often present a challenge to understand as how they apply to a cable
More informationRegulation IO-6.0: Electrical Safety Regulations
Regulation IO-6.0: Electrical Safety Regulations 6.1 Workmanship & Material 6.2 Electrical Conductors 6.3 Overcurrent Protective Devices 6.4 Precautions against Earth Leakage and Earthfault Currents 6.5
More informationEMTP STUDIES PERFORMED TO INSERT LONG AC CABLES IN THE FRENCH GRID
Tension (kv) Impedance (Ohms) EMTP STUDIES PERFORMED TO INSERT LONG AC CABLES IN THE FRENCH GRID frequency (Hz) Simon DESCHANVRES Yannick VERNAY RTE, CNER, Substations Department t (ms) EMTP-RV Users Group
More informationFundamentals of Power
Fundamentals of Power Fundamentals of Power 2008 American Power Conversion Corporation. All rights reserved. All trademarks provided are the property of their respective owners. Learning Objectives At
More information2004 TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS SEMINAR MEDIUM VOLTAGE, METAL-CLAD ARC RESISTANT SWITCHGEAR: ENHANCING WORKPLACE SAFETY
2004 TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS SEMINAR MEDIUM VOLTAGE, METAL-CLAD ARC RESISTANT SWITCHGEAR: ENHANCING WORKPLACE SAFETY Thomas P. McNamara, P.E. Manager, Development Engineering ABB Inc. Power Technologies Medium
More informationENERGY NETWORKS ASSOCIATION. Electricity Industry EMF Measurement Protocol for High Field Areas
ENERGY NETWORKS ASSOCIATION Electricity Industry EMF Measurement Protocol for High Field Areas Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 High Field Areas 2 High Field Area - Generation Businesses 2.1
More informationAMSC s Superconductor Cable Technologies for Electric Utilities
International Workshop 2014 AMSC s Superconductor Cable Technologies for Electric Utilities Michael Ross, P.E. Managing Director of Superconductor Power Systems AMSC Corporate Facts Headquartered in MA,
More informationMark Coles BEng (Hons) MIEE
Requirements for Electrical Installations BS 7671:2008(2011) The IET Wiring Regulations 17 th th Edition Presenter: Mark Coles BEng (Hons) MIEE Technical Regulations Manager, IET Topics: the history the
More informationTrial Exams C. Standards and Regulations. Examination No: GH-08-C- 1 hour and 5 minutes plus 10 minutes reading time
Trial Exams C Standards and Regulations Examination No: GH-08-C- This test is intended to gauge your knowledge of essential information contained within AS/CA S009:2013. To qualify for an allpication to
More informationArc Flash Energy Mitigation Techniques
Arc Flash Energy Mitigation Techniques When short circuits occur on an electrical distribution system, an arc flash event usually forms. These arc flash events can cause dangerous and potentially fatal
More informationGM QUARTERLY GreyMatters Newsletter March 2014
GM QUARTERLY GreyMatters Newsletter March 2014 Introduction Welcome to the second edition of our newsletter. In this issue we tackle CPD training, share a recent RFI, do a mini case study on a recent data-centre
More informationESP 120 M1, ESP 208 M1, ESP 240 M1, ESP 415 M1, ESP 277 M1, ESP 480 M1 and M1R variants. Installation instructions ESP M1/M1R mains protectors
ESP 120 M1, ESP 208 M1, ESP 240 M1, ESP 415 M1, ESP 277 M1, ESP 480 M1 and M1R variants Installation instructions Contents Key points of installation Before installation Installation Installation check
More informationHomeowner Information Guide Electrical Safety. British Columbia Safety Authority
Homeowner Information Guide Electrical Safety British Columbia Safety Authority The following information should be carefully reviewed before performing any electrical work. The information contained in
More informationOffshore Wind Farm Export Cable Current Rating Optimisation
Offshore Wind Farm Export Cable Current Rating Optimisation James Pilgrim 1, Simon Catmull 2, Richard Chippendale 1, Richard Tyreman 3 and Paul Lewin 1 1. Tony Davies High Voltage Laboratory, Southampton
More informationUnderstanding Arc Flash
Understanding Arc Flash Presented by Eddie F. Jones, PE 1 2 3 4 5 Five to 10 arc flash explosions occur in electric equipment every day in the United States. This number does not include cases in which
More informationBeware of Simplistic Voltage Drop Calculations. By Aaron Hesse, PE, Coffman Engineers, Spokane, Washington INTRODUCTION
Subject: Beware of Simplistic Voltage Drop Calculations By Aaron Hesse, PE, Coffman Engineers, Spokane, Washington INTRODUCTION Iterative voltage drop calculations are some of the most tedious and time
More informationINSTALLATION GUIDELINES for SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS 1
City of Cotati Building Division 201 W. Sierra Ave. Cotati, CA 94931 707 665-3637 Fax 792-4604 INSTALLATION GUIDELINES for SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS 1 Any PV system on a new structures should be included
More informationIndustrial Ethernet How to Keep Your Network Up and Running A Beginner s Guide to Redundancy Standards
Redundancy = Protection from Network Failure. Redundancy Standards WP-31-REV0-4708-1/5 Industrial Ethernet How to Keep Your Network Up and Running A Beginner s Guide to Redundancy Standards For a very
More informationGrounding & Bonding Why it is done And How to Install Properly
Grounding & Bonding Why it is done And How to Install Properly The technical information provided herein is to assist qualifi ed persons in planning and installing electric service to farms and residences.
More informationChapter 9. Bonding and Grounding
Chapter 9 Bonding and Grounding Objectives Describe why the cable should be bonded Describe bonding and grounding procedures Define Bonding and Grounding Explain Safety Benefits and intent of bonding and
More informationVoltage Detection and Indication by Electric Field Measurement
Voltage Detection and Indication by Electric Field Measurement William McNulty, P.E. Technical Director Voltage Detection and Indication by Electric Field Measurement William McNulty, P.E. HD Electric
More informationHV Submarine Cable Systems Design, Testing and Installation
HV Submarine Cable Systems Design, Testing and Installation CIGRE Ireland Technical Seminar 6 th October 2010 Robert Donaghy Senior Consultant Engineer, ESB International Presentation Overview Applications
More informationTransmission Business Electrical Incident & Safety Performance Reporting Guide
Transmission Business Electrical Incident & Safety Performance Reporting Guide December 2011 Version 1.0 Energy Safe Victoria PO Box 262 Collins Street West MELBOURNE VIC 8007 AUSTRALIA Telephone (03)
More informationOPTIMIZING POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION FOR MODERN DATA CENTERS
OPTIMIZING POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION FOR MODERN DATA CENTERS Data center power systems are constructed with a premium on reliability at a significant cost. The return on this investment is realized if it
More informationCONTROLS DATA MANAGEMENT PROCESS AUTOMATION EUROCUBE. General purpose single phase thyristors and solid state relays Product data.
425 CONTROLS DATA MANAGEMENT PROCESS AUTOMATION EUROCUBE General purpose single phase thyristors and solid state relays Product data abc 425 EUROCUBE A complete range of low cost solid state relays and
More informationCoupling Effect in Substation Ground Measurements
SERBIAN JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Vol. 9, No. 3, October 2012, 315-324 UDK: 621.316.13.011.2 DOI: 10.2298/SJEE1203315F Coupling Effect in Substation Ground Measurements Alex Farber 1, Boris Katz
More informationCable Selection for Medium Voltage Capacitor Banks and Harmonic Filter Banks
Cable Selection for Medium Voltage Capacitor Banks and Harmonic Filter Banks Introduction This document presents the fundamental aspects of cable and conductor selection for connecting pad mounted shunt
More informationElectrical Safety Tips. Help us keep you safe
Electrical Safety Tips Help us keep you safe To help you stay safe when using electricity, ActewAGL has compiled these electrical safety tips. For natural gas safety tips please see ActewAGL s natural
More informationHandbook 16. Handbook 16. AC electrified lines. GE/RT8000/HB16 Rule Book
GE/RT8000/HB16 Rule Book Uncontrolled When Printed Handbook 16 AC electrified lines Handbook 16 Issue 3 September 2015 Comes into force 05 December 2015 This handbook is for those personnel who need to
More informationCables, Cable Laying & Accessories Manual
Distribution Business Cables, Cable Laying & Accessories Manual Database ref: File Ref: Title Page & Revision Log For Cables & Access v4 - Nov 2003.doc Manual Name: Cables & Accessories Manual Version
More informationElectrical Resistance Resistance (R)
Electrical Resistance Resistance (R) Any device in a circuit which converts electrical energy into some other form impedes the current. The device which converts electrical energy to heat energy is termed
More informationPRODUCT / APPLICATION INFORMATION
Abstract This paper will discuss performance life testing and stability testing used for self-regulating heating cables. It will show how the techniques were developed and evolved from the 970 s to the
More informationINDUSTRY WIDE LABOR-MANAGEMENT SAFETY COMMITTEE SAFETY BULLETIN #23
INDUSTRY WIDE LABOR-MANAGEMENT SAFETY COMMITTEE SAFETY BULLETIN #23 GUIDELINES FOR WORKING WITH PORTABLE POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS AND OTHER ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT "ADDENDUM C" WORKING WITH 480 VOLT SYSTEMS
More informationINTERNATIONAL STANDARD
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IEC 62305-3 Edition 2.0 2010-12 colour inside Protection against lightning Part 3: Physical damage to structures and life hazard INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION PRICE CODE
More informationCable Tray Selection-
Cable Selection- For allowable cable types see the Appendix page A-9. The following guidelines are based on the 2002 National Electrical Code, Article 392. I) Number of Multiconductor Cables rated 2000
More informationA USERS GUIDE TO ARC RESISTANT LOW VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR & MOTOR CONTROL ANALYTICAL COMPARISON VS ARC FLASH TEST RESULTS
A USERS GUIDE TO ARC RESISTANT LOW VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR & MOTOR CONTROL ANALYTICAL COMPARISON VS ARC FLASH TEST RESULTS By: Gabriel Arce, ABB, San Luis Potosi, Mexico Casey McCollum, ABB, Houston, TX John
More information