Birth Defects in Assisted Reproductive Technology and Spontaneously Conceived Children: A Meta-analysis

Transcription

1 Journal of Reproduction & Contraception doi: /j.issn Dec.; 24(4): Birth Defects in Assisted Reproductive Technology and Spontaneously Conceived Children: A Meta-analysis Yan JIA, Li-hong GENG, Ying ZHONG Reproductive Centre, Jinjiang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu , China Objective To evaluate the risk of birth defects in children born following assisted reproductive technology (ART) and spontaneous conceptions. Methods This study carried out an updated systematic review to identify papers published by August 2013 with data relating to birth defects of children conceived using ART (IVF and/or ICSI) compared with those spontaneously conceived and also compared birth defects between subgroups of IVF and ICSI. Results Totally 76 studies were identified for review. The individual relative risk (RR) estimated for these studies ranged from 0.44 to 5.51, a significantly increased risk of birth defects was observed (RR=1.36, 95%CI= ) in ART compared with the spontaneously conceived group, which was also evident in the subgroup analysis. Among these studies, 16 studies simultaneously gave data of birth defects comparing IVF and ICSI children, which showed no difference in risk of combined effects (RR=0.90, 95%CI= ), but ICSI had a higher risk in subgroups of clinical research (RR=0.76, 95%CI= ) and crude RR value (RR=0.78, 95%CI= ). Conclusion Pooled results from all suitable published studies suggested that children born following ART were at increased risk of birth defects compared with spontaneous conceptions. There is no difference in birth defect risk between children conceived by IVF or ICSI using a summative analysis, however, ICSI had a significant higher risk in birth defect risk comparing with IVF when using subgroup analyses of sample size and RR value. Key words: birth defects; assisted reproductive technology (ART); IVF; ICSI; Meta-analysis Corresponding author: Yan JIA; greenayan@163.com 237

2 The field of assisted reproductive technology (ART) has undergone rapid progress since the birth of Louise Brown [1]. More and more researchers are concerned about the risk of birth defects following ART, from Morin in 1989 [2] to more recently Lorraine in 2013 [3]. A part of the studies concluded that there was an increased risk of birth defects in ART children compared with spontaneously conceived children, but some other reports described no difference. The previous Meta-analysis from different studies also showed differently results: Rimm [4], Hansen [5], and Wen [6] reported that there was a significantly increased risk of birth defects between ART and naturally conceived children, but McDonald [7] and Rossi [8] gave a contrary conclusion. This may result from different inclusion criteria, literature quantity, or angles of analysis. Our study estimated the risk of birth defects using more stringent selection criteria. there would be an updated number of studies to examine birth defect risk. The intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) plays a big role in the development of ART, but there are more concerns about whether it would increase the risk of malformation of babies. Actually, some case reports have indicated many severe defects occured in children conceived by ICSI [9,10], but the most recent Meta-analysis [6] reported there was no significant difference of risk between IVF and ICSI children. Our study also performed a subgroup comparison between IVF and ICSI birth defects, compiling current available data for risk assessment. Materials & Methods We performed an extensive literature search of Medline, Embase and Current Contents Databases ( ) using a broad combination of search terms (Table 1). This search strategy was saved and run in each database in August We also reviewed the reference lists of all identified studies and reviewed articles to search for additional references. Studies were included if: the exposure of interest was IVF and/or ICSI; the outcome of interest was birth defects; comparison IVF and/or ICSI to naturally conceived children; relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) provided or could be calculated (Figure 1). Because of language barrier, only studies published in English or Chinese were Table 1 Combinations of terms in the first column with all terms in the second column First column Second column IVF Malformation (s) In vitro fertilization Congenital malformation (s) ICSI Congenital abnormality/abnormalities Intracytoplasmic sperm injection Follow-up Assisted reproductive Health and child Assisted reproductive technology/technologies/techniques Birth defect (s) Infertility treatment 238

3 Records identified through database searching (n=113) Additional records identified through other sources (n=25) Records after duplicates removed (n=99) Records screened (n=91) Records excluded for special malformations (n=8) Full-text articles assessed for eligibility (n=83) Full-text articles excluded if including IUI or OI cases (n=7) Studies included in qualitative synthesis (n=76) Studies included in quantitative synthesis (Meta-analysis) (n=76) Figure 1 Literature screening included for further analysis. We excluded studies that were case reports; with inappropriate comparison group or without control subjects; overlapping data; with mixed exposure groups [for example, including children born following ovulation induction (OI) or intrauterine insemination (IUI) within the ART group]; and studies focusing on some particular defects. Three investigators reviewed all the articles independently and the data were checked by other investigators. The three investigators individually identified information from each study, and judged the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Where a study provided definite birth defects data for IVF and ICSI infants compared with spontaneous conception group, the data were pooled to form one risk estimate of IVF versus ICSI as well. If the sources of study population recruitment overlapped in two or more articles, the one with the more details of birth defect information was selected. Authors, publication year, study location, birth years, sample type, age time assessment, 239

4 total number of ART, number and percentage of birth defects, total number of spontaneously conception, key words of compared item, ART treatment, and some adjusted RR and 95%CI were compiled. The concordance rate between the three investigators was 98.1% and discrepancies were resolved by consensus. Statistical analysis Data from studies were summarized in two-by-two tables. Because birth defects are rare, we assumed equivalence of the odds ratio (OR) and RR. Therefore, we applied RR for the effect measure of this study. If adjusted RR was not given, crude RR was used. RR and their 95%CI were calculated for individual study based on the data. The Meta-analysis procedures were performed using the Metaform-package (version 1.6) in R (version 2.14). Some advanced analysis also ran in the R statistical platform, such as Egger s regression test, cumulative meta-analysis, sensitivity analysis, and meta-regression. We applied the Q statistic and I 2 metric to test heterogeneity among the studies, then according to the relevant recommendations, random-effects models were used to estimate the pooled RR. To evaluate publication biases in the Meta-analysis, we conducted Begg s and Egger s test. And cumulative meta-analysis, subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and Meta-regression were performed to estimate the sources of heterogeneity. Results ART vs Spontaneously conceived children Heterogeneity analysis There were 76 studies [2,3,11-84] included. After combining all of the data, the heterogeneity analysis was made: I 2 =85.93, P. For IVF and/or ICSI children compared with spontaneously conceived children, a significantly increased risk of birth defects was observed (RR=1.36, 95%CI= , Figure 2). The individual risk estimated for these studies ranged from 0.44 to There was a huge heterogeneity among the studies. Then a subgroup analysis was performed to see if any parameter significantly influenced the heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis We grouped these studies accordingly: 1) publication years: with the progress of ART, especially since the arrival of ICSI technology, the rate of malformations may have changed over the years. We set the cutoff of publication year to 2005, more than half of the studies were published after that year ( ), and 36 papers published before that year ( ); 2) study location: because of the technological level, racial predisposition, traditional habits and customs, different areas might have different results about the comparison, so we classified them into 4 subgroups according to the location. All studies came from 28 countries on 5 main continents, 8 studies derived from Oceania, 13 studies from Asia,

5 Figure 2 Individual risk ratio estimates and pooled risk ratio estimates comparing birth defects in children conceived by ART to spontaneous conception 241

6 studies from Europe and 11 from North America, the other 3 studies were not classified into any group because 2 of them were multicentric research, and only one study came from Africa-Egypt; 3) sample type: the sample size ranged from 76 to , most of the large samples were based on the population studies, and the smaller samples were based on clinical research, so we grouped them into 2 subgroups: the population group which had 48 studies with sample size ranging from 221 to , and the clinical studies which had 28 studies with sample sizes ranging from 76 to 3 199; 4) time of assessment: 48 studies assessed birth defects when the baby was born, other 28 studies observed the defects after 6 months to 13 years; 5) RR value: we previously cited the adjusted RR because they had corrected some influencing factors such as maternal age, parity, sex, year of birth, social class, and/or smoking, 42 studies used adjusted RR, and 34 studies used crude RR because we could not get the adjusted RR from the studies; 6) fertilization technology: 24 studies applied IVF (the studies clearly defined), 14 studies used ICSI, and 38 studies applied IVF and ICSI. Most of the P values showed that these classified parameters had no influence on the combined effect (Table 2). Only the studies from Oceania showed ART did not have a significantly increased risk of birth defects when compared with spontaneously conceived pregnancies (P= , RR=1.15, 95%CI= ), other 3 continents demonstrated a significant difference. Sensitivity analysis The study of El-chaar et al [62] had the maximum influence on the combined effect. After removing it, RR=1.32, 95%CI= , Z=8.58, P, Q=192.6, P=0.036, I 2 =74.25, therefore indicating that it had no significant effect on the pooled estimate. Cumulative Meta-analysis This analysis was an observation of cumulative results of studies performed at different years, which also could assess the influence of each study on the comprehensive effect. In this analysis, the comparison began to demonstrate a trend indicating a difference between the two groups, that ART children had a higher birth defect risk than spontaneously conceived (SC) children (Figure 3), from 2001 onward until IVF vs ICSI The following analysis obtained information from the 76 studies about any difference of birth defect rate between IVF and ICSI. We extracted 16 studies and compared them according to the same analysis path mentioned above [11,12,15,19,20,24,29,36,39,41,46,52,57,70,76,77]. Heterogeneity analysis For ICSI compared with IVF children, there was no significant difference observed in the risk of birth defects (RR=0.90, 95%CI= , P= , I 2 =21.54; Figure 4). The individual risk estimated for these studies ranged from 0.53 to There was no heteroge- 242

7 Table 2 Subgroups of ART vs SC * Subgroups (number of comparisons) χ 2 I 2 RR(95%CI) P Publication years (40) (36) Location Oceania (8) Asian (13) Europe (41) North America (11) Sample type Clinic (48) Population (28) Time assessment Birth (48) After birth (28) RR value Crude (34) Adjusted (42) Fertilization IVF (24) ICSI (14) IVF/ICSI (38) *: SC=spontaneously conceived ( ) 1.36 ( ) 1.15 ( ) 1.51 ( ) 1.29 ( ) 1.57 ( ) 1.29 ( ) 1.42 ( ) 1.35 ( ) 1.37 ( ) 1.37 ( ) 1.33 ( ) 1.35 ( ) 1.35 ( ) 1.37 ( ) neity in our studies. Subgroup analysis We found that in the subgroup of clinical research (Table 3), ICSI had a higher risk of birth defects compared with IVF (RR=0.76, 95%CI= ; P= ). In the crude RR subgroup, ICSI had the same trend when compared with IVF (RR=0.78, 95%CI= ; P= ). Other groups had not shown any significant difference. Sensitivity analysis The study of Ericson et al. [70] had the maximal influence on the combined effect. After removing it, RR=0.96, 95%CI= , Z=-0.75, P=0.452, Q=12.41, P=0.574, I 2 =0, which had no significant effect on the pooled estimate. Cumulative Meta-analysis In this analysis, the comparison did not show any difference of birth defect rate between IVF and ICSI from 1999 to 2013 (Figure 5). Latest cumulative RR=0.90, 95%CI= Publication bias We evaluated publication bias by using funnel plots (Figures 6, 7) and the Egg s test. 243

8 244 Figure 3 Cumulative Meta-analysis of ART vs SC

9 Figure 4 Individual risk ratio estimates and pooled risk ratio estimates relating birth defects in children conceived by IVF compared with ICSI Table 3 Subgroups of IVF vs ICSI Subgroups * of IVF vs ICSI (number of comparison) χ 2 I 2 RR (95%CI) P Sample type Clinic (9) Population (7) RR value Crude (4) Adjusted (12) ( ) 0.99 ( ) 0.78 ( ) 0.98 ( ) *: other groups have not showed differences (P>0.05) The P values of the Egg s test for the adjusted/crude data of ART versus SC, and IVF versus ICSI were and 0.685, respectively, indicating that there was no obvious publication bias in our analysis. Discussion This analysis reviewed and pooled epidemiological data assessing the risk of birth defects 245

10 Figure 5 Cumulative Meta-analysis of IVF vs ICSI Figure 6 Publication bias of ART vs SC Figure 7 Publication bias of IVF vs ICSI using ART versus spontaneous conception, and IVF versus ICSI. Our results suggest that there was a significantly increased risk of birth defects in children conceived by ART compared with spontaneous conception, but ICSI did not increase the risk when compared with IVF. 246

11 According to the publication years, both the latest ( ), and previous ones ( ) indicated a significantly higher risk using ART. Also, the cumulative Metaanalysis showed that the trend was retained between 2001 and The reason that the previous studies underestimated the risk may be due to the hospitals want to push the ART and underrating some adverse factors at the initial stage, or they may not have sufficient samples to properly assess the risk at that period. It is possible to produce different results based on sample analysis from different races and areas: the RR in Oceania, Europe, Asian and North America were: 1.15, 1.29, 1.51, 1.57, respectively. Studies from Oceania showed no significant difference in birth defect risk between ART and spontaneously conceived children, maybe it was related to a limited number of studies. And we may need larger sample sizes for further analysis. We divided the studies into population and clinic groups. Both the large sample size such as population group and small sample size such as clinic groups displayed a higher risk of birth defects in the ART group, which was different from the conclusion of Wen et al. [6] The difference may be due to distinguishing criteria of Wen s study [6] using groups-dividing according to sample size, smaller or larger than people. Forty-eight studies assessed birth defects as soon as infants were born, and 28 studies assessed birth defects of the babies/children aged 6 months to 13 years. Both groups of studies revealed that there was a higher risk of birth defects from ART children, which matched the reported conclusion [85]. The risk of birth defects was unrelated to the assessment time. There are so many complicating risks that could increase the rate of birth defects: age of mother, environmental exposures, risk behaviors such as alcohol consumption and smoking, other factors causing infertility, and the ART procedures themselves. As we can see, the overall risk ratio decreased after adjustment for some variables (RR=1.33 for adjustment and 1.37 for crude) but no statistical significance was demonstrated. Some researchers have argued that the causes of infertility themselves or the process of seeking treatment itself rather than the treatment alone, may lead to an increased level of birth defects risk [70,86]. A Meta-analysis suggested ART do not increase the risk of malformations as much as reported after adjusting for the effect of subfertility (RR=1.01, 95%CI= ) [87]. We need more studies to assess children born from infertile couples who have not accepted any treatment at all, which, of course, is difficult to arrange. Silver et al. [88] said that the male offspring birthed from male-factor infertility couples had more risk of malformations of hypospadias (RR=5.53, 95%CI= ), so it is interesting to compare birth defects in children conceived by IVF and ICSI. Ericson et al. [70] proposed that the excess risk for some specific defects after ICSI may be related to paternal subfertility associated with genetic abnormalities. Our analysis and the result of Wen et al. [6] both 247

12 displayed that there were no significant differences between IVF and ICSI. In further studies maybe we could compare some special malformations between children conceived by IVF and ICSI. In conclusion, to assess the technology, a stricter method of comparison about the prevalence of birth defects associated with ART is needed. For IVF and ICSI, we need more refined birth defects analysis to demonstrate the differences. References 1. Steptoe PC, Edwards RG. Birth after the reimplatation of a human embryo. Lancet, 1978, 2(8085): Morin NC, Wirth FH, Johnson DH, et al. Congenital malformations and psychosocial development in children conceived by in vitro fertilization. J Pediatr, 1989, 115(2): Kelley-Quon LI, Tseng CH, Janzen C, et al. Congenital malformations associated with assisted reproductive technology: a California statewide analysis. J Pediatr Surg, 2013, 48(6): Rimm AA, Katayama AC, Diaz M, et al. A meta-analysis of controlled studies comparing major malformation rates in IVF and ICSI infants with naturally conceived children. J Assist Reprod Genet, 2004, 21(12): Hansen M, Bower C, Milne E, et al. Assisted reproductive technologies and the risk of birth defects a systermatic review. Hum Reprod, 2005, 20(2): Wen J, Jiang J, Ding C, et al. Birth defects in children conceived by in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril, 2012, 97(6): McDonald SD, Murphy K, Beyene J, et al. Perinatal outcomes of singleton pregnancies achieved by in vitro fertilization: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol Can, 2005, 27(5): Rossi AC, D Addario V. Neonatal outcomes of assisted and naturally conceived twins: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Perinat Med, 2011, 39(5): Schuffner A, Centa L, Reggiani C, et al. Acral and renal malformations follwing ICSI. Arch Androl, 2006, 52 (3): Zech H, Vanderzwalmen P, Prapas Y, et al. Congenial malformations after intracytoplasmic injection of spermatids. Hum Reprod, 2000, 15(4): Farhi A, Reichman B, Boyko V, et al. Congenital malformations in infants conceived following assisted reproductive technology in comparison with spontaneously conceived infants. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 2013, 26(12): Davies MJ, Moore VM, Willson KJ, et al. Reproductive technologies and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med, 2012, 366(19): Hansen M, Kurinczuk JJ, de Klerk N, et al. Assisted reproductive technology and major birth defects in Western Australia. Obstet Gynecol, 2012, 120(4): Sagot P, Bechoua S, Ferdynus C, et al. Similarly increased congenital anomaly rates after intrauterine insemination and IVF technologies: a retrospective cohort study. Hum Reprod, 2012, 27(3): Sala P, Ferrero S, Buffi D, et al. Reproductive technology pregnancies congenital defects in assisted. Minerva Ginecol, 2011, 63(3): Lehnen HSS, Reineke T, Puchooa A, et al. Twin pregnancies conceived spontaneously and by ART (assisted reproductive technologies)-a retrospective analysis and review. Geburtsh Frauenheilk, 2011, 71: Yang H, Choi YS, Nam KH, et al. Obstetric and perinatal outcomes of dichorionic twin pregnancies according 248

13 to methods of conception: spontaneous versus in-vitro fertilization. Twin Res Hum Genet, 2011, 14(1): Vasario E, Borgarello V, Bossotti C, et al. IVF twins have similar obstetric and neonatal outcome as spontaneously conceived twins: a prospective follow-up study. Reprod Biomed Online, 2010, 21(3): Pinborg A, Loft A, Aaris Henningsen AK, et al. Infant outcome of 957 singletons born after frozen embryo replacement: the Danish National Cohort Study Fertil Steril, 2010, 94(4): Halliday JL, Ukoumunne OC, Baker HW, et al. Increased risk of blastogenesis birth defects, arising in the first 4 weeks of pregnancy, after assisted reproductive technologies. Hum Reprod, 2010, 25(1): Wen SW, Leader A, White RR, et al. A comprehensive assessment of outcomes in pregnancies conceived by in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 2010, 150 (2): Welmerink DB, Voigt LF, Daling JR, et al. Infertility treatment use in relation to selected adverse birth outcomes. Fertil Steril, 2010, 94(7): Fujii M, Matsuoka R, Bergel E, et al. Perinatal risk in singleton pregnancies after in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril, 2010, 94(6): Liu FH, He L. Evaluate the security of assisted reproductive technology in the near future. Prog Obstet Gynecol (in Chinese), 2010, 19(3): Källén B, Finnström O, Lindam A, et al. Congenital malformations in infants born after in vitro fertilization in Sweden. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol, 2009, 88(3): Reefhuis J, Honein MA, Schieve LA, et al. National birth defects prevention S. Assisted reproductive technology and major structural birth defects in the United States. Hum Reprod, 2009, 24(2): Al-Fifi S, Al-Binali A, Al-Shahrani M, et al. Congenital anomalies and other perinatal outcomes in ICSI vs naturally conceived pregnancies: a comparative study. J Assist Reprod Genet, 2009, 26(7): Allen C, Bowdin S, Harrison RF, et al. Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes after assisted reproduction: a comparative study. Ir J Med Sci, 2008, 177(3): Knoester M, Helmerhorst FM, Vandenbroucke JP, et al. Artificial. Perinatal outcome, health, growth, and medical care utilization of 5- to 8-year-old intracytoplasmic sperm injection singletons. Fertil Steril, 2008, 89 (5): Apantaku O, Chandrasekaran I, Bentick B. Obstetric outcome of singleton pregnancies achieved with in vitro fertilisation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection: experience from a district general hospital. J Obstet Gynaecol, 2008, 28(4): Joy J, McClure N, Cooke IE. A comparison of spontaneously conceived twins and twins conceived by artificial reproductive technologies. J Obstet Gynaecol, 2008, 28(6): Palermo GD, Neri QV, Takeuchi T, et al. Genetic and epigenetic characteristics of ICSI children. Reprod Biomed Online, 2008, 17(6): Shebl O, Ebner T, Sommergruber M, et al. Risk in twin pregnancies after the use of assisted reproductive techniques. J Reprod Med, 2008, 53(10): Belva F, Henriet S, Liebaers I, et al. Medical outcome of 8-year-old singleton ICSI children (born > or = 32 weeks gestation) and a spontaneously conceived comparison group. Hum Reprod, 2007, 22(2): Sanchez-Albisua I, Borell-Kost S, Mau-Holzmann UA, et al. Increased frequency of severe major anomalies in children conceived by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Dev Med Child Neurol, 2007, 49(2): Buckett M, Cheng RC, Hananel H, et al. Obstetric outcomes and congenital abnormalities after in vitro maturation, in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Obstet Gynecol, 2007, 110(4): Adler-Levy Y, Lunenfeld E, Levy A. Obstetric outcome of twin pregnancies conceived by in vitro fertilization 249

14 and ovulation induction compared with those conceived spontaneously. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 2007, 133(2): Saygan-Karamürsel B, Tekşam O, Aksu T, et al. Perinatal outcomes of spontaneous twins compared with twins conceived through intracytoplasmic sperm injection. J Perinat Med, 2006, 34(2): Zhu JL, Basso O, Obel C, et al. Infertility, infertility treatment, and congenital malformations: Danish national birth cohort. BMJ, 2006, 333(7570): El Hage S, Ghanem I, Safi CA, et al. The risk of neuro-orthopaedic malformations following in-vitro fertilization. J Pediatr Orthop B, 2006, 15(3): Bonduelle M, Wennerholm UB, Loft A, et al. A multi-centre cohort study of the physical health of 5-yearold children conceived after intracytoplasmic sperm injection, in vitro fertilization and natural conception. Hum Reprod, 2005, 20(2): Olson CK, Keppler-Noreuil KM, Romitti PA, et al. In vitro fertilization is associated with an increase in major birth defects. Fertil Steril, 2005, 84(5): Merlob P, Sapir O, Sulkes J, et al. The prevalence of major congenital malformations during two periods of time, and in newborns conceived by assisted reproduction technology. Eur J Med Genet, 2005, 48(1): Klemetti R, Gissler M, Sevón T, et al. Children born after assisted fertilization have an increased rate of major congenital anomalies. Fertil Steril, 2005, 84(5): Agarwal PL, Lim SK, Sriram SB, et al. Two-year neurodevelopmental outcome in children conceived by intracytoplasmic sperm injection: prospective cohort study. BJOG, 2005, 112(10): Källén B, Finnström O, Nygren KG, et al. In vitro fertilization (IVF) in Sweden: risk for congenital malformations after different IVF methods. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol, 2005, 73(3): Ombelet W, Peeraer K, De Sutter P, et al. Perinatal outcome of ICSI pregnancies compared with a matched group of natural conception pregnancies in Flanders (Belgium): a cohort study. Reprod Biomed Online, 2005, 11(2): Ho CH PF, Chen HF, Lien YR, et al. Twin pregnancies conceived by assisted reproductive technology: maternal and perinatal outcomes. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol, 2005, 44(4): Shevell T, Malone FD, Vidaver J, et al. Assisted reproductive technology and pregnancy outcome. Obstet Gynecol, 2005, 106(5Pt1): Katalinic A, Rösch C, Ludwig M. ICSI Follow-Up Study Group. Pregnancy course and outcome after intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a controlled, prospective cohort study. Fertil Steril, 2004, 81(6): Bonduelle M, Bergh C, Niklasson A, et al. Medical folow-up study of 5-year-old ICSI children. Reprod BioMed Online, 2004, 9(1): Kuwata T, Matsubara S, Ohkuchi A, et al. The risk of birth defects in dichorionic twins conceived by assisted reproductive technology. Twin Research, 2004, 7(3): Pinborg A, Loft A, Rasmussen S, et al. Neonatal outcome in a Danish national cohort of 3438 IVF/ICSI and 10,362 non-ivf/icsi twins born between 1995 and Hum Reprod, 2004, 19(2): Manoura A, Korakaki E, Hatzidaki E, et al. Perinatal outcome of twin pregnancies after in vitro fertilization. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 2004, 83(11): Zádori J, Kozinszky Z, Orvos H, et al. The incidence of major birth defects following in vitro fertilization. J Assist Reprod Gene, 2003, 20(3): Sutcliffe AG, Saunders K, McLachlan R, et al. A retrospective case-control study of developmental and other outcomes in a cohort of Australian children conceived by intracytoplasmic sperm injection compared with a similar group in the United Kingdom. Fertil Steril, 2003, 79(3):

15 57. Place I, Englert Y. A prospective longitudinal study of the physical, psychomotor, and intellectual development of singleton children up to 5 years who were conceived by intracytoplasmic sperm injection compared with children conceived spontaneously and by in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril, 2003, 80(6): Smithers PR, Halliday J, Hale L, et al. High frequency of cesarean section, antepartum hemorrhage, placenta previa, and preterm delivery in in-vitro fertilization twin pregnancies. Fertil Steril, 2003, 80(3): Ludwig M, Katalinic A. Pregnancy course and health of children born after ICSI depending on parameters of male factor infertility. Hum Reprod, 2003, 18(2): Kanyó K, Konc J. A follow-up study of children born after diode laser assisted hatching. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 2003, 110(2): Wang JX, Norman RJ, Kristiansson P. The effect of various infertility treatments on the risk of preterm birth. Hum Reprod, 2002, 17(4): El-Chaar D, Yang Q, Gao J, et al. Risk of birth defects increased in pregnancies conceived by assisted human reproduction. Fertil Steril, 2009, 92(5): Ludwig M, Katalinic A. Malformation rate in fetuses and children conceived after ICSI: result of prospective cohort study. Reprod BioMed Online, 2002, 5(2): Koivurova S, Hartikainen AL, Gissler M, et al. Neonatal outcome and congenital malformations in children born after in-vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod, 2002, 17(5): Anthony S, Buitendijk SE, Dorrepaal CA, et al. Congenital malformations in 4224 children conceived after IVF. Hum Reprod, 2002, 17(8): Isaksson R, Gissler M, Tiitinen A. Obstetric outcome among women with unexplained infertility after IVF: a matched case-control study. Hum Reprod, 2002, 17(7): Merlob P, Fisch B. Neonatal outcome and congenital malformations in children born after IVF. Hum Reprod, 2002, 17(11): Lambalk CB, van Hooff M. Natural versus induced twinning and pregnancy outcome: a Dutch nationwide survey of primiparous dizygotic twin deliveries. Fertil Steril, 2001, 75(4): Sutcliffe AG, Taylor B, Saunders K, et al. Outcome in the second year of life after in-vitro fertilisation by intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a UK case-control study. Lancet, 2001, 357(9274): Ericson A, Källén B. Congenital malformations in infants born after IVF: a population-based study. Hum Reprod, 2001, 16(3): Palermo GD, Neri QV, Hariprashad JJ, et al. ICSI and its outcome. Semin Reprod Med, 2000, 18(2): Wennerholm UB, Bergh C, Hamberger L, et al. Incidence of congenital malformations in children born after ICSI. Hum Reprod, 2000, 15(4): Koudstaal J, Braat DD, Bruinse HW, et al. Obstetric outcome of singleton pregnancies after IVF: a matched control study in four Dutch university hospitals. Hum Reprod, 2000, 15(8): Dhont M, De Neubourg F, Van der Elst J, et al. Perinatal outcome of pregnancies after assisted reproduction: a case-control study. J Assist Reprod Genet, 1999, 14(10): Bergh T, Ericson A, Hillensjö T, et al. Deliveries and children born after in-vitro fertilisation in Sweden : a retrospective cohort study. Lancet, 1999, 354(9190): Westergaard HB, Johansen AM, Erb K, et al. Danish national in-vitro fertilization registry 1994 and 1995: a controlled study of births, malformations and cytogenetic finding. Hum Reprod, 1999, 14(7): Bowen JR, Gibson FL, Leslie GI, et al. Medical and developmental outcome at 1 year for children conceived by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Lancet, 1998, 351(9115): Wennerholm UB, Albertsson-Wikland K, Bergh C, et al. Postnatal growth and health in children born after cryopreservation as embryos. Lancet, 1998, 351(9109):

16 79. D Souza SW, Rivlin E, Cadman J, et al. Children conceived by in vitro fertilisation after fresh embryo transfer. Arch Disease in Childhood, 1997, 76(2): Saunders K, Spensley J, Munro J, et al. Growth and physical outcome of children conceived by in vitro fertilization. Pediatrics, 1996, 97(5): Nassar SBJ, Aboulghar H, Mansour R, et al. Perinatal outcome after in vitro fertilization and spontaneous pregnancy: a comparative study. Middle East Fertil Soc J, 1996, 1: Verlaenen H, Cammu H, Derde MP, et al. Singleton pregnancy after in vitro fertilization: expectations and outcome. Obstet Gynecol, 1995, 86(6): Sutcliffe AG, D Souza SW, Cadman J, et al. Minor congenital anomalies, major congenital malformations and development in children conceived from cryopreserved embryos. Hum Reprod, 1995, 10(12): Rose G, Davis RG, Edwards PS, et al. Births in Great Britain resulting from assisted conception, MRC working party on children conceived by in vitro fertilisation. BMJ, 1990, 300(6734): Hansen M, Kurinczuk JJ, Milne E, et al. Assisted reproductive technology and birth defects: a systermatic rewiew and meta analysis. Hum Reprod Update, 2013, 19(4): Lambert RD. Safety issues in assisted reproductive technology: aetiology of health problems in singleton ART babies. Hum Reprod, 2003, 18(10): Rimm AA, Katayama AC, Katayama KP. A meta-analysis of the impact of IVF and ICSI on major malformations after adjusting for the effect of subfertility. J Assist Reprod Genet, 2011, 28(8): Silver RI, Rodriguez R, Chang TS, et al. In vitro fertilization is associated with an increased risk of hypospadias. J Urol, 1999, 161(6): (Received on October 10, 2013) 252