4. GPCRs PREDICTION USING GREY INCIDENCE DEGREE MEASURE AND PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYIS

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1 4. GPCRs PREDICTION USING GREY INCIDENCE DEGREE MEASURE AND PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYIS The GPCRs sequences are made up of amino acid polypeptide chains. We can also call them sub units. The number and arrangements of these sub units forming a GPCR sequence is called quaternary structure. There are different types of quaternary structures in GPCRs, such as: dimmer, monomer, tetramer, trimer and pentamer. Some biological processes are directly affected by quaternary structures. For example, monomers form sodium channels (Chen, Alcayaga, Suarez-Isla, ORourke, Tomaselli, & Marban, 2002), homo-tetramers form potassium channel (Doyle, et al., 1998), homo-pentamers make phospholamban channels (Oxenoid & Chou, 2005), (Oxenoid, Rice, & Chou, 2007)and hetero-pentamers make α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (Chou, 2004).Some transitions only occur in tetramers, dimmers bind some of ligands and tetramers make some ion channels. In this method, we have again classified GPCRs into three levels as in chapter 3. We have hybridized3 feature extraction approaches i.e. Split amino acid composition (SAAC), Pseudo amino acid (PseAA) composition and Fast Fourier transform (FFT). We have employed two physiochemical properties i.e. Electronic and Bulk in PseAA, which are already explained in chapter 3. All of these feature extraction strategies are explained in chapter 2. The number of features taken in PseAA is 62, in SAAC are 60 and in FFT is256. Total number of features is 378. As the number of features after the hybridization becomes so high and to avoid curse of dimensionality, we have applied principal component analysis (PCA) is used to reduce the features. After applying PCA, size of feature vector is reduced to 180.For the sake of classification we have used nearest neighbor algorithm. We have computed the nearest neighbors of a test sequence in two ways i.e. grey incidence degree measure and Euclidian distance measure. The grey incidence degree measure is performing better than Euclidian distance. We have trained and tested our methods on D8354 and compared with other methods on datasets: D167 and D566. Over of chapter is shown in the Figure

2 Figure 4-1: Overview of chapter GREY INCIDENCE DEGREE MEASURE Deng introduced grey theory in 1982 to analyze the uncertainty of a system (Deng, 1982). This theory can be applicable to the problems in which information is fuzzy or uncertain. Grey incidence degree (GID)measure is one of the major components of this theory (Liu, Fang, & Lin, 2005).The classification of GPCRs is also a fuzzy problem. Some GPCR sequences can be put into one class based on some properties but they can also be put in another class because of some other properties. where T T, T,..., Tn 1 2 T T1, T2,..., Tn 4.1 Tk, Tk ti, t i Min Max k Max are the numeric forms of n training sequences and T t is the test sequence. is t j the grey relational coefficient. Min Min j Mink Pk Pk t j t, i t i Max j k k k k k k 4.2, Max Max P P, P P, j1,2,..., nare the indices of training sequences, k 1,2,...,180 are indices of features of a GPCR sequence and = distinguishing coefficient. The value of distinguishing coefficient is between 0 and 1. 67

3 The grey incidence degree O of the test sequence with training sequences is a weighted sum of grey relational coefficient and is given by the following equation. 180 t i t, i k k, k O G G W G G k1 where,w k is weight associated with each feature. Wehave given equal weight to each feature and taken the value of ξ equal to 0.5 as in existing work (Tsai, Liou, & Jiang, 2005), (Xiao, Wang, & Chou, 2009). The grey incidence degree G t and the training sequences G i O G, G t i 4.3 is the correlation between the test sequence. A training sequence closest to the test sequence will have high grey incidence degree measure higher than other training sequences and hence can annotate the test sequence to its class. In this method, we have employed GID in Nearest Neighbor algorithm to compute the neighbors of a test sequence, which further can help to annotate the test sequence. 4.2.PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS Principal component analysis (PCA) is a useful technique in pattern classification or machine learning to analyze patterns in a high dimensional data and to prominent differences and the similarities in the data. It transforms high dimensional data into very low dimension without the loss of significant information. PCA is used in many different fields from neuroscience to computer graphics because it is non-parametric method used to extract useful relevant information from confusing data sets. The mathematically description of PCA is summarized in sections given below. The mathematical details of PCA are explained in detail in (Howard, 2000). Let us suppose a multi-dimensional data. We first compute the mean across each dimension and subtract mean from each value of that dimension, the data has now mean value equal to zero. Then we calculate the covariance matrix of zero mean data. Covariance matrix shows the relation between different dimensions in high dimensional data. Covariance can only be measured for data of more than 2 dimensions. Covariance matrix is N x N matrix, where N is number of dimensions of data. Covariance of one dimension to itself is equal to variance of that dimension COV X, Y n X i X Yi Y i1 4.4 n 1 68

4 where, COV X, Y is covariance between X andy dimensions. X is the mean of X dimension and Y is the mean of X dimension and n is the number of data points. Next, we have to compute the Eigen values and Eigen vector of the covariance matrix and sort Eigen vectors according to Eigen values. Next, we will ignore some of less important Eigen vectors to reduce dimensionality of the data. Finally, multiply the transpose of the chosen Eigen vector to the original high dimensional data and use this data as features to classification algorithm. We have named the GID based method as: GPCR-GID (Rehman & Khan, 2011). The overview of GPCR-GID is shown in Figure 4-2. Figure 4-2: Overview of GPCR-GID 4.3.RESULTS AND DESCUSSIONS As explained in start of this chapter, we have trained and tested our methods on D8354. The GPCRs in this dataset are classified into three levels i.e. family, sub family and sub-sub family 69

5 levels. In this proposed method, we have used only accuracy measure for performance assessment. Following sections gives the details of the results Family level classification GPCRs are classified into five families. The percentage accuracy of GID based method is 97.82% and Euclidian distance based method has achieved 97.44% Sub family level classification The five families of GPCRs are further classified into 40 sub families at this level. The percentage accuracy of GID based method is 81.55% and Euclidian distance based method is 80.97% Sub-sub family level classification The 40 sub families of GPCRs are further classified into 108 sub-sub families at this level. The percentage accuracy of GID based method is 73.32% and Euclidian distance based method is 72.66%.The performance of both methods is also shown in Figure 4-3. Figure 4-3: Performance of GID and Euclidian distance methods Figure 4-3clearly shows that the performance of GPCR-GID is superior than Euclidian distance based method at all the three levels. Hence, we have compared GPCR-GID with other existing methods. 70

6 Comparison with other methods We have trained our method on D8354 dataset and compared it with other methods using D8354. We have also compared our method with existing methods using D167 and D566 datasets. D167 and D566 are already explained in chapter 2. The comparison details are as follows Comparison with Selective top down approach In the selective top down approach, GPCRs are hierarchically classified into 3 levels (Davies, Secker, Freitas, Mendao, Timmis, & Flower, 2007). The selective top down method has assessed their performance using accuracy measure so we have compared our accuracy with them as shown in Figure 4-4. Figure 4-4: Comparison with selective top down approach At family level, the best percentage accuracy achieved in selective top down approach is 95.87%, while accuracy achieved in GPCR-GID is 97.82%. At sub family level, the best accuracy achieved in selective top down approach is 80.77% while accuracy achieved in GPCR-GID 81.55%. Selective top down approach has achieved 69.98% accuracy at sub-sub family level, while accuracy achieved in GPCR-GID is 73.32%. At all the three levels of GPCRs, GPCR-GID is significantly superior to the selective top down approach and hence strengthening the worth of GPCR-GID. 71

7 Comparison with other existing methods on D167 and D566 datasets There are 6 existing methods with whom we have compared GPCR-GID on D167 dataset i.e. (Elrod & Chou, 2002), (Huang, Cai, Ji, & Li, 2004), (Bhasin & Raghava, 2005), (Gao & Wang, 2006), (Gao, Wu, Ma, Lu, & He, 2008) and PCA-GPCR (Peng, Yang, & Chen, 2010 ). Again, we have used accuracy measure for the sake of comparison. This comparison is shown in Figure 4-5, which clearly shows the superiority of GPCR-GID over all of the 6 methods. Figure 4-5: Comparison on D167 There are 2 methods with which we have compared GPCR-GID on D566. One is PCA-GPCR (Peng, Yang, & Chen, 2010 )and the other is by Chou (Chou & Elrod, 2002). The percentage accuracy achieved PCA-GPCR is 97.88% and in (Chou & Elrod, 2002) is 92.05%, where as the accuracy achieved in GPCR-GID is 97.96%. 72

8 Figure 4-6: Comparison on D566 Figure 4-6shows the superiority of GPCR-GID over PCA-GPCR and Chou s method (Chou & Elrod, 2002). This improvement in performance of GPCR-GID is because of several reasons. One reason is the hybridization of spatial domain and transformed domain features and applying PCA for feature reduction. Secondly, GID measure based method can efficiently discriminate classes by computing quaternary structure of GPCR numerically. 73

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