Flowcharting, pseudocoding, and process design
|
|
- Candace Cannon
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Systems Analysis Pseudocoding & Flowcharting 1 Flowcharting, pseudocoding, and process design The purpose of flowcharts is to represent graphically the logical decisions and progression of steps in the physical completion of a task. As such, flowcharts are the lowest level of decomposition. The flowchart specifies the order in which tasks are performed. As such anyone who knows about the function can recognize immediately changes to the actual performance of work. Since here the logic of the work is tested, it is here the analyst identifies and documents changes to the physical work flow of people or the design of a computer program. In a large system the flow charting steps may be complex and the analyst may opt to represent the system with algebra, structured English or pseudocode, or some type of decision tree or decision table. When describing a complicated system to others it may be useful to use hierarchy charts or structure charts [described later]. But for the information systems analysis, the best options are flow charts and pseudocoding/structured English. [Note that some authors see pseudocoding as a separating activity from Structured English, others see the two as the same function with different names.] Before beginning the flow charts, the analyst must have a complete understanding of the entire process and participants (context level), the subroutines and their interdependencies (level-n diagrams), the data (data dictionary, inputs/outputs) and transformation of data (DFDs). The flow chart documents the flow of logic, control and the actual data through a routine or procedure. These activity completes the logical part of analysis. From here we proceed to integrate the whole decomposed process into something new - the revised, more efficient and effective system. After flowcharting, we examine how the pieces fit back together and express this in a system flowchart. [Don t confuse the two types of flowcharting - the system flowchart represents the physical system; the flowcharting at the end of process decomposition represents the logical (think virtual ) system.] Symbol set There are seven commonly used symbols in flowcharting. However, be aware that people can create their own symbol set and many software products designed to help manage systems analysis have blurred the line between activities, using the same types of symbols for all aspects of analysis. We ll consider those common symbols because they represent the main concepts. 1. Terminator: marks the beginning and end of a flowchart 2. Process: indicates that an operation changed or manipulated the data in some way 3. Data or input/output: an operation that inputs or outputs data 4. Decision: a logical decision point (e.g., if, then; true/false) 5. On-page connector: the logic continues at another place on the same page 6. Off-page connector: the logic continues on a different page
2 Systems Analysis Pseudocoding & Flowcharting 2 7. Predefined process: a predefined process or subroutine (similar to a predefined function or process in database programming). As a general rule, a flowchart has a single entry and exit point. In procedural programming (such as Perl 4), it is fairly easy to create such charts. Object oriented programming, on the other hand, can become completed very quickly and using single-entry, single-exit logic may be difficult, at times impossible. As a consequence, another kind of language has developed, Uniform Modeling Language (UML). Program logic has three patterns: sequence, decision, and repetition. Sequence: A decision block implies IF-THEN-ELSE. A condition ( it s the case that something is true, or while x is true ) is tested: if the condition is true, the logic associated with the THEN branch is performed while the ELSE block is skipped. If the condition is false, then the ELSE logic is executed and the THEN logic is skipped. For example, IF there s enough gas in the car (condition), THEN (true) I ll drive to my friends house; ELSE (false, not enough gas) I ll go to the gas station. Sometimes the if/then are nested in other if/then conditions: If there s enough gas in the car, I ll go to my friend s house; if I don t reach there by noon, I ll stop at a restaurant along the way.
3 Systems Analysis Pseudocoding & Flowcharting 3 Repetitive Logic:
4 Systems Analysis Pseudocoding & Flowcharting 4 There are two main patterns for repetitive logic: DO WHILE and DO UNTIL. In the first case (do while), the test is performed first and the associated instructions are performed only if (while) the test condition is true. Example: while there are still papers to read, I ll grade them. DO UNTIL case the opposite is true: the associated instructions are executed first and then the condition is tested (this means the function is be performed at least once): UNTIL I ve finished grading, I ll keep reading papers. Modules Flowcharting symbols can be applied to manual processes how a person completes a task or to a computerized function as a precursor to writing the program. The analyst must often add information to make a process comprehensible to humans or to machines. For example, the idea of gathering data or materials before beginning a process may not be obvious at first. In this example, a person is calculating the average of student scores on a quiz. Imagine yourself doing the task. In this first iteration, the main functions are identified: 1. Write down the score for each student s quiz 2. Add the score to the running total 3. Count the number of assignments 4. Divide the running total by the number of assignments So far, so good. But a computer needs to be told much more: 1. Start the process of averaging student scores 2. Are the quizzes available? a. If not, get them b. If so, process 3. Running score = 0 4. Number of quizzes processed = 0; 5. while there are quizzes to process a. get the score from this quiz b. add the score to Running score c. add 1 to the number of quizzes processed 6. Divide the Running score by the Number of quizzes processed 7. Store the answer 8. End the process
5 Systems Analysis Pseudocoding & Flowcharting 5 Since flowcharts are a graphic representation of the steps, the sequence is indicated by arrows. But in a complicated flowchart, it can be difficult to understand if the directional arrows cross each others. In that case, try to rearrange the elements so the visual flow from top left to bottom right is not hampered by crossing lines or use on-page connections (in numbered pairs). For instance, if the logic flows into a small circle marked 3, look for another small circle marked with 3 and a flowline that rejoins the flowchart at another point (similar to what you did for process decomposition). The same with Off-page connectors. Note, though, that if there are many off-page connectors, the flowchart is probably too big. In this case, reconsider the modularization: can you identify redundant processes or processes whose level of granularity is inconsistent with others on the chart? In this situation, you may prefer a different charting technique. Here is an example of using a decision tree. In the first example, there are three decisions. The first decision (if then ) point is whether the organization can afford to buy a new system. We see that if the decision is not to buy the system, then the cost is $0. If the decision is to purchase a new system, then notice how the
6 Systems Analysis Pseudocoding & Flowcharting 6 next decision point suggests that if the organization reaches its goals, it will earn $1,000,000. But if the goals aren t reached, then the company can lose $500,000. In this next example, a company performs a feasibility study. If the company owners believe the need is demonstrated, the project goes to the next level in-house staff. This diagram suggests that the company is willing to spent up to $100,000 for retraining of existing staff, but is unwilling to hire new staff (probably because the cost of hiring, training new staff). If the cost of in-house staff retraining is approved, the company asks whether there is sufficient available network capacity for its computers. Here again if there capacity is available, they proceed to build a new system. [Naturally, there are many more steps involved, such as projecting how long and how much traffic the network can sustain before reaching capacity, etc.]
7 Systems Analysis Pseudocoding & Flowcharting 7 Pseudocoding The purpose of pseudocoding is to be an approachable bridge between the logic of the design and the physical creation of a new system. Pseudocoding might be considered the textual equivalent of flowcharting and is useful for explaining logic models to people who shy from anything that looks technical. The advantage, too, of pseudocoding that if performed fully and accurately a computer programmer can translate the Structured English directly to computer code. Creating pseudocode is a useful step outside systems analysis: if the analyst can describe orally the steps involved, including logical dependencies, then s/he can explain the new system to any audience and will identify logical problems before they are manifested in the design. A word of warning: programmers may resist pseudocode that dictates how to solve the problem. The programmer needs to understand the logic and should not have to guess what the analyst means. On the other hand, if the analyst dictates the data structures to be used (e.g., use a hash here, an array there, or try this enumeration ) then the programmer s ability to create a viable program is impacted. [Let the programmer determine the best way for the machine to handle the data.] In the flowcharting examples above, we included two variables Running score and Number of quizzes processed. Such techniques are useful: e.g., count = 0; takehomepay = grosspay taxes Fica 401K dental medical + bonus. The names of the data are taken from the data dictionary. Input and output instructions are defined explicitly in the pseudocode: READ data FROM source And WRITE data TO destination Where data refers to a list of variables, a data structure, or a record and source and destination refer to a file or database [these are the sources/sinks that you identified early on]. Blocks of logic: Note that many processes that are repeated or complicated may be defined by another analyst, programmer, or may come from a library of programming routines. In this situation, the analyst may refer to the whole set of instructions as a single block. For example, say you re defining the processes that the first person in the office performs every day. These include Turn on the lights Turn on the photocopier Turn on the air conditioner Turn on the computers Read and reply to emergency s Unlock the front door Turn the sign in the window from closed, come again! to We re Open!
8 Systems Analysis Pseudocoding & Flowcharting 8 Instead of writing these steps down every time, you could group them under the label Open the Store. Then when defining the work process for many new employees, you could just refer to the above as Open the store. You can pass parameters to a block of instructions without changing the block. For example, in the above turn on air conditioning, you might say PERFORM Open the Store USING summer or PERFORM Open the Store USING winter. In the first case, the A/C is turned to cool; in the latter, it is turned to heat. For computing, it is the same process. Say you need a random number generator. You could identify a block of instructions and call them collectively randomizer. Then in the pseudocoding you can call the entire set of instructions by referring only to the block randomizer : PERFORM randomizer In this example, say you want to randomizer process to go no lower than a certain number (let s say 0) and no greater than another number (say 100). Here, then, you might say PERFORM randomizer US- ING RANGE 0, 100. Here s are a few examples: If then IF condition IF hours_worked > 40 THEN THEN PERFORM block-1 PERFORM overtime_pay ELSE ELSE PERFORM block-2 PERFORM regular_pay ENDIF ENDIF Nested if IF condition-1 THEN IF condition-2 THEN PERFORM block-a ELSE PERFORM block-b ENDIF ENDIF ELSE PERFORM block-c ENDIF DO WHILE WHILE condition DO PERFORM block ENDWHILE
9 Systems Analysis Pseudocoding & Flowcharting 9 REPEAT UNTIL REPEAT PERFORM block UNTIL condition DO TO DO (index = initial value TO limit) for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) { PERFORM block perform_block(); ENDDO } This for statement is very common. The int means integer ; the letter i is commonly used as the name of a variable that is of type integer. In the above statement we see that the variable i has been set to equal 0. The next part (i < 100) means as long as the value in i is less than 100, do whatever is in perform_block(). Once the block has been performed, the value of i is increased by 1 (this is what i++ means. Take the value of i and add 1. If you want to add more than one, for example, you want to increase the value of i five times for every time the perform_block() is completed, you can write i += 5. The if then statements are not very efficient from a computer s perspective. Although you, the analyst, may say If in your design, the programmer may select more efficient techniques. [Of course, the analyst can also specify them.] Here is a better example when there are many nested if statements or when the number of if options is greater than three. [This is a rule of thumb, not carved into stone.] Say we have a variable userlevel that determines what happens when someone logs into an information system. Regular staff users of some computer system are assigned a value of 0; the managers are assigned a value of 1; the administrators are assigned 2, the technical staff 3. If someone doesn t have a value assigned, it means they re a general, public user (say of a patron using an OPAC). If anyone of those levels logs into the system, we want the system to perform different functions. For example, the staff and other people should not have access to certain database functions, while the tech staff does need such access. We use the select statement: Model Example SELECT variable SELECT userlevel ; CASE (value-0) CASE 0: Login USING staff stafflogin(); break; CASE (value-1) CASE 1: Login USING manager managerlogin(); break; CASE (value-2) CASE 2: Login USING admin adminlogin(); break; CASE (value-3) CASE 3: Login USING tech techstafflogin(); break; DEFAULT DEFAULT: Login USING public publicuserlogin(); break;
10 Systems Analysis Pseudocoding & Flowcharting 10 ENDSELECT [We add a break; statement so the case statement stops and we jump out of the select statement block.] Action Diagram In passing we should note that another form of diagramming is called Action Diagrams. We will not include here now Action Diagrams demonstrate logic, but will use an example to suggest how diagrams can help design physical functions (such as menu design). In this example, the purpose is to suggest how the menu function might work. We can imagine this same function being applied to web page design. The first diagram has major functions (which were extracted from the Level-1 diagram). The second diagram suggests how logic can be integrated. [We won t pursue this in class in detail, but it is a helpful tool when working with Information Architects and people who do not know about systems analysis.
11 Systems Analysis Pseudocoding & Flowcharting 11
12 Systems Analysis Pseudocoding & Flowcharting 12 Object Oriented Techniques Software and work processes today are object-oriented. [A description of the object model will follow later.] Below is an example of object oriented processes being applied to a work process (student registration process) and then an example of software designed using objects. Try to read this chart. Starting with the first block (Registrar) we read it as One Registrar completes many (*) course registrations. When a course registration is complete, a student receives a copy. The student can enroll in multiple courses (*). Each course s tuition is paid individually. Payment may be by the student or by a scholarship. A course must exist (the black diamond) in order to be enrolled in. A single course registration (1) has at least one (1..) to many (*) classes. Enrolling in a class reduces the available seats or registrations by 1. Each class is described by a single class description.
13 Systems Analysis Pseudocoding & Flowcharting 13 Finally, an object is supposed to reflect conceptually things in the real world by identifying the properties of the object and what actions an object can perform. For example, a ball object has the property of circumference, color, and can be bounced. We might, then, create an objectd called ball : Object: ball Properites: circumference color tennisball Actions: bounce() This describes all balls. To describe our own tennisball, we instantiate the ball object or borrow the properties of all balls and apply them to our tennisball. Ball mytennisball Because we borrow the ball object, we inherit all the ball object s abilities. To say the color of my tennisball is orange can be represented as mytennisball.color = orange. Above is an example of the student enrollment process, expressed as an object oriented conceptual model. Following the model is an expression of the actual object classes. The object class diagram is used by programmers to create the digital objects used in the program.
14 Systems Analysis Pseudocoding & Flowcharting 14
15 Systems Analysis Pseudocoding & Flowcharting 15
Flowchart Techniques
C H A P T E R 1 Flowchart Techniques 1.1 Programming Aids Programmers use different kinds of tools or aids which help them in developing programs faster and better. Such aids are studied in the following
More informationPROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming PROG0101 FUNDAMENTALS OF PROGRAMMING. Chapter 3 Algorithms
PROG0101 FUNDAMENTALS OF PROGRAMMING Chapter 3 1 Introduction to A sequence of instructions. A procedure or formula for solving a problem. It was created mathematician, Mohammed ibn-musa al-khwarizmi.
More informationProblem Solving Basics and Computer Programming
Problem Solving Basics and Computer Programming A programming language independent companion to Roberge/Bauer/Smith, "Engaged Learning for Programming in C++: A Laboratory Course", Jones and Bartlett Publishers,
More information2 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION TECHNIQUES
2 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION TECHNIQUES 2.1 INTRODUCTION Graphical representation of any process is always better and more meaningful than its representation in words. Moreover, it is very difficult to arrange
More informationLECTURE 11: PROCESS MODELING
LECTURE 11: PROCESS MODELING Outline Logical modeling of processes Data Flow Diagram Elements Functional decomposition Data Flows Rules and Guidelines Structured Analysis with Use Cases Learning Objectives
More informationALGORITHMS AND FLOWCHARTS. By Miss Reham Tufail
ALGORITHMS AND FLOWCHARTS By Miss Reham Tufail ALGORITHMS AND FLOWCHARTS A typical programming task can be divided into two phases: Problem solving phase produce an ordered sequence of steps that describe
More informationProcess / Operation Symbols
Flowchart s and Their Meanings Flowchart s Defined By Nicholas Hebb The following is a basic overview, with descriptions and meanings, of the most common flowchart symbols - also commonly called flowchart
More information(Refer Slide Time 00:56)
Software Engineering Prof.N. L. Sarda Computer Science & Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Lecture-12 Data Modelling- ER diagrams, Mapping to relational model (Part -II) We will continue
More information6-1. Process Modeling
6-1 Process Modeling Key Definitions Process model A formal way of representing how a business system operates Illustrates the activities that are performed and how data moves among them Data flow diagramming
More informationUnderstanding Data Flow Diagrams Donald S. Le Vie, Jr.
Understanding Flow Diagrams Donald S. Le Vie, Jr. flow diagrams (DFDs) reveal relationships among and between the various components in a program or system. DFDs are an important technique for modeling
More information1. Process Modeling. Process Modeling (Cont.) Content. Chapter 7 Structuring System Process Requirements
Content Chapter 7 Structuring System Process Requirements Understand the logical (&physical) process modeling by using data flow diagrams (DFDs) Draw DFDs & Leveling Balance higher-level and lower-level
More informationHow To Develop Software
Software Engineering Prof. N.L. Sarda Computer Science & Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Lecture-4 Overview of Phases (Part - II) We studied the problem definition phase, with which
More informationAlgorithms, Flowcharts & Program Design. ComPro
Algorithms, Flowcharts & Program Design ComPro Definition Algorithm: o sequence of steps to be performed in order to solve a problem by the computer. Flowchart: o graphical or symbolic representation of
More informationTopic # 08. Structuring System Process Requirements. CIS Life Cycle and Requirements Structuring Stage
Topic # 08 Structuring System Process Requirements CIS Life Cycle and Requirements Structuring Stage Objectives 1. Data Flow Diagrams 2. Rules and Guidelines to DFD development that lead to accurate and
More information2. Capitalize initial keyword In the example above, READ and WRITE are in caps. There are just a few keywords we will use:
Pseudocode: An Introduction Flowcharts were the first design tool to be widely used, but unfortunately they do t very well reflect some of the concepts of structured programming. Pseudocode, on the other
More informationUsing UML Part Two Behavioral Modeling Diagrams
UML Tutorials Using UML Part Two Behavioral Modeling Diagrams by Sparx Systems All material Sparx Systems 2007 Sparx Systems 2007 Page 1 Trademarks Object Management Group, OMG, Unified Modeling Language,
More informationConditionals: (Coding with Cards)
10 LESSON NAME: Conditionals: (Coding with Cards) Lesson time: 45 60 Minutes : Prep time: 2 Minutes Main Goal: This lesson will introduce conditionals, especially as they pertain to loops and if statements.
More informationEKT150 Introduction to Computer Programming. Wk1-Introduction to Computer and Computer Program
EKT150 Introduction to Computer Programming Wk1-Introduction to Computer and Computer Program A Brief Look At Computer Computer is a device that receives input, stores and processes data, and provides
More informationChapter 13: Program Development and Programming Languages
15 th Edition Understanding Computers Today and Tomorrow Comprehensive Chapter 13: Program Development and Programming Languages Deborah Morley Charles S. Parker Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning Learning
More informationProgramming and Software Development CTAG Alignments
Programming and Software Development CTAG Alignments This document contains information about four Career-Technical Articulation Numbers (CTANs) for Programming and Software Development Career-Technical
More informationSECTION 4 TESTING & QUALITY CONTROL
Page 1 SECTION 4 TESTING & QUALITY CONTROL TESTING METHODOLOGY & THE TESTING LIFECYCLE The stages of the Testing Life Cycle are: Requirements Analysis, Planning, Test Case Development, Test Environment
More informationSECTION 2 PROGRAMMING & DEVELOPMENT
Page 1 SECTION 2 PROGRAMMING & DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGY THE WATERFALL APPROACH The Waterfall model of software development is a top-down, sequential approach to the design, development, testing
More informationIntroducing the Credit Card
Introducing the Credit Card This program was designed with high school students in mind. It goes over everything you need to know before you get your first credit card so you can manage it wisely.» Key
More informationChapter 1 An Introduction to Computers and Problem Solving
hapter 1 n Introduction to omputers and Problem Solving Section 1.1 n Introduction to omputers 1. Visual Basic is considered to be a () first-generation language. (B) package. () higher-level language.
More informationChapter 13: Program Development and Programming Languages
Understanding Computers Today and Tomorrow 12 th Edition Chapter 13: Program Development and Programming Languages Learning Objectives Understand the differences between structured programming, object-oriented
More informationNotes on Algorithms, Pseudocode, and Flowcharts
Notes on Algorithms, Pseudocode, and Flowcharts Introduction Do you like hot sauce? Here is an algorithm for how to make a good one: Volcanic Hot Sauce (from: http://recipeland.com/recipe/v/volcanic-hot-sauce-1125)
More informationProgramming in Access VBA
PART I Programming in Access VBA In this part, you will learn all about how Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) works for Access 2010. A number of new VBA features have been incorporated into the 2010
More informationData Analysis 1. SET08104 Database Systems. Copyright @ Napier University
Data Analysis 1 SET08104 Database Systems Copyright @ Napier University Entity Relationship Modelling Overview Database Analysis Life Cycle Components of an Entity Relationship Diagram What is a relationship?
More informationChapter 4: Tools of Modern Systems Analysis
Just Enough Structured Analysis Chapter 4: Tools of Modern Systems Analysis Nature has... some sort of arithmetical-geometrical coordinate system, because nature has all kinds of models. What we experience
More informationSpecimen 2015 am/pm Time allowed: 1hr 30mins
SPECIMEN MATERIAL GCSE COMPUTER SCIENCE 8520/1 Paper 1 Specimen 2015 am/pm Time allowed: 1hr 30mins Materials There are no additional materials required for this paper. Instructions Use black ink or black
More informationALGORITHMS AND FLOWCHARTS
ALGORITHMS AND FLOWCHARTS A typical programming task can be divided into two phases: Problem solving phase produce an ordered sequence of steps that describe solution of problem this sequence of steps
More informationAlgorithm & Flowchart & Pseudo code. Staff Incharge: S.Sasirekha
Algorithm & Flowchart & Pseudo code Staff Incharge: S.Sasirekha Computer Programming and Languages Computers work on a set of instructions called computer program, which clearly specify the ways to carry
More informationPERANCANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI
PERANCANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI Session 9 Program Design Based on on System Analysis & Design 2 nd nd Edition Authors :: Alan Dennis & Barbara Haley Wixom Publisher :: John Wiley & Sons Faculty of Computer
More informationWhy Data Flow Diagrams?
Flow Diagrams A structured analysis technique that employs a set of visual representations of the data that moves through the organization, the paths through which the data moves, and the processes that
More informationChapter 7: Structuring System Process Requirements
Chapter 7: Structuring System Process Requirements Multiple Choice Questions 1. Data flow diagrams that concentrate on the movement of data between processes are referred to as: a. process models b. data
More informationSources: On the Web: Slides will be available on:
C programming Introduction The basics of algorithms Structure of a C code, compilation step Constant, variable type, variable scope Expression and operators: assignment, arithmetic operators, comparison,
More informationSCORM Users Guide for Instructional Designers. Version 8
SCORM Users Guide for Instructional Designers Version 8 September 15, 2011 Brief Table of Contents Chapter 1. SCORM in a Nutshell... 6 Chapter 2. Overview of SCORM... 15 Chapter 3. Structuring Instruction...
More informationJournal of Information Technology Management SIGNS OF IT SOLUTIONS FAILURE: REASONS AND A PROPOSED SOLUTION ABSTRACT
Journal of Information Technology Management ISSN #1042-1319 A Publication of the Association of Management SIGNS OF IT SOLUTIONS FAILURE: REASONS AND A PROPOSED SOLUTION MAJED ABUSAFIYA NEW MEXICO TECH
More informationSoftware development and programming. Software
CHAPTER 15 15 Software Software development and programming Syllabus outcomes 5.2.1 Describes and applies problem-solving processes when creating solutions. 5.2.2 Designs, produces and evaluates appropriate
More informationMAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION (MGU CBCSS UG SDE 2012)
MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION (MGU CBCSS UG SDE 2012) B.Sc Computer Science Semester V BCS 502 Core-19: System Analysis &Design Multiple Choice questions 1... includes review of
More informationGetting Started with Excel 2008. Table of Contents
Table of Contents Elements of An Excel Document... 2 Resizing and Hiding Columns and Rows... 3 Using Panes to Create Spreadsheet Headers... 3 Using the AutoFill Command... 4 Using AutoFill for Sequences...
More informationThe Rules 1. One level of indentation per method 2. Don t use the ELSE keyword 3. Wrap all primitives and Strings
Object Calisthenics 9 steps to better software design today, by Jeff Bay http://www.xpteam.com/jeff/writings/objectcalisthenics.rtf http://www.pragprog.com/titles/twa/thoughtworks-anthology We ve all seen
More informationSoftware Design and Development
2002 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION Software Design and Development Total marks 100 Section I Pages 2 9 General Instructions Reading time 5 minutes Working time 3 hours Write using black or blue
More informationUnit 2.1. Data Analysis 1 - V2.0 1. Data Analysis 1. Dr Gordon Russell, Copyright @ Napier University
Data Analysis 1 Unit 2.1 Data Analysis 1 - V2.0 1 Entity Relationship Modelling Overview Database Analysis Life Cycle Components of an Entity Relationship Diagram What is a relationship? Entities, attributes,
More informationFoundations for Systems Development
Foundations for Systems Development ASSIGNMENT 1 Read this assignment introduction. Then, read Chapter 1, The Systems Development Environment, on pages 2 25 in your textbook. What Is Systems Analysis and
More informationTriggers & Actions 10
Triggers & Actions 10 CHAPTER Introduction Triggers and actions are the building blocks that you can use to create interactivity and custom features. Once you understand how these building blocks work,
More informationGetting Started Guide For Students
Blackboard Learn 9.1 Getting Started Guide For Students Created by the Oregon Tech Online staff Opening Blackboard Web Address: Login to MyOIT or go directly to Blackboard at http://online.oit.edu Username
More informationOKLAHOMA SUBJECT AREA TESTS (OSAT )
CERTIFICATION EXAMINATIONS FOR OKLAHOMA EDUCATORS (CEOE ) OKLAHOMA SUBJECT AREA TESTS (OSAT ) FIELD 081: COMPUTER SCIENCE September 2008 Subarea Range of Competencies I. Computer Use in Educational Environments
More informationCourse MS10975A Introduction to Programming. Length: 5 Days
3 Riverchase Office Plaza Hoover, Alabama 35244 Phone: 205.989.4944 Fax: 855.317.2187 E-Mail: rwhitney@discoveritt.com Web: www.discoveritt.com Course MS10975A Introduction to Programming Length: 5 Days
More informationChapter 12 Programming Concepts and Languages
Chapter 12 Programming Concepts and Languages Chapter 12 Programming Concepts and Languages Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 12-1 Presentation Overview Programming Concepts Problem-Solving Techniques The Evolution
More informationInstructor Özgür ZEYDAN (PhD) CIV 112 Computer Programming http://cevre.beun.edu.tr/zeydan/
Algorithms Pseudocode Flowcharts (PhD) CIV 112 Computer Programming http://cevre.beun.edu.tr/zeydan/ Why do we have to learn computer programming? Computers can make calculations at a blazing speed without
More informationChapter 8 Approaches to System Development
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, sixth edition 8-1 Chapter 8 Approaches to System Development Table of Contents Chapter Overview Learning Objectives Notes on Opening Case and EOC Cases
More informationUse-Case Analysis. ! What is it? ! From where did it come? ! Now part of UML
Use-Case Analysis Use-Case Analysis! What is it?! An informal, user-friendly, technique useful for functional requirements analysis and specification! From where did it come?! Ivar Jacobson, a Swedish
More informationThomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology Program of Studies Foundations of Computer Science. Unit of Study / Textbook Correlation
Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology Program of Studies Foundations of Computer Science updated 03/08/2012 Unit 1: JKarel 8 weeks http://www.fcps.edu/is/pos/documents/hs/compsci.htm
More informationFlow Charts & Assembly Language
Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Flow Charts & Assembly Language EE3954 by Maarten Uijt de Haag, Tim Bambeck, Harsha Chenji Flowcharts.1 Flow Chart Diagram of the sequence of operations in a computer
More information(Refer Slide Time: 01:52)
Software Engineering Prof. N. L. Sarda Computer Science & Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Lecture - 2 Introduction to Software Engineering Challenges, Process Models etc (Part 2) This
More informationWESTMORELAND COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOLS 2011 2012 Integrated Instructional Pacing Guide and Checklist Computer Math
Textbook Correlation WESTMORELAND COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOLS 2011 2012 Integrated Instructional Pacing Guide and Checklist Computer Math Following Directions Unit FIRST QUARTER AND SECOND QUARTER Logic Unit
More informationCSC 342 Semester I: 1425-1426H (2004-2005 G)
CSC 342 Semester I: 1425-1426H (2004-2005 G) Software Engineering Systems Analysis: Requirements Structuring Context & DFDs. Instructor: Dr. Ghazy Assassa Software Engineering CSC 342/Dr. Ghazy Assassa
More informationChapter 11: Integrationand System Testing
Object-Oriented Software Engineering Using UML, Patterns, and Java Chapter 11: Integrationand System Testing Integration Testing Strategy The entire system is viewed as a collection of subsystems (sets
More informationComputer Programming Lecturer: Dr. Laith Abdullah Mohammed
Algorithm: A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem in a finite amount of time. Algorithms can be represented using Flow Charts. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ALGORITHM: Computer Programming Lecturer: Dr.
More informationTDDC88 Lab 2 Unified Modeling Language (UML)
TDDC88 Lab 2 Unified Modeling Language (UML) Introduction What is UML? Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a collection of graphical notations, which are defined using a single meta-model. UML can be used
More informationMoving from CS 61A Scheme to CS 61B Java
Moving from CS 61A Scheme to CS 61B Java Introduction Java is an object-oriented language. This document describes some of the differences between object-oriented programming in Scheme (which we hope you
More informationProgramming Logic and Design Eighth Edi(on
Programming Logic and Design Eighth Edi(on Chapter 3 Understanding Structure Objec3ves In this chapter, you will learn about: The disadvantages of unstructured spaghea code The three basic structures sequence,
More informationD6 INFORMATION SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT. SOLUTIONS & MARKING SCHEME. June 2013
D6 INFORMATION SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT. SOLUTIONS & MARKING SCHEME. June 2013 The purpose of these questions is to establish that the students understand the basic ideas that underpin the course. The answers
More informationSAULTCOLLEGE OF APPLIED ARTS AND TECHNOLOGY SAULT STE. MARIE, ONTARIO COURSE OUTLINE
SAULTCOLLEGE OF APPLIED ARTS AND TECHNOLOGY SAULT STE. MARIE, ONTARIO COURSE OUTLINE COURSE TITLE: Systems Analysis & Design CODE NO. : SEMESTER: 3 PROGRAM: AUTHOR: Computer Programmer Dennis Ochoski DATE:
More informationWeek 2 Practical Objects and Turtles
Week 2 Practical Objects and Turtles Aims and Objectives Your aim in this practical is: to practise the creation and use of objects in Java By the end of this practical you should be able to: create objects
More informationOptimizations. Optimization Safety. Optimization Safety. Control Flow Graphs. Code transformations to improve program
Optimizations Code transformations to improve program Mainly: improve execution time Also: reduce program size Control low Graphs Can be done at high level or low level E.g., constant folding Optimizations
More informationCHAPTER 18 Programming Your App to Make Decisions: Conditional Blocks
CHAPTER 18 Programming Your App to Make Decisions: Conditional Blocks Figure 18-1. Computers, even small ones like the phone in your pocket, are good at performing millions of operations in a single second.
More informationLECTURE -08 INTRODUCTION TO PRIMAVERA PROJECT PLANNER (P6)
LECTURE -08 INTRODUCTION TO PRIMAVERA PROJECT PLANNER (P6) GOAL In this lecture, we ll learn: Background of Primavera Project Planner (P6) Getting Started P6 Interface Basic Navigation and Operation Setting
More informationObject Oriented Programming. Risk Management
Section V: Object Oriented Programming Risk Management In theory, there is no difference between theory and practice. But, in practice, there is. - Jan van de Snepscheut 427 Chapter 21: Unified Modeling
More informationCustom Reporting Basics for ADP Workforce Now. Automatic Data Processing, LLC ES Canada
Custom Reporting Basics for ADP Workforce Now Automatic Data Processing, LLC ES Canada ADP s Trademarks The ADP Logo, ADP, ADP Workforce Now and IN THE BUSINESS OF YOUR SUCCESS are registered trademarks
More informationUsing the Virtual High School
Using the Virtual High School B Y : E L I Z A B E T H S W I N G Unlocking the Mystery!!! Getting Started Welcome to the Virtual High School! First, you ll start off by getting acquainted with the home
More informationIntellect Platform - The Workflow Engine Basic HelpDesk Troubleticket System - A102
Intellect Platform - The Workflow Engine Basic HelpDesk Troubleticket System - A102 Interneer, Inc. Updated on 2/22/2012 Created by Erika Keresztyen Fahey 2 Workflow - A102 - Basic HelpDesk Ticketing System
More informationPloneSurvey User Guide (draft 3)
- 1 - PloneSurvey User Guide (draft 3) This short document will hopefully contain enough information to allow people to begin creating simple surveys using the new Plone online survey tool. Caveat PloneSurvey
More informationHow to register and use our Chat System
How to register and use our Chat System Why this document? We have a very good chat system and easy to use when you are set up, but getting registered and into the system can be a bit complicated. If you
More informationProcess Mapping Guidelines
Process Mapping Guidelines FLOWCHART SYMBOLS The following are the primary symbols: SYMBOL NAME DESCRIPTION Activity/Processing Decision Document Direction of Flow Chart Connections Indicates that an activity
More informationWilson Area School District Planned Course Guide
Wilson Area School District Planned Course Guide Title of planned course: Introduction to Computer Programming Subject Area: Business Grade Level: 9-12 Course Description: In this course, students are
More informationStudent Toolkit PEAK Classroom
Student Toolkit PEAK Classroom CONTENTS (click to jump to) WELCOME... 2 Accessing Your Homeroom... 2 GLOBAL NAVIGATION MENU... 4 Posts... 4 Updates... 5 My Grades... 6 Calendar... 7 PEAK CLASSROOM... 9
More informationethink Education Moodle Faculty Quick Reference Guide
Introduction... 2 Editing Your Profile... 4 Opening Your Course... 6 Course Settings... 8 Editing Your Course... 11 Cross-Tallied Courses... 15 Simulate Student Role... 16 Grades... 17 Course Evaluation...
More informationAssignment # 2: Design Patterns and GUIs
CSUS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE Department of Computer Science CSc 133 Object-Oriented Computer Graphics Programming Spring 2014 John Clevenger Assignment # 2: Design Patterns and GUIs
More informationVisual Basic Programming. An Introduction
Visual Basic Programming An Introduction Why Visual Basic? Programming for the Windows User Interface is extremely complicated. Other Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) are no better. Visual Basic provides
More informationPIC 10A. Lecture 7: Graphics II and intro to the if statement
PIC 10A Lecture 7: Graphics II and intro to the if statement Setting up a coordinate system By default the viewing window has a coordinate system already set up for you 10-10 10-10 The origin is in the
More informationSoftware Development. Topic 1 The Software Development Process
Software Development Topic 1 The Software Development Process 1 The Software Development Process Analysis Design Implementation Testing Documentation Evaluation Maintenance 2 Analysis Stage An Iterative
More informationUse Case Diagrams. Tutorial
Use Case Diagrams Tutorial What is a use case? A requirements analysis concept A case of a use of the system/product Describes the system's actions from a the point of view of a user Tells a story A sequence
More informationCandle Plant process automation based on ABB 800xA Distributed Control Systems
Candle Plant process automation based on ABB 800xA Distributed Control Systems Yousef Iskandarani and Karina Nohammer Department of Engineering University of Agder Jon Lilletuns vei 9, 4879 Grimstad Norway
More information9 Control Statements. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Objectives. 9.3 Statements
9 Control Statements 9.1 Introduction The normal flow of execution in a high level language is sequential, i.e., each statement is executed in the order of its appearance in the program. However, depending
More informationRelease 2.0. Cox Business Online Backup Quick Start Guide
Cox Business Online Backup Quick Start Guide Release 2.0 Cox Business Online Backup Quick Start Guide i IMPORTANT: You must notify Cox in advance if you would like to move or relocate your telephone Service.
More informationMind on Statistics. Chapter 8
Mind on Statistics Chapter 8 Sections 8.1-8.2 Questions 1 to 4: For each situation, decide if the random variable described is a discrete random variable or a continuous random variable. 1. Random variable
More informationINTRODUCTION TO THE LS360 LMS
INTRODUCTION TO THE LS360 LMS LEARNER MODE QUICKSTART GUIDE CONTENTS INTRODUCTION... 3 Overview... 3 YOUR FIRST LOGIN... 4 Username, Password, and Logging In... 4 Visual Guide... 4 A note about regulated
More informationSoftware Design Document (SDD) Template
(SDD) Template Software design is a process by which the software requirements are translated into a representation of software components, interfaces, and data necessary for the implementation phase.
More informationGrade descriptions Computer Science Stage 1
Stage 1 A B C Accurately uses a wide range of terms and concepts associated with current personal computers, home networking and internet connections. Correctly uses non-technical and a range of technical
More informationThe Integration Between EAI and SOA - Part I
by Jose Luiz Berg, Project Manager and Systems Architect at Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) SERVICE TECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE Issue XLIX April 2011 Introduction This article is intended to present the
More informationThis module explains fundamental aspects of Microsoft Dynamics NAV Development Environment.
MICROSOFT DYNAMICS NAV COURSE OUTLINE 1) MICROSOFT DYNAMICS NAV Module 1: Microsoft Dynamics NAV Development Environment This module explains fundamental aspects of Microsoft Dynamics NAV Development Environment.
More information1-04-10 Configuration Management: An Object-Based Method Barbara Dumas
1-04-10 Configuration Management: An Object-Based Method Barbara Dumas Payoff Configuration management (CM) helps an organization maintain an inventory of its software assets. In traditional CM systems,
More informationEMC Publishing. Ontario Curriculum Computer and Information Science Grade 11
EMC Publishing Ontario Curriculum Computer and Information Science Grade 11 Correlations for: An Introduction to Programming Using Microsoft Visual Basic 2005 Theory and Foundation Overall Expectations
More informationSAIT TDC ORIENTATION PACKAGE
SAIT TDC ORIENTATION PACKAGE System Requirements ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 Getting Started --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
More informationHigh School Algebra Reasoning with Equations and Inequalities Solve equations and inequalities in one variable.
Performance Assessment Task Quadratic (2009) Grade 9 The task challenges a student to demonstrate an understanding of quadratic functions in various forms. A student must make sense of the meaning of relations
More informationIn this article, learn how to create and manipulate masks through both the worksheet and graph window.
Masking Data In this article, learn how to create and manipulate masks through both the worksheet and graph window. The article is split up into four main sections: The Mask toolbar The Mask Toolbar Buttons
More information