Cross-sectional. Translate Lp3 after. Translate Lp3 after. Tipping Up3 after. ext Up2. ext Lp2. ext Lp2. Bur buc-ling with flap

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1 Table 2.1 Tooth movement following alveolar decortication injury is represented by 10 evidence-based, refereed, professional journal articles through to May All investigations include measurements of accumulated and/or rate of tooth movement and provide experimental and control data typically in a split-mouth design. One study is in humans (Aboul-Ela et al., 2011) and the remainder used either laboratory dogs or rats. First author Subjects Article title Journal details Injury type Tooth movement type Data type Cho Dog The effect of cortical activation on orthodontic tooth movement Oral Dis 13: , 2007 Tipping Up3 after Translate Lp3 after ext Lp2 Iino Dog Acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement by alveolar corticotomy in the dog AJODO 131: 448e1 8, 2007 Translate Lp3 after ext Lp2 Mostafa Dog Comparison of corticotomy-facilitated vs standard tooth-movement techniques in dogs with miniscrews as anchor units AJODO 136: , 2009 Tipping Up1 after Kim Dog Effects of low-level laser therapy after corticision on tooth movement and paradental remodeling Lasers Surg Med 41: , 2009 Scalpel buc-ling No flap Sanjideh Dog Tooth movements in foxhounds after one or two alveolar corticotomies EJO 32: , 2010 Translate Up3 after Translate Lp2 after ext Lp3 Cohen Dog Effects of increased surgical trauma on rates of tooth movement and apical root resorption in foxhound dogs Orth Craniofac Res 13: , 2010 Remove labial cortex Distract Up2 after c02.indd 2 10/7/ :54:51 PM

One study is in humans (Aboul-Ela et al., 2011) and the remainder used either laboratory dogs or rats.

2 Baloul Rat Mechanism of action and morphologic changes in the alveolar bone in response to selective alveolar decortication-facilitated tooth movement Aboul- Ela Human Miniscrew implant-supported maxillary canine retraction with and without corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics Iglesias- Linares Rat The use of gene therapy vs. corticotomy surgery in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement Safavi Dog Effects of flapless bur decortications on movement velocity of dogs teeth AJODO 139: S83 101, 2011 AJODO 139: , 2011 Orth Craniofac Res 14: , 2011 Dent Res J 9: , 2012 Bur buccal no flap Corticotomy monthly split mouth Tipping non-extract Tipping non-extract c02.indd 3 10/7/ :54:56 PM

corticotomy surgery in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement Safavi Dog Effects of flapless bur decortications on movement velocity of dogs teeth AJODO 139: S83 101, 2011 AJODO

3 Table 2.2 Five investigations of tooth movement following alveolar decortication utilizing the canine laboratory model are summarized by author and year, dog type, sample size and data type, time after extraction and tooth movement (TM) force used, corticotomy surgery details, tooth movement type, anchorage and appliance used, measurement, location and frequency. First author Year Type dog (sample = n) Data type Extraction healing TM force Corticotomy surgery details TM type Anchorage + appl Measurement Location Frequency Cho (2007) Beagle (n = 2) 4 weeks healing Up3 mesial 150 g Lp3 mesial 150 g Flap + non-perf cortex dots 12 holes injury #2 rd bur Buccal lingual Tipping Up3 after Translate Lp3 U canine L canine + slot guide Digital vernier caliper Gingival margins Weekly for 8 weeks Iino (2007) Beagle (n = 12) 16 weeks healing Lp3 mesial 51 g Flap + vert & horizontal cuts 1 mm wide #009 fissure bur Buccal lingual Translate Lp3 L canine Bands + fixed tube Caliper & radiograph Protocone tip Lp3 Superimposed tracing Weeks 1, 2, 4, 8 Mostafa (2009) Non-purposebred (n = 6) Up1 distal 400 g Flaps + vert & horizontal cuts and 8 10 holes #2 rd bur Extract site buccal cortex Tipping Lp1 Miniscrew Lp1 cervical lig. tie Boley gauge Notched cervical crown Weekly for 5 weeks Sanjideh (2010) Foxhound (n = 5) Up3 mesial 200 g Lp2 distal 200 g Flaps + cuts around root #702 tapered fissure bur Buccal to Up3 Buccal lingual to Mn ext site Translate Up3 after Translate Lp2 after ext Lp3 Teeth Bonds + fixed tube Digital caliper & radiograph Implant bone markers Lp2 mesial tube to Lc tip Up3 mesial tube to Uc tip Days 10, 14, 28, 42, 56 Safavi (2012) German (n = 5) Up2 mesial 150 g Lp2 mesial 150 g Flapless + holes thru attached Pointed tungsten carbide bur 25 penetrations 2 mm deep Buccal to p2 and extract site Tipping Up2 after Tipping Lp2 after ext Lp1 Miniscrew Up2 cervical lig tie Lp2 cervical lig tie Digital caliper Marks on p2s & canines Months 1, 2, 3 c02.indd 4 10/7/ :54:57 PM

extraction and tooth movement (TM) force used, corticotomy surgery details, tooth movement type, anchorage and appliance used, measurement, location and frequency.

4 Table 2.3 Tooth movement data was extracted and collated from five investigations using the canine as laboratory animal. Experimental data without corresponding control data and data unrelated to corticotomy-only or control were ignored. Extracted data are summarized by author, dog type, and sample size (n), timing of data collection, accumulated and rate of tooth movement for both experimental and control sites. First author (Dog type = n) Timing (days) Accumulated tooth movement Rate of tooth movement Cho (Beagle = 2) Sanjideh (Foxhound = 5) Exp-U Exp-L Ctl-U Ctl-L Exp-U Exp-L Ctl-U Ctl-L Exp-U/2 Exp-L Ctl-U/2 Ctl-L Exp-U/2 Exp-L Ctl-U/2 Ctl-L Mostafa (Non-purpose bred = 6) Iino (Beagle = 12) Safavi (German = 5) c02.indd 5 10/7/ :54:57 PM

Extracted data are summarized by author, dog type, and sample size (n), timing of data collection, accumulated and rate of tooth movement for both experimental and control sites.

5 Table 2.4 Results of Wilcoxon signed-rank testing for paired samples for all data. Note that the experimental side was significantly higher for accumulation (*) of tooth movement (TM) at the end of 2, 3 and 4 weeks and significantly higher in rate (^) of tooth movement during weeks 2 and 4. Variable N Mean SD z-value Significance Accumulated TM Experimental week Control week Experimental week Control week * Experimental week Control week * Experimental week Control week * TM rate Experimental week Control week Experimental week Control week ^ Experimental week Control week Experimental week Control week ^ c02.indd 6 10/7/ :54:58 PM

2 and 4. Variable N Mean SD z-value Significance Accumulated TM Experimental week 1 4 1.00 0.67 Control week 1 4 0.55 0.27 1.83 0.146 Experimental week 2 5 1.51 1.04 Control week 2 5 0.79 0.60 2.21 0.

Molar Uprighting Dr. Margherita Santoro Division of Orthodontics School of Dental and Oral surgery. Consequences of tooth loss.

Molar Uprighting Dr. Margherita Santoro Division of Orthodontics School of Dental and Oral surgery Molars The wide occlusal surface is designed for food grinding. The surface needs to be aligned with the