BMP Maintenance Guide. Andi Hodaj & Allison Turner

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1 BMP Maintenance Guide Andi Hodaj & Allison Turner

2 Preface BMPs and their importance in enhancing and preserving water quality has been a known factor for quite some time. Despite this knowledge, stakeholders have various concerns about the establishment, the use and maintenance of these practices. This guide seeks to address all of these concerns for some particular BMPs used in agricultural and urban areas that apply specifically to the state of Indiana. The document is divided into two components important adoption information, and maintenance procedures. The major concerns with adopting a BMP distill to costs and benefits. BMPs come with a monetary cost someone has to foot the bill for the operations and materials needed to establish and maintain a BMP. Thankfully, there have been a lot of cost share programs supported by the federal and local governments and the agencies in charge of protecting our waters that can assist with this. Time dedicated to, or labor necessary to maintain the performance of, the BMPs is another cost. On the benefits side, a BMP should provide clear benefits to the stakeholder and to the water quality if we expect to incur the costs of a BMP. This document will also focus on the maintenance of each BMP. We want to provide stakeholders or people interested in applying these BMPs with some information on how to and what it takes to maintain their design performance after they have been established. This will help the stakeholders to make more informed decisions about which BMP would be best for their situation. In addition, we plan on providing links to webpages, scientific papers or case studies that can help with providing more in depth information about these BMPs.

3 Table of Contents Agricultural BMPs 1. Two- stage ditch 1.1. Important adoption information Description of benefits Approximate initial cost Potential cost- sharing programs 1.2. Maintenance procedures and costs 2. Denitrifying bioreactor 2.1. Important adoption information Description of benefits Approximate initial cost Potential cost- sharing programs 2.2. Maintenance procedures and costs 3. Vegetated filter strips 3.1. Important adoption information Description of benefits Approximate initial cost Potential cost- sharing programs 3.2. Maintenance procedures and costs 4. Helpful links with resources for agricultural BMPs Urban BMPs 5. Rain barrel 5.1. Important adoption information Description of benefits Approximate initial cost Potential cost- sharing programs

4 5.2. Maintenance procedures and costs Winterizing your rain barrel Addressing water pressure concerns Cleaning your rain barrel 6. Rain garden 6.1. Important adoption information Description of benefits Approximate initial cost Potential cost- sharing programs 6.2. Maintenance procedures and costs Inspections Watering Weeding Plant care Soil and infiltration care My rain garden is not draining! 7. Helpful links with resources for urban BMPs

5 Agricultural BMPs 1. Two- stage ditch (Two- stage ditch at Throckmorton Purdue Agriculture Center, Lafayette, IN.) 1.1 Important adoption information Description of benefits In channelized ditches and streams that are entrenched and have over widened bed widths, alluvial channel processes try to develop a flood plain that consists of low benches. Often, these ditches show improved stability. The two- stage ditch is a practice that mimics this processes and involves modifications of part of a regular trapezoidal ditch to resemble more the features of a natural stream. The idea is to create or simulate extended benches on both sides of the ditch that would otherwise occur naturally over a period of time in a natural stream because of geomorphological processes. Two- stage ditches offer the potential to reduce sediment load, through enhanced filtering over the benches, reducing the energy of high flows which causes streambank and streambed erosion and concentrating the energy of low flows to

6 effectively transport fine sediments. In addition, it extends the interaction time between water and vegetation on the benches allowing thus, for larger uptake of nutrients from the vegetation on the extended benches, and increasing the denitrification rates in the soil during high flow events, as shown by previous studies Approximate initial cost Total costs of construction were estimated from different two- stage ditch sites and they vary from $10 - $68 per linear foot of two- stage channel. Initial costs of two- stage ditches are higher than that of a regular ditch because of increased width and more earthwork. Creating a low bench typically requires a greater top width. Assuming a two- stage ditch is approximately feet wider than a conventional ditch, then the loss of potentially farmable land might be 1 to 3 acres per mile of ditch, depending the size of the watershed and existing ditch. The increased width however, will usually increase the capacity (amount of flow it can carry) by 25%- 100%. With the loss of farmable acreage in mind, it has been proposed that the establishment of the low bench be included in state and federal cost share programs, the same as establishing a grass filter adjacent to the top of the ditch. It is probable that establishment of a bench will have a greater benefit than a grass filter. However, it does not negate, nor need to replace, the benefit of also having a grass filter or maintenance strip along the top of the ditch Potential cost- sharing programs The two- stage ditch practice was adopted into the Field Office Technical Guide by the USDA s NRCS in Indiana, enabling it to be used in cost- share programs like the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP 75% cost share). In addition, CWA section 319 funding from EPA and the Indiana Department of Environmental Management help to fund implementation. SWCDs are on board to install these practices. They are working with TNC and receiving funds through Clean Water Indiana, a funding source led by Indiana s State Soil Conservation Board and administered by the Indiana Department of Agriculture.

7 1.2 Maintenance procedures and costs A maintenance program should include but not limited to the following: Periodical inspection of the two- stage ditch area for signs of undermining or instability, in order to take action to protect from further damages. The only cost here is the time spent by the landowner/user to inspect the area. Spraying noxious or invasive plants such as reed canary grass or, cuttail sedges with a chemical that is designed to be sprayed near water. The spraying should not be done directly in the water but rather should be directed to the plant you are trying to control. This allows the native plants to compete better with invasive. The cost will depend on the amount of chemical to be used and its price. The spraying needs to be done during a rain free period or during low channel flows. Mowing the benches periodically (once per growing season should be sufficient). You have to make sure that soil on the benches is dry when you are mowing. Controlling the spread of woody vegetation (such as willows) on the benches by pulling out, spraying or chopping them early. Keep subsurface drain outlet pipes open and protected by removing any debris or sediment that has been accumulated near them.

8 2. Denitrifying woodchip bioreactor (Woodchip bioreactor at Throckmorton Purdue Agriculture Center, Lafayette, IN.) (Woodchip bioreactor two years after construction at Throckmorton Purdue Agriculture Center, Lafayette, IN. The outlet structure can be seen in the bottom right corner of this picture.)

9 2.1 Important adoption information Description of benefits Subsurface agricultural drainage can allow large gains in agricultural productivity in the Midwestern United States. There is, however, concern about pollutants moving through these systems. One specific water quality concern is nitrate, a form of nitrogen that moves readily through the soil and often can be present in high amounts in clear drainage waters. The water quality of our local streams, rivers, and lakes can be negatively impacted by nitrate in tile drainage. Moreover, because many streams and rivers in this region lead to the Mississippi River, nitrate in Midwestern agricultural drainage also contributes to the hypoxic zone (or Dead Zone) in the Gulf of Mexico. Woodchip bioreactors are a new option to reduce the amount of nitrate in drainage before it gets to local surface waters. A woodchip bioreactor is made by routing drainage water through a buried trench filled with woodchips. Woodchip bioreactors also are known as denitrification bioreactors, a name that describes the actual process occurring inside the bioreactor. Denitrification is the conversion of nitrate (NO3- ) to nitrogen gas (dinitrogen, N) that is carried out by bacteria living in the bioreactor. These bacteria, called denitrifiers, use the carbon in the woodchips as their food and use the nitrate as part of their respiration process. Because these bacteria also can breathe oxygen, providing anaerobic conditions through more constantly flowing tile water helps ensure that the bacteria utilize the nitrate Approximate initial cost Most bioreactor installations in Indiana, Illinois and Iowa have been in the range of $4,000 to $12,000 in order to treat drainage from about 30 acres to over 100 acres. The main costs consist of dredging, woodchips and inlet and outlet structure costs. Woodchip material is a significant part of the cost however, local available sources could help reduce the cost. Bioreactors can be placed along drainage ditches on buffer strips without taking land out of productions and the land above them can be treated just as a regular vegetated buffer strip that allows the use of machinery over them.

10 2.1.3 Potential cost- sharing programs Denitrifying Bioreactors are eligible for financial assistance through the NRCS Environmental Quality Incentives Program, where the conservation practice standard has been accepted, financial assistance is often available through EQIP. In Indiana, the incentive is $5800. Higher rates may be available under the Mississippi River Basin Healthy Watersheds Initiative (MRBI). 2.2 Maintenance procedures and costs The main cost of maintaining a woodchip bioreactor is replacing the woodchips and this will not need to occur for at least 10 years (this is the estimated life time of most types of woodchips in the bioreactor) since the construction. The rest of it, since it is underground, can be treated as a regular vegetative filter strip, with periodic mowing.

11 3. Vegetative filter strip (Vegetated filter strip at Throckmorton Purdue Agriculture Center, Lafayette, IN. The arrow shows the filter strip between corn plants and an agricultural ditch.) 3.1 Important adoption information Description of benefits Vegetative filter strips (VFS) are areas next to cropland that are seeded to close- growing plants. They are designed to remove sediment, organic material, nutrients, and chemicals carried in runoff or waste water. Vegetative filter strips are planted along streams, ponds, and lakes, and are important management tools around sinkholes and agricultural drainage wells. In a properly designed VFS, water flows evenly through the strip, slowing the runoff velocity and allowing contaminants to

12 settle from the water. In addition, where VFSs are seeded, fertilizers and herbicides no longer need to be applied right next to susceptible water sources. Vegetative filter strips also increase wildlife habitat. The minimum width of the filter strip can vary from 15 feet for flat land to 25 feet for a slope of 20-30% Approximate initial cost The initial cost of the filter strips is tied to the amount of land that is being out of crop production. The major other cost is the purchasing of the seed. The best species for filter strips are tall perennial grasses such as reed canarygrass or, smooth bromegrass. Switchgrass, big bluestem and indiangrass may also be used Potential cost- sharing programs There are a few cost- share and rental payment programs, which reimburse farmers for the installation of vegetated filter strips (among other practices); examples of these include the Conservation Reserve Program, Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program, Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program and Environmental Quality Incentives Program. 3.2 Maintenance procedures and costs When heavy sediment loads are deposited, soil tends to build up across the strip forming a miniature terrace. If this becomes large enough to impound water, water will eventually break over the top and flow will become concentrated in that area. Strips should be inspected regularly for damage. Maintenance may include minor grading, reseeding, or interseeding to keep filter strips effective.

13 4. Helpful links with resources for agricultural BMPs owwework/two- stage- ditches- 2.xml woodchip- bioreactors

14 5. Rain barrel 5.1 Important adoption information Description of benefits Homeowners value rain barrels because they can use water collected in rain barrels to water their vegetables, lawn, flowers, and car while reducing their utility bills. Depending on their house and yard size, homeowners can collect a significant amount of rainfall using your rain barrels. Estimates indicate during a one inch rain event, one downspout delivers 12 gallons of water per minute and that one rain barrel will save 1,300 gallons of water throughout the year! With rising municipal water rates and increasing drought concerns throughout the region, harvesting water through rain barrels is becoming more and more important and appealing. Rain barrels are also beneficial for Indiana s lakes, rivers, and streams. Every time it rains, water gushes from downspouts and across lawns into local streets, picking up pesticides, sediment, and nutrients along the way before flowing into local storm drains. If the area is served by a municipal separate storm sewer system, this stormwater will always be discharged untreated into the local water body. If the area is served by a combined sewer, a heavy flush of rain can overload the system, sending both stormwater and wastewater untreated into local

15 water bodies. Installation of a rain barrel can reduce the flow of polluted runoff from urban landscapes, especially during the first flush of rain. The more water homeowners can retain on site, the less water flows across the land surface, resulting in less polluted runoff flowing into Indiana s waters Approximate initial cost Excluding cost- share options, homeowners can purchase rain barrels at hardware stores; they range in price from $70 to $200+. They can also purchase downspout diverters at similar stores, for approximately $30. Rain barrel stands can be purchased, but they are also easily made using wooden boards or cinder blocks Potential cost- sharing programs Many cities and counties throughout Indiana have cost- share programs for rain barrels; some run year- round, while others run for shorter periods of time during the year. Cost- share rain barrels are typically much cheaper than rain barrels found in hardware stores. We recommend you check your city s Web site or ask your local government official if your area offers a cost- shared rain barrel program (and if they don t, encourage them to do so!). Here are examples of various cost- shared rain barrel programs in Indiana: DeKalb County: Visit for more information. City of Lafayette: Rain barrels are available for $25 to rate payers or $50 to non rate payers. Visit for more information. City of Noblesville: A limited number of rain barrels are sold for $27.50 to Noblesville residents during a subsidized rain barrel event, typically occurring in mid- April. Visit rain- barrels.html for more information.

16 City of Portage: A limited number of rain barrels are sold for $27.50 to City of Portage residents during a subsidized rain barrel event, typically occurring in April. Homeowners are only allowed to purchase one subsidized rain barrel per event. For the rest of the year, rain barrels are sold for $ Visit products.com/static.asp?path=7638 for more information. City of Valparaiso: A limited number of rain barrels are sold for $22.50 to City of Valparaiso residents during a subsidized rain barrel event, typically occurring in March. Otherwise, rain barrels are sold for $ Visit for more information. 5.2 Maintenance procedures and costs Maintaining your rain barrel is not very costly at all! Many of the materials needed to maintain a rain barrel are found in a typical home, and any purchases are likely to be cheap Winterizing your rain barrel Winterizing a rain barrel is one of the most important maintenance practices for a rain barrel, especially in Indiana, where the climate becomes cold and icy. Homeowners should be sure to winterize their rain barrel before the first frost, which typically occurs in mid- October. First, drain the rain barrel by opening the spigot. A full rain barrel presents a freezing hazard, causing the hose or the barrel itself to split and crack from the pressure of expanding ice.

17 If you have a diverter with tubing, remove the tubing from the diverter / downspout and attach a plug in its place. Feel free to leave it attached to the barrel so you remember where it is located! If your rain barrel receives water directly from the downspout, simply replace your bent gutter piece with a straight one (like the one you used before installing the barrel). If you don t have your old gutter piece, you can purchase a downspout extension. (Flexible downspouts allow you to redirect the rainwater very well!)

18 Store your rain barrel in an inside location or under outdoor stairs. If leaving the barrel outside, it is best to turn the rain barrel upside down and weight it down this prevents water accumulation Addressing water pressure concerns Many homeowners have issues with low water pressure in their rain barrel mainly when trying to connect a hose to their rain barrel. Rain barrels are drained by the force of gravity, which may not be enough to let homeowners use their hose. Generally, this is not a problem for rain barrel users who do not connect their barrel to a normal hose; thus, one way to alleviate this issue is to instead use a sprinkling can or a soaker hose with your rain barrel water. However, to achieve better flow from a normal hose, try raising the height of your rain barrel by creating a higher stand (making extra sure it is sturdy!) Cleaning your rain barrel After a while, rain barrels accumulate sediment and organic debris from the roof, settling out on the bottom of the rain barrel. Rain barrels also can form a layer of algae growth on the interior of the barrel. The gutter and downspout, which deliver water to the rain barrel, can also become dirty over time. Thus, to make sure rain barrel water is clean and healthy for your plants, homeowners will want to periodically clean their rain barrel. Homeowners can do this as often as they feel it necessary to do so, but it is recommended to clean the barrel at least once annually. Here are the steps to cleaning your rain barrel: Drain your rain barrel and disconnect it from the downspout. Before cleaning the rain barrel, first make sure the gutter is clean rinse it and clear the debris. Look at the interior of your downspout to make sure there is no material blocking the downspout. Use a spray nozzle attached to a garden hose to remove accumulated debris. You can place a mesh screen on top of your downspout to filter debris, if desired.

19 Clean the tubing of the downspout by soaking it in warm water. You can also work a small cloth through the tubing to remove any debris or mold. Remove and use a spray nozzle attached to a garden hose to rinse the screen on the top of your rain barrel. Lay your rain barrel on its side and spray rinse the interior of the barrel to remove loose debris. A long handled brush works well to scrub the interior of your rain barrel. Using vinegar and water, or light bleach and water, scrub the interior and bottom of your rain barrel s walls with the brush. Rinse and let dry. Clean the outside of your rain barrel with a sponge and soapy water. Reconnect the rain barrel and enjoy!

20 6. Rain garden 6.1 Important adoption information Description of benefits A rain garden is an attractive garden with a special purpose: to improve local water quality. Rain gardens are shallow depressions planted with native plants. The depression will collect water, reducing water on the surface of you lawn while also preventing it from entering into local water bodies during storm events. The native plants filter the rain water, both soaking it into the ground and removing pollutants from runoff. Rain gardens are a huge help to Indiana s waters too. Every time it rains, water gushes from downspouts and across lawns into local streets, picking up pesticides, sediment, and nutrients along the way before flowing into local storm drains. If the area is served by a municipal separate storm sewer system, this stormwater will always be discharged untreated into the local water body. If the area is served by a combined sewer, a heavy flush of rain can overload the system, sending both stormwater and wastewater untreated into local water bodies. The more water homeowners can retain on site, the less water flows across the land

21 surface, resulting in less polluted runoff flowing into Indiana s waters and rain gardens retain a significant amount of water on site Approximate initial cost Installing a rain garden by yourself will cost between $3 and $7 per square foot. Professional installation of a rain garden will cost between $10 and $20 per square foot. The cost of a rain garden depends on the size of the garden, the size of the roof the garden will drain, the types of plants being used in the garden, and the type of soil at your home Potential cost- sharing programs Many counties cost- share rain gardens because they are more costly for homeowners, but extremely beneficial for the watershed. Visit Web page from your city, county, and watershed group to see if your area cost- shares rain gardens. Here are some examples and Web pages of areas that cost- share: Big Walnut Creek watershed: DeKalb County: Hamilton County: cost- share.html City of Lafayette: Monroe County incentive program: StormWaterQuality/RainGardenLinks.aspx Tippecanoe County / Region of the Great Bend of the Wabash River watershed: Upper White River watershed: share/

22 6.2 Maintenance procedures and costs Rain gardens are low- maintenance, but they are not no- maintenance! Do these simple things to make sure your rain garden is functioning properly. Most of the maintenance required for a rain garden occurs in the two years following installation. After these two years, the garden becomes established and needs less attention. The equipment required to maintain a rain garden are the same tools needed to maintain a traditional garden, so it is unlikely for homeowners to need to buy new supplies Inspections One of the easiest and most important things to do is to frequently inspect your rain garden! While your life may be busy and rain garden monitoring might fall by the wayside, this will eliminate frustration and save time later. This way you can see issues with your rain garden before they become larger. With weeds growing quickly (perhaps quicker than plants!), it can be hard to tell which are which in the first months after rain garden installation! Early on, take photos of your growing plants each season so you know which are plants and which are weeds. You can also use planting stakes to mark your plants. After a rain event, make sure it withstood the event. Check for erosion, or movement of mulch. Check your rain garden for dead or dying vegetation Watering For the first two years after you ve installed your rain garden, and during dry spells, you will need to water your rain garden. Give your rain garden a thorough soak once or twice per week for the first two years, unless your garden receives one inch of rain on a given week. Soaker hoses are also great for rain garden watering!

23 6.2.3 Weeding Just like any other garden, your rain garden needs to be weeded! Weeds will outcompete the native plants in your garden, and they are generally less attractive than the plants you put there. Using your photos as a guide, identify what is a weed and what is a plant, and remove the weeds. Weeding regularly makes this a less time consuming task! When weeding, do your best to avoid using pesticides, fertilizers, and weed whackers. Simply remove the weeds by hand or using small tools. Also try to avoid compacting the soil, since packing the soil reduces drainage Plant care Make sure your plants are in good shape! Unlike most of the other maintenance tips, plant care is especially important after the garden is established. Here are some things you can do to keep your native plants healthy: While dense shrub growth in a rain garden is encouraged, prune branches of plants that are dying. You can also thin certain plants that are getting out of control relative to neighboring plants. Prune plants that are getting in the way of your rain garden inlet and/or are blocking roads or walkways. Replace dead plants as necessary Soil and infiltration care Your plants are important, and so is the ground they grow on! Keep the water flowing by doing the following things Re- mulch your garden each spring. Mulch prevents weeds from growing and keeps nutrients in the garden. The mulch layer should be about two to three inches in depth. Hardwood mulch chips is the best material; don t use grass clippings, animal waste, or compost in your rain garden.

24 Remove soil, sand, or gravel that is preventing water flow. Typical places to look are the inlet and outlet of your rain garden, and for mounds in the interior of your garden. Be sure your rain garden is free of litter! There is no need to remove snow or ice from your rain garden, unless you ve plowed or shoveled your snow into your garden! My rain garden is not draining! If, after 48 hours, your rain garden is not draining, try the following things Check to see if anything is blocking the inlet or outlet; if so, remove those materials. Smooth out the bottom of your rain garden. Working around your plantings, rake back the mulch, smooth the surface, and replace the mulch. Loosen up the soil using a fork, being mindful of your plants roots. If ponding persists, ask a professional for advice! 7. Helpful links with resources for urban BMPs For rain barrels: content/uploads/rainbarrelcaremain.pdf For rain gardens: RGST_RGInspMaintenance.pdf content/uploads/raingardenroutinemaintenance1.pdf content/uploads/2013/03/rm_rain_bro_ pdf RainGardenManual.pdf

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