Ode.T Department of Civil Engineering, faculty of Engineering Rivers State University of Science and Technology Port Harcourt

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1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 7, Issue, Jan-Feb 06, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_07_0_05 Available online at Journal Impact Factor (06): (Calculated by GISI) ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication MODELLING AND SIMULATION ON VELOCITY AND PERMEABILITY TO PREDICT BACILLUS ON LAG PHASE IN PREDOMINANT LATERITIC AND SILTY FORMATION IN COASTAL ABONNEMA, NIGER DELTA OF NIGERIA Eluozo. S. N Subaka Nigeria Limited Port Harcourt Rivers State of Nigeria Director and Principal Consultant Civil and Environmental Engineering, Research and Development Ode.T Department of Civil Engineering, faculty of Engineering Rivers State University of Science and Technology Port Harcourt ABSTRACT The deposition and migration process of bacillus lag phase condition has been of paramount interest due it challenges in ground water quality, this study mathematically analyze the migration process base on lag behaviour the contaminant express in some formations, the study develop a model that express the migration process and its behaviour between lateritic and silty formation, the developed model simulated generated theoretical values, it has shows the level of lag found to be insignificant as the rate of permeability and velocity of flow influences the level of lag in the formation, the simulated results were thoroughly compared with experimental values, both parameters developed a faviourable fits, the validation of the developed model will definitely made the developed concept a useful tools to experts. Key words: Modelling and Simulation, Velocity and Permeability, Bacillus, Lateritic and Silty Formation Cite this Article: Asst. Prof. Abdul Ridah Saleh Al-Fatlawi and Ahmed Hadi Hassan, CFRP Strengthening of Circular Concrete Slab with and without Openings, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(), 06, pp editor@iaeme.com

2 Modelling and Simulation on Velocity and Permeability to Predict Bacillus on Lag Phase in Predominant Lateritic and Silty Formation in Coastal Abonnema, Niger Delta of Nigeria. INTRODUCTION This travel time was assumed to cause sufficient die off of pathogenic bacteria from contamination sources (Knorr, 937). In the past decades, however, viruses, and more recently protozoa like Cryptosporidium and Giardia, have been recognized as pathogens of major concern in the water industry (Craun et al., 997; MacKenzie et al., 994; Gerba et al., 990). These organisms have been related to waterborne diseases because of their persistence in the environment, resistance to water treatment, and high infectivity. These organisms are different from bacteria in survival, surface properties, and size. Moreover, it has become clear that die off in groundwater is not the only process that governs the transport of microorganisms. For viruses it was demonstrated that attachment to soil particles was more important than survival in the groundwater (Schijven, 00). Therefore, viruses and maybe protozoa could be transported over longer distances in soil and thus be more significant to the microbial safety of groundwater number of field studies have been carried out that established either removal of indigenous microorganisms or lab-cultured seeded microorganisms (Schijven et al. 999, 000, 00; Van Olphen et al., 993; Medema and Stuyvesant, 00). These studies showed that soil passage poses a very effective barrier to microorganisms, but critical situations may arise (Medema and Stuyfzand, 00). Such situations are intrusion of contaminations to unconfined aquifers above groundwater wells, water abstraction during RBF from a gravel aquifer, with increased risk during high flow events, or short circuiting during recollection in AR systems. Field studies are valuable but hampered by some drawbacks. The concentration of pathogens in the field is generally too low to assess removal, and only non hazardous model micro-organisms (Escherichia coli, bacteriophage, and spores of clostridia) can be used in spiking studies (Schijven et al., 000).. The importance of attachment and the surface properties of bacteriophage, bacteria, and soil and of water quality parameters has been elucidated by column experiments (Burge and Enkiri, 978; Sobsey et al., 980; Bales et al., 99; Jin et al., 997; Goldschmid et al., 97; Fletcher and Marshall, 98; Scholl et al., 990; McCaulou et al., 994). More recently, transport of the oocysts of Cryptosporidium in soil columns was studied (Harter et al., 00; Logan et al., 00; Bradford and Bettahar, 005; Tufenkji et al., 004a), and results indicate the importance of straining on the removal of these larger organisms. The significance of column studies increases when results are related to field conditions of the selected soils and validated by field studies, as described for phage MS in dune sand by Schijven (00). Soil water regime is highly affected by soil structure and its stability. Various soil structure types may cause preferential flow or water immobilization (Kodešová et al., 006, 007, 008). Soil structure breakdown may initiate a soil particle migration, formation of less permeable or even impermeable layers and consequently decreased water fluxes within the soil profile (Kodešová et al., 009a). Soil aggregation is under control of different mechanisms in different soil types and horizons (Kodešová et al., 009b). Soil structure and consequently soil hydraulic properties of tilled soil varied in space and time (Strudley et al., 008). The temporal variability of the soil aggregate stability was shown for instance by Chan et al. (994), and Yang and Wander (998). While Chan et al. (994) documented that temporal changes of aggregate stability were not positively related to living root length density; Yang and Wander (998) suggested that the higher aggregate stability was found due to crop roots, exudates microbial byproducts and wet/dry cycles. The temporal variability of the soil hydraulic properties (mainly hydraulic conductivities, K) were investigated for instance in following studies. Murphy et al. (993) showed that K values at tensions of 0 and 40 mm editor@iaeme.com

3 Eluozo. S. N and Ode.T varied temporally due to the tillage, wetting/drying, and plant growth. Messing and Jarvis (993) presented that the K values decreased during the growing season due to the structural breakdown by rain and surface sealing. Somaratne and Smettem (993) documented that while the K values at tension of 0 mm were reduced due to the raindrop impact, the K values at tension of 40 mm were not influenced. Angulo- Jaramillo et al. (997) discovered that only the more homogeneous sandy soil under furrow irrigation exhibited significant decrease in sorptivity. Petersen et al. (997) documented using the dye tracer experiment that cultivation reduced the number of active preferential flow paths. Azevedo et al. (998) measured tension infiltration from 0 to 90 mm and showed that macropore flow decreased from 69% in July to 44% in September. Bodner et al. (008) discussed the impact of the rainfall intensity, soil drying and frost on the seasonal changes of soil hydraulic properties in the structure-related range. Finally, Suwardji and Eberbach (998) studied both, aggregate stability and hydraulic conductivities. They documented the lowest aggregate stability during the winter and increased in spring. The K values decreased during the growing season. The goal of this study is to assess the seasonal variability of the soil structure, aggregate stability and hydraulic properties with respect to each other and to varying soil physical and chemical properties, soil management and climatic conditions. (Veronika et al 00).. DEVELOPED MATHEMATICAL MODEL c c c V Dvx () t z z Nomenclature = Porosity [ - ] D(x) = Dispersion number [ - ] V = Void Ratio [ - ] = Lag phase [- ] C = Concentration [ML -3 ] Z = Depth [L ] T = Time [T ] v = Velocity [LT - ] c S t c S z c S z () (3) (4) editor@iaeme.com

4 Modelling and Simulation on Velocity and Permeability to Predict Bacillus on Lag Phase in Predominant Lateritic and Silty Formation in Coastal Abonnema, Niger Delta of Nigeria Substituting equation (), (3) and (4) into equation () yields: S DvS S VS DvS S (5) S (6) S VS DvS S VS Dv S (7) (8) V Dv S (9) V Dv (0) DvC S V () V Dv ) t () S V Dv (3) S t ) V Dv (4) S ( t ) V Dv Furthermore, considering the boundary condition, we have at (5) t 0 C ( 0 S V Dv 0 (6) 0 0 V Dv Considering the following boundary condition in the equation (7) Co S Co DvS ( DvCo S ( S( V VCo S S Co V DvCo (9) (8) editor@iaeme.com

5 Eluozo. S. N and Ode.T Considering the denominator in the equation, we have V DvCo (0) Considering V DvCo () DvCo () Dv Co Co (3) V (4) C ( (5) DvV Co (6) V V (7) V 0 V VDv (8) Applying quadratic expression to equation (8), we have V VDv V 0 a = V, b = and c = V b b 4ac a (9) V 4V V (30) V 4V V (3) Since we have A V 4V V st st B it implies that (3) Ct Aexp V 4V V (33) editor@iaeme.com

6 Modelling and Simulation on Velocity and Permeability to Predict Bacillus on Lag Phase in Predominant Lateritic and Silty Formation in Coastal Abonnema, Niger Delta of Nigeria If A = B = 4V exp t V Applying inverse Laplace of the equation yield 4V V t V V (34) 4V V t DvCoCo t V 4V V t V V 4V V t (35) t Co V 4V V 4V V V V 4V V t V 4V V t (36) 3. MATERIALS AND METHOD Standard laboratory experiment where performed to monitor the rate of bacillus concentration using column experiment at different formation, the soil deposition of the strata were collected in sequences base on the structural deposition at different locations, this samples collected at different location generate variation at different depth producing different migration of bacillus concentration through its flow at different strata, the experimental result are applied to be compared with the theoretical values to determined the validation of the model. Table Theoretical values Bacillus Concentration of flow at Different Depths Depth [M] Theoretical values E E E E E E E E E E E E editor@iaeme.com

7 Eluozo. S. N and Ode.T Table Comparison of Theoretical and Measured Values of Bacillus Concentration Different Depth Depth [M] Predicted values Measured Values E E E-06.88E E-06.88E E E E-06.33E E E E E E E E E E E E-05.04E E-05.4E-05 Table 3 Theoretical values of Bacillus Concentration at Different Depth Time Per Day Theoretical values E E E E E E E E E E E E-0 Table 4 Comparison of Theoretical and Measured Values of Bacillus Concentration Different Time Time Per Day Predicted Values Measured Values E E E-03.77E E E E E E E E E E-0.08E E-0.33E E-0.66E E-0.77E E-0.7E E-0.55E editor@iaeme.com

8 Theoretical Values Predicted and Measured Values Theoretical values Modelling and Simulation on Velocity and Permeability to Predict Bacillus on Lag Phase in Predominant Lateritic and Silty Formation in Coastal Abonnema, Niger Delta of Nigeria.40E-05.0E-05.00E E E E-06.00E E Depth [m] Theoretical values Ccnc.40E-05 Figure Theoretical values of Bacillus Concentration at Different Time.0E-05.00E E E E-06 Predicted values Ccnc Measured Values.00E E Depth [m] Figure Comparison of Theoretical and Measured Values of Bacillus Concentration Different Depth 3.00E-0.50E-0.00E-0.50E-0.00E-0 Theoretical values Ccnc 5.00E E Depth [m] Figure3 Theoretical values of Bacillus Concentration at Different Time 3 editor@iaeme.com

9 Predicted and Measured Values Eluozo. S. N and Ode.T 3.00E-0.50E-0.00E-0.50E-0.00E-0 Predicted Values values Measured Values 5.00E E Depth [M] Figure 4 Comparison of Theoretical and Measured Values of Bacillus of Concentration Different Depth The study has express the behaviour of bacillus in its migration at different condition, the migration process were observed to be in almost the same process in the formation, these are base on the concentration of bacillus in formation, the behaviour of bacillus from the graphical representation shows that exponential phase of bacillus deposition were observed in the system, with slight fluctuation experienced in both predicted and measured values, the study express lag phase of bacillus within the lateritic soil formation, but migrated rapidly at were the silty formation were deposited, the deposition of silty formation experiences higher degree of porosity in such deltaic formation. The behaviour of the contaminant observed higher rate of porosity in silty formation, the study has defined the influential output of porosity in silty strata, and these condition has been observed to inhibit the lag phase condition of bacillus in lateritic formation base on the structure of the lithology in deltaic environment. 4. CONCLUSION The deposition of bacillus expressing lag phase in some strata has been evaluated, the condition of lateritic formation developing lag phase were found from the simulation results, these reflect the reaction with other constituents that may have influences the contaminant at lateritic formation to have developed lag phase in those strata, such condition were to monitor various influences on the behaviour of the microbes at different geological setting of the soil structure, the developed model has definitely express the level of lag in the system, this study provide the platform which experts can determined the rate of lag which has been found insignificant in the study location from the simulation results, the study will be a useful tool in monitoring and evaluation of bacillus contaminants in the study location. 3 editor@iaeme.com

10 Modelling and Simulation on Velocity and Permeability to Predict Bacillus on Lag Phase in Predominant Lateritic and Silty Formation in Coastal Abonnema, Niger Delta of Nigeria REFERENCES [] Angulo-Jaramillo R, Moreno F, Clothier BE, Thony JL, Vachaud G, Fernandez- Boy E, Cayuela JA B(997)Seasonal variation of hydraulic properties of soils measured using a tension disc infiltrometer. Soil Science Society of America Journal 6, 7-3 [] Bodner G, Loiskandl W, Buchan G, Kaul HP (008) Natural and managementinduced dynamics of hydraulic conductivity along a cover-cropped field slope. Geoderma 46, [3] Burge, W. D., and N. K. Enkiri Virus adsorption in five soils. J. EnvironQual. 7:73-76 [4] [4] Bales, R. C., S. R. Hinkle, T. W. Kroeger, and K. Stocking. 99. Bacteriophage adsorption during transport through porous media: chemical perturbations and reversibility. Environ. Sci. Technol. 5: [5] Chan KY, Heenan DP, Ashley R (994) Seasonal changes in surface aggregate stability under different tillage and crops. Soil and Tillage Research 8, [6] Jin, Y., M. V. Yates, S. S. Thompson, and W. A. Jury Sorption of viruses during flow through saturated sand columns. Environ. Sci. Technol. 3: [7] Knorr, N Die Schutzzonenfrage in der Trinkwater-hygiene. Das Gas- und Wasserfach 80: [8] Goldschmid, J., D. Zohar, J. Argaman, and Y. Kott. 97. Effect of dissolved salts on the filtration of coliform bacteria in sand dunes. In P. Jenkins (ed.), Advances in water pollution research. Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK. [9] Bradford, S. A., and M. Bettahar Straining, attachment and detachment of Cryptosporidium oocysts in saturated porous media. J. Environ. Qual.4: [0] Gerba, C. P., and J. B. Rose Viruses in source and drinking water. In G.A. McFeters (ed.) 'Drinking water Microbiology: progress and recent developments', Springer-Verlag New-York Inc [] Craun, G. F., P. S. Berger, and R. L. Calderon Coliform bacteria and waterborne disease outbreaks. J. Am. Water Work Assoc. 89:96-04 [] Medema, G. J., M. Bahar, and F. M. Schets Survival of Cryptosporidium parvum, Escherichia coli, faecal streptococci and Clostridium perfringens in river water. Wat. Sci. Tech. 35:49-5. [3] MacKenzie, W. R. H., N.J., M. E. Proctor, S. Gradus, K. A. Blair, D. E. Peterson, J. J. Kazmierczak, D. G. Addiss, K. R. Fox, J. B. Rose, and J. P. Davis A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. New. Engl. J. Med. 33:6-67. [4] Schijven, J. F., W. Hoogenboezem, S. M. Hassanizadeh, and J. H. Peters Modelling removal of bacteriophage MS and PRD by dune recharge at Castricum, Netherlands. Water Resour. Res. 35:0-. [5] Schijven, J. F., and S. M. Hassanizadeh Removal of viruses by soil passage: overview of modeling, processes and parameters. Crit. Rev. Envrion. Sci. Tech. 3:49-5. [6] Schijven, J. F. 00. Virus removal from groundwater by soil passage. TechnischeUniversiteit Delft, Delft, the Netherlands. [7] Logan, J. L., T. K. Stevik, R. L. Siegrist, and R. M. Ronn. 00. Transport and fate of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in intermittent sand filters. Water Res. 35: [8] Fletcher, M., and K. C. Marshall. 98. Are solid surfaces of ecological significance to aquatic bacteria. Adv. Microb. Ecol. 6: editor@iaeme.com

11 Eluozo. S. N and Ode.T [9] Harter, T., S. Wagner, and E. R. Atwill. 00. Colloid transport and filtration of Cryptosporidium in sandy soils and aquifer sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34:6-70. [0] Medema, G. J., and P. J. Stuyfzand. 00. Presented at the 4th international symposium on artificial recharge, Adelaide, Australia, September -6. [] Kodešová R, Kodeš V, Žigová A, Šimunek J (006) Impact of plant roots and soil organisms on soil micromorphology and hydraulic properties. Biologia 6, S339 S343. [] Kodešová R, Kocárek M, Kodeš V, Šimunek J, Kozák J (008) Impact of soil Micromorphological features on water flow and herbicide transport in soils. Vadose Zone Journal 7, [3] Kodešová R, Vignozzi N, Rohošková M, Hájková T, Kocárek M, Pagliai M, Kozák J, Šimunek J (009a) Impact of varying soil structure on transport processes in different diagnostic horizons of three soil types, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 04, [4] Kodešová R, Rohošková M, Žigová A (009b) Comparison of aggregate stability within six soil profiles under conventional tillage using various laboratory tests. Biologia 64, [5] Messing I, Jarvis NJ (993) Temporal variation in the hydraulic conductivity of a tiled clay soil as measured by tension infiltrometer. Journal of Soil Science 44, -4. [6] Somaratne NM, Smettem KRJ (993) Effect of cultivation and raindrop impact on the surface hydraulic properties of an alfisol under wheat. Soil and Tillage Research 6, 5-5. [7] Strudley WM, Green TR, Ascough II JC (008) Tillage effects on soil hydraulic properties in space and time: State of the science. Soil and Tillage Research 99, [8] Yang XM, Wander MM (998) Temporal changes in dry aggregate size and stability. Soil and Tillage Research 49, [9] VeronikaJirkuA, RadkaKodešováA, Marcela MühlhanselováA and Anna Žigová B 00 Seasonal variability of soil structure and soil hydraulic properties World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World 6 August 00, Brisbane, Australia. Published on DVD. [30] Eluozo, S. N. 03, Mathematical model on inverse migration of enteromobacter in homogeneous coarse sand column in coastal area of port Harcourt, Niger delta environment International Journal of Sustainable Energy and Environment Vol., No. 3, PP: [3] S.O. Nkakini and Ndor.M.Vurasi, Ergonomic Evaluation of Lawn Mower Operation for Comfort in Rivers State, Nigeria. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology, 6(7), 05, pp [3] Eluozo. S. N and Ode T, Mathematical Model to Monitor Stiff Clay Compression Index in Wet Land Area of Degema. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology, 6(), 05, pp [33] Eluozo. S. N and Ode T, Modeling and Simulation of Compression Strength for Firm Clay in Swampy Area of Ahoada East. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology, 6(), 05, pp editor@iaeme.com