DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF MULTIBAND CHAUCER FRACTAL PATCH ANTENNA LOADED WITH DUMBBELL

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1 International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET) Volume 7, Issue 1, Jan-Feb 216, pp , Article ID: IJECET_7_1_5 Available online at Journal Impact Factor (216): (Calculated by GISI) ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF MULTIBAND CHAUCER FRACTAL PATCH ANTENNA LOADED WITH DUMBBELL Hina Yadav Department of Electronics Science, South Campus, University of Delhi, India Jugul Kishore Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, I.T.S Engineering College, Greater Noida, India R. K. Yadav Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, JRE School of Engineering Greater Noida, India ABSTRACT This paper presents design and simulation of multiband Chaucer fractal patch antenna loaded with dumbbell shaped structure simulated and fabricated on FR4 material having relative permittivity 4.4 and thickness 1.6 mm. The operating frequency is in the ISM band. The antenna resonates at 2.4 GHz. Here we will find various performance characteristics like return loss, impedance, gain, and bandwidth and directivity at resonant frequencies. The antenna structures will be studied using Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulation (HFSS) based on Method of Moments (MoM). The results obtained indicate that there is a fair value of return loss, gain, and bandwidth and directivity at all resonant frequencies. Key words: Chaucer, Dumbbell, fractal, Multiband Cite this Article: Hina Yadav, Jugul Kishore and R. K. Yadav. Design and Simulation of Multiband Chaucer Fractal Patch Antenna Loaded with Dumbbell. International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology, 7(1), 216, pp INTRODUCTION Compact sizes, low profile, conformal and multiband are the highly desirable attributes of a Microstrip patch antenna [1].Moreover, a number of approaches for 45 editor@iaeme.com

2 Hina Yadav, Jugul Kishore and R. K. Yadav designing multi-band (primarily, dual-hand) antennas have been summarized in [2]. The term fractal, which means broken or irregular fragments, was originally coined by Mandelbrot [3] to describe a family of complex shapes that possess an inherent selfsimilarity or self-affinity in their geometrical structure. Fractals have been successfully used to model such complex natural objects as galaxies, cloud boundaries, mountain ranges, coastlines, snowflakes, trees, leaves, and much more. Mandelbrot and others have found wide variety of applications for fractals in many branches of science and engineering. One such area is a fractal electrodynamics [4-1], in which fractal geometry is combined with electromagnetic theory for investigating a new class of radiation, propagation, and scattering problems. One of the most promising areas of fractal-electrodynamics research is in its application to antenna theory and design. Traditional antenna design techniques were based on Euclidean geometry. And in recent years the design of antenna based on the concept of fractal geometry is referred to as fractal antenna engineering research. There are mainly two areas of research in fractal antenna engineering. These include: 1) the study of fractal-shaped antenna elements, and 2) the use of fractals in the design of antenna arrays. However, in the present work a multiband antenna has been designed using the geometry of 1st iteration of the Chaucer fractal patch. The method that proposed in the research for simulation is based on finite element method. Finite element method (FEM) is quite popular. It is important to select an EM simulation programmed that will provide an optimal balance between a minimal simulation run time and maximized correlation between the simulation result and experimental data. HFSS provides E- and H- field, currents, S parameters, characteristic port impedance, propagation constants and near and far radiated field s results 2. ANTENNA DESIGN AND SIMULATION RESULTS A square patch of dimensions 28mm x 28mm has been scaled down using a scaling factor of 1/3 to obtain a Chaucer shaped patch antenna which has been taken as 1 st iteration or the base geometry of the Chaucer fractal patch antenna. Each side of the patch is about 9.33 mm. And the antenna has been designed on a FR-4 substrate with relative permittivity (ԑ r ) 4.4 and substrate thickness of 1.6 mm using the procedure given in Microstrip and printed antenna handbook by Randy Bancroft [2]. The 1 st iteration of this Chaucer fractal patch is shown in the Fig 1 and the return loss of the same have been shown in the Fig 2 at the resonant frequency. The radiation pattern of the 1 st iteration of the Chaucer fractal patch has been shown in the Fig 3. Figure 1 Base geometry or 1 st iteration of chaucer fractal patch 46 editor@iaeme.com

3 VSWR Z 11 (Ω) S11 (db) Design and Simulation of Multiband Chaucer Fractal Patch Antenna Loaded with Dumbbell Figure 2 Return loss of 1 st iteration of chaucer fractal patch Figure 3 Radiation pattern of 1 st iteration of chaucer fractal patch Figure 4 Magnitude plot of 1 st iteration of chaucer fractal patch Figure 5 VSWR plot of 1 st iteration of chaucer fractal patch 47 editor@iaeme.com

4 Hina Yadav, Jugul Kishore and R. K. Yadav Table 1 Parameters of 1 st iteration Resonant frequency (GHz) Peak Gain (db).81 Peak Directivity 1.39 Radiated Power (mw).1 Radiation Efficiency.58 Return loss Bandwidth (MHz) 7 2 VSWR From this radiation pattern we can find the maximum achieved gain. The various antenna parameters of 1 st iteration are listed in the table 1. To obtain satisfactory value of return loss and bandwidth in the multi band behavior, the 2 nd iteration of this fractal patch has been designed using the scaling factor of 1/3 without changing the original structure of the patch and is as shown in the Fig 6. Each side of the patch of 2 nd iteration is about 3.24 mm. The geometry is simulated using the simulator and the return loss characteristics obtained has been shown in the Fig 7. (a) (b) Figure 6 (a) simulated second iteration of chaucer fractal patch antenna (b)fabricated second iteration of chaucer fractal patch antenna From the return loss characteristics one may find the presence of multiple bands which satisfy our requirement of multi banding behavior of antenna. The radiation pattern of 2 nd iteration of Chaucer fractal patch antenna at resonant frequency has been shown in the Fig 8. From the radiation pattern we can find the maximum achieved gain editor@iaeme.com

5 Z11 S11 (db) Design and Simulation of Multiband Chaucer Fractal Patch Antenna Loaded with Dumbbell Figure 7 Return loss of 2 nd iteration of chaucer fractal patch antenna Figure 8 Radiation pattern of 2 nd iteration of chaucer fractal patch Figure 9 Magnitude plot of 2 nd iteration of chaucer fractal patch 49 editor@iaeme.com

6 VSWR Hina Yadav, Jugul Kishore and R. K. Yadav Figure 1 VSWR plot of 2 nd iteration of chaucer fractal patch The various antenna parameters of 2 nd iteration are listed in the table 2: Table 2 Parameters of 2 nd iteration Resonant frequency (GHz) 5.43 Peak Gain (db).36 Peak Directivity.72 Radiated Power (mw).1 Radiation Efficiency.56 Return loss Bandwidth (MHz) 1 VSWR 1.4 The complete geometry of 3 rd iteration of Chaucer fractal patch is loaded with dumbbell shaped structure as shown in the fig 11 has been designed using optimization engine HFSS and various results and parameters are shown in the table 3 and table 4. (a) (b) Figure 11. (a) Simulated design for 3 rd iterated fractal antenna (b) Prototype of 3 rd iterated fractal antenna 5 editor@iaeme.com

7 VSWR Z11 S11 db Design and Simulation of Multiband Chaucer Fractal Patch Antenna Loaded with Dumbbell Measured S 11 Figure 12 Return loss of the 3 rd iteration of chaucer fractal patch antenna loaded dumbbell structure Figure 13 Radiation pattern of the 3 rd iteration of chaucer fractal patch antenna loaded with Dumbbell structure Figure 14 Magnitude plot of 3 rd iteration of chaucer fractal patch antenna loaded with dumbbell structure Figure 15 VSWR plot of 3 rd iteration of chaucer fractal patch antenna loaded with dumbbell structure 51 editor@iaeme.com

8 Hina Yadav, Jugul Kishore and R. K. Yadav Table 3: Parameters of 3 rd iteration Resonant frequency (GHz) Peak Gain (db).112 Peak Directivity.32 Radiated Power (mw).19 Radiation Efficiency.31 Return loss Bandwidth (MHz) 1 2 VSWR Table 4 Parameters of Various Proposed Fractal Antennas Types Simple square antenna 1 st Iterated fractal antenna 2 nd Iterated fractal antenna 3 rd Iterated fractal antenna Resonant frequency (GHz) Peak Gain (db) Return loss Band width (MHz) VSWR 3. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK From the above study, it is concluded that a multiband patch antenna using 1 st iteration of Chaucer fractal patch is designed. The antenna resonates at 2.4GHz. There is an increase in the bandwidth and resonant frequency bands of 2 nd iteration of Chaucer fractal patch after loading dumbbell structure. Simulation results indicate that there is a fair value of return loss, gain, and bandwidth and directivity at both resonant frequencies. This project designs a multiband patch antenna using 1 st iteration of Chaucer fractal patch loaded with dumbbell structures in the center of the patch. The antenna resonates at two different frequencies of 5.34 GHz and 7.15 GHz. There is an increase in the bandwidth and resonant frequency bands of 1 st iteration of Chaucer fractal patch after loading dumbbell structure. Measured result of our practical design shows that our antenna resonates at 2.76 GHz and 7.38 GHZ with a return loss of db and db respectively. Simulation results indicate that there is a fair value of return loss, gain, and bandwidth and directivity at both resonant frequencies. For future work mathematical analysis of this geometry may be done which will 52 editor@iaeme.com

9 Design and Simulation of Multiband Chaucer Fractal Patch Antenna Loaded with Dumbbell further increase the practical utilization of combined concept of multiband fractal antennas loaded with structures. REFERENCES [1] Douglas H. Werner and Suman Ganguly, An Overview' of Fractal Antenna Engineering Research, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine Vol. 45, NO. I, February 23 [2] S. Maci and G. Biffi Gentili, Dual-Frequency Patch Antennas, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 39, 6, Dec. 1997, pp [3] B. B. Mandelbrot, the Fractal Geometry of Nature, New York W. H. Freeman, [4] D. L. Jaggard, On Fractal Electrodynamics, in H. N. Kritikos and D. L. Jaggard (eds.), Recent Advances in Electromagnetic Theory, New York, Springer-Verlag, 199, pp [5] D. L. laggard, Fractal Electrodynamics and Modeling, in H.L. Bertoni and B. Felson (eds.), Directions in Electromagnetic Wave Modeling, New York, Plenum Publishing Co., 1991, pp [6] D. Jaggard, Fractal Electrodynamics: Wave Interactions with Discretely Self- Similar Structures, in C. Baum and H. Kritikos (eds.), Electromagnetic Symmetry, Washington DC, Taylor and Francis Publishers, 1995, pp [7] D. H. Wemer, An Overview of Fractal Electrodynamics Research, Proceedings of the 11 Annual Review of Progress in Applied Computational Electromagnetic (ACES) Volume 11, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, March 1995, pp [8] D. L. Jaggard, Fractal Electrodynamics: From Super Antennas to Super lattices, in 1. L. Vehel, E. Lutton, and C. Tricot (Eds.), Fractals in Engineering, New York, Springer-Verlag, 1997, pp [9] D. H. Wemer, R. 1. Haupt, and P. L. Wemer, Fractal Antenna Engineering: The Theory and Design of Fractal Antenna Arrays, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 41, 5, October 1999, pp [1] D. H. Wemer and R. Mittra (eds.), Frontiers in Electrornagnerio Piscataway, NJ, IEEE Press, 2. [11] V. G. Vassalage, "The Electrodynamics of Substances with Simultaneously Negative Values of permittivity and Permeability," Sov. Phys. USPEKHI, pp , 1968 [12] D. R. Smith, W. J. Padilla, D. C. Vier, S. C. Nemat-Nasser, and S. Schultz, "Composite Medium with Simultaneously Negative Permeability and Permittivity," Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 84, No. 1, pp , 2. [13] R. W. Ziolkowski and A. D. Kipple, "Application of Double Negative Materials to Increase the Power Radiated by Electrically Small Antennas," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp , October 23. [14] F. Falcone, T. Lopetegi, J. D. Baena, R. Marques, F. Martin, and M. Sorolla, Effective Negative- E stop-band microstrip lines based on complementary splitring resonators," IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Letter, vol. 14, no. 6, pp , Jun. 24. [15] J. D. Baena, J. Bonache, F. Martin, et.al.,"equivalent-circuit models for split ring resonators coupled to planar transmission lines," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech, vol. 53, no. 4, pp , Apr editor@iaeme.com

10 Hina Yadav, Jugul Kishore and R. K. Yadav [16] J. Garcia-Garcia, F. Martin, F. Falcon, "Microwave filters with improved stop band based on sub wavelength resonators," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech, vol. 53, no. 6, pp , June. 25. [17] Ravindra Kumar Yadav, Jugul Kishor, RL Yadava, Dielectric Loading on Multi-Band Behaviors of Pentagonal Fractal Patch Antennas, Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation,vol.1,Issue 3,pp.49 [18] J. J. Max,Y. Cao and T. Liu, Design the Size Reduction Patch Antenna Based on Complementary Split Ring Resonator, ICMMT 21 proceedings. [19] Hui Zhang, You-Quan Li, Xi Chen, Yun-Qi Fu, and Nai-Chang Yuan, Design of circular polarization microstrip patch antenna using complementary split ring resonator, , 28 IEEE [2] D. Laila, R Sujith, V.Deepu, C. K, Vasudevan Aanandan and P Mohanan, compact csrr based patch antenna for wireless applications, , 29 IEEE [21] Microstrip and Printed Antenna Handbook by Randy Bancroft 2nd edition 26. [22] J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, D. J. Robbins, and W. J. Stewart, Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear Phenomena, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 47, no. 11, pp , Nov editor@iaeme.com