Rapid assessment van interspinale implantaten en pedikelschroeven voor dynamische stabilisatie van de lumbale wervelkolom.

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1 Rapid assessment van interspinale implantaten en pedikelschroeven voor dynamische stabilisatie van de lumbale wervelkolom KCE reports 116A Federaal Kenniscentrum voor de Gezondheidszorg Centre fédéral d expertise des soins de santé 2009

2 Het Federaal Kenniscentrum voor de Gezondheidszorg Voorstelling : Het Federaal Kenniscentrum voor de Gezondheidszorg is een parastatale, opgericht door de programma-wet van 24 december 2002 (artikelen 262 tot 266) die onder de bevoegdheid valt van de Minister van Volksgezondheid en Sociale Zaken. Het Centrum is belast met het realiseren van beleidsondersteunende studies binnen de sector van de gezondheidszorg en de ziekteverzekering. Raad van Bestuur Effectieve leden : Plaatsvervangers : Regeringscommissaris : Pierre Gillet (Voorzitter), Dirk Cuypers (Ondervoorzitter), Jo De Cock (Ondervoorzitter), Frank Van Massenhove (Ondervoorzitter), Yolande Avondtroodt, Jean-Pierre Baeyens, Ri de Ridder, Olivier De Stexhe, Peter Degadt, Daniel Devos, Jean-Noël Godin, Floris Goyens, Jef Maes, Pascal Mertens, Raf Mertens, Marc Moens, François Perl, Marco Schetgen, Yves Smeets, Patrick Verertbruggen, Michel Foulon, Myriam Hubinon Rita Cuypers, Christiaan De Coster, Benoît Collin, Lambert Stamatakis, Karel Vermeyen, Katrien Kesteloot, Bart Ooghe, Frederic Lernoux, Anne Vanderstappen, Paul Palsterman, Geert Messiaen, Anne Remacle, Roland Lemeye, Annick Poncé, Pierre Smiets, Jan Bertels, Catherine Lucet, Ludo Meyers, Olivier Thonon. Roger Yves Directie Algemeen Directeur a.i. : Jean-Pierre Closon Contact Federaal Kenniscentrum voor de Gezondheidszorg (KCE) Administratief Centrum Kruidtuin, Doorbuilding (10e verdieping) Kruidtuinlaan 55 B-1000 Brussel Belgium Tel: +32 [0] Fax: +32 [0] info@kce.fgov.be Web :

3 Rapid assessment van interspinale implantaten en pedikelschroeven voor dynamische stabilisatie van de lumbale wervelkolom KCE rapporten 116A SABINE STORDEUR, SOPHIE GERKENS, DOMINIQUE ROBERFROID Federaal Kenniscentrum voor de gezondheidszorg Centre fédéral d expertise des soins de santé 2009

4 KCE reports 116A Titel: Auteurs: Externe experten: Externe validatoren: Conflict of interest: Disclaimer : Rapid assessment van interspinale implantaten en pedikelschroeven voor dynamische stabilisatie van de lumbale wervelkolom Sabine Stordeur, Sophie Gerkens, Dominique Roberfroid Philippe Claesen (CAZ Midden Limburg, België), Philippe Lauweryns (Regionaal Ziekenhuis Sint-Trudo, België), Antoon Mensaert (RIZIV, België), Henri Nielens (Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, België), Valérie Noblesse (RIZIV, België), Thierry Parlevliet (UZ Gent, België), Christian Raftopoulos (Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, België), Marek Szpalski (Hôpitaux IRIS Sud, België) Bart Depreitere (UZ Leuven, Belgium), Yves Henrotin (Université de Liège, Belgium), Rod Taylor (Universities of Exeter & Plymouth, UK) Medtronic en Stryker sponsoren Bart Depreitere voor een klein bedrag voor een lopende studie over lumbale discushernia (chirurgie en kinesitherapie). Deze studie is niet verbonden met de studie over dynamische implantaten. Rod Taylor heeft een in het verleden consultancy werk gedaan voor Kyphon Inc. voor balloon kyfoplastie. De externe experten hebben aan het wetenschappelijke rapport meegewerkt dat daarna aan de validatoren werd voorgelegd. De validatie van het rapport volgt uit een consensus of een meerderheidsstem tussen de validatoren. Alleen het KCE is verantwoordelijk voor de eventuele resterende vergissingen of onvolledigheden alsook voor de aanbevelingen aan de overheid. Lay-out: Ine Verhulst Brussel, 29 oktober 2009 Studie nr Domein: Health Technology Assessment (HTA) MeSH: Low Back Pain; Spinal stenosis; Spondylolisthesis; Decompression, Surgical; Orthopedic Fixation Devices NLM classification : WE 750 Taal: Nederlands, Engels Formaat: Adobe PDF (A4) Wettelijk depot: D/2009/10.273/44 Elke gedeeltelijke reproductie van dit document is toegestaan mits bronvermelding. Dit document is beschikbaar van op de website van het Federaal Kenniscentrum voor de gezondheidszorg. Hoe refereren naar dit document? Stordeur S, Gerkens S, Roberfroid D. Rapid assessment van interspinale implantaten en pedikelschroeven voor dynamische stabilisatie van de lumbale wervelkolom. Health Technology Assessement (HTA). Brussel: Federaal Kenniscentrum voor de Gezondheidszorg (KCE) KCE Reports 116A. D/2009/10.273/44.

5 KCE Reports 116A Interspinale implantaten dynamische stabilizatie i VOORWOORD In België lijdt bijna 10% van de volwassenen aan een chronische rugaandoening. Deze aandoeningen hebben een verschillende oorsprong, komen voor op eender welke leeftijd en worden frequenter na 60 jaar. Hun prevalentie zal dus stijgen naarmate de bevolking veroudert. Dit hoge prevalentiecijfer bracht het KCE er al toe om twee rapporten over dit onderwerp te publiceren: het ene over de preventieve aanpak en over conservatieve en chirurgische behandelingen (KCE rapport 48A), het andere over de evaluatie van twee innoverende technologieën voor de vervanging van tussenwervelschijven (KCE rapport 39A). Op vraag van het RIZIV biedt dit rapport twee nieuwe rapid assessments van innoverende chirurgische technieken met als doel de dynamische stabilisatie van de lumbale wervelkolom. Deze nieuwe technieken worden beschouwd als een belangrijke technologische vooruitgang met potentiële voordelen voor de patiënt, aangezien de bedoeling ervan is een meer invasieve chirurgische ingreep te vermijden. Maar ook bij deze technieken bestaat er een risico op complicaties. Bovendien zijn ze meestal duur en bieden ze geen definitieve oplossing voor pijnlijke en invaliderende symptomen. Er is nog steeds erg weinig wetenschappelijk bewijs van hun effectiviteit voor een daadwerkelijke verbetering van de functionele toestand van de patiënt en van hun veiligheid op lange termijn. Nochtans kende de internationale markt van wervelkolomimplantaten tussen 2003 en 2004 een groei van 25%. Deze groei zou zich verderzetten aan een ritme van 16% per jaar zodat in 2010 zeven miljard euro zal worden bereikt. In België worden deze technologieën reeds in een vijftigtal ziekenhuizen toegepast. Er wordt veel druk op het RIZIV uitgeoefend om een terugbetaling van deze implantaten goed te keuren. Met deze systematische en snelle evaluatie van twee categorieën implantaten hoopt het KCE de verantwoordelijken beter in te lichten zodat hun beslissingen leiden tot een betere allocatie van de beschikbare middelen in een context van veiligheid en kwaliteit voor de patiënt. Jean-Pierre CLOSON Algemeen directeur a.i.

6 ii Interspinale implantaten dynamische stabilizatie KCE Reports 116A Samenvatting Dit rapport heeft betrekking op de klinische effectiviteit en efficiëntie van nieuwe chirurgische technieken voor de behandeling van degeneratieve aandoeningen van de lumbale wervelkolom: het inbrengen van interspinale implantaten en pedikelschroeven. Deze technieken worden voorgesteld als alternatieven voor decompressiechirurgie (laminectomie of discectomie) en/of fusie. In België worden deze implantaten momenteel niet terugbetaald. Het is echter wel mogelijk om terugbetaling te krijgen voor onderdelen van de pedikelschroeven (draad en schroef). Dit rapport volgt de standaard KCE-methodologie voor een HTA-rapport zonder echter in detail de patiëntgerelateerde aspecten en de ethische en organisatorische aspecten te onderzoeken. INTERSPINALE IMPLANTATEN (SPACERS) CONTEXT Spinaalkanaalstenose is een vernauwing van het wervelkanaal die aspecifieke lage rugpijn (lumbago) en ischialgie veroorzaakt en die verergeren bij het stappen (neurogene claudicatio intermittens). De eerstekeuzebehandeling is meestal een conservatieve behandeling (fysische en revaliderende geneeskunde en/of kinesitherapie, pijnstillers, niet-steroïdale ontstekingsremmers, steroïde injecties in het wervelkanaal). Bij patiënten die niet reageren op een behandeling van minstens zes maanden wordt een chirurgische ingreep voorgesteld. De referentietechniek is dan laminectomie. Interspinale implantaten die worden ingebracht tussen de doornuitsteeksels (processus spinosus) ter hoogte van de stenose, met het oog op het vergroten van de corresponderende foramina en het wervelkanaal worden beschouwd als een minder invasief alternatief. Er zijn momenteel verschillende interspinale implantaten op de internationale markt (X STOP, Wallis, DIAM, ExtenSure, Coflex, Aperius PercLID, InSwing, InSpace, BacJac). Meestal bestaan ze uit een monobloc, hetzij in metaal, hetzij in stijve materialen (polyetheretherketon), hetzij in soepele materialen (polyurethaan bedekt met geweven polyester of platte banden van geweven polyester). Tot op heden werd één enkel implantaat door de FDA goedgekeurd: X STOP (Medtronic). Het X STOP-systeem is een metalen implantaat (titatiumlegering) waarvan de klinische indicaties relatief vaag blijven. DOELSTELLINGEN Het doel van deze rapid assessment is de beschikbare klinische en economische evidentie samen te vatten voor de belangrijkste interspinale implantaten die in België worden gebruikt (X STOP, Wallis, DIAM en Coflex), dit in vergelijking met conservatieve behandeling of decompressiechirurgie en voor de volgende indicaties: spinaalkanaalstenose, degeneratieve spondylolisthesis, lumbale discushernia, chronische lumbago die niet beantwoord aan conservatieve behandeling gedurende minstens 6 maanden.

7 KCE Reports 116A Interspinale implantaten dynamische stabilizatie iii METHODOLOGIE RESULTATEN Er werd in meerdere elektronische databanken gezocht naar HTA-rapporten en systematische reviews (nationale HTA-agentschappen, de databanken van het Center for Reviews and Dissemination [CRD], de Cochrane Library, Medline en Embase). Vervolgens werden gerandomiseerde klinische studies (RCT) en andere primaire studies, gepubliceerd tussen 1980 en 2009, gezocht in de Cochrane Library, Medline en Embase. Deze zoektocht werd aangevuld met een nazicht van de grijze literatuur (Google en Google Scholar, websites van FDA en EMEA) en contacten met de industrie. Twee onafhankelijke onderzoekers selecteerden alle potentieel relevante studies op basis van de titel en de samenvatting. Vervolgens werd door 1 onderzoeker de kwaliteit van de geselecteerde studies beoordeeld aan de hand van de volledige tekst door middel van gestandaardiseerde checklists (INAHTA voor HTA-rapporten, checklist van het Cochrane Center voor de RCT s, checklist van CRD voor prospectieve voor-en-nastudies). Studies van slechte kwaliteit werden uitgesloten. De volgende gegevens werden uit de weerhouden klinische studies gehaald: studie-opzet, patiëntenpopulatie, aard van de interventie, comparator, klinische effectiviteit en veiligheid, duur van de post-operatieve follow-up. Klinische effectiviteit en veiligheid In onze analyse werden acht publicaties opgenomen: 1 HTA-rapport, 1 rapid assessment (Interventional Procedures Guidance door NICE), 2 gerandomiseerde klinische studies en 4 prospectieve voor-en-na-studies zonder comparator. Alleen de publicaties die X STOP en Wallis onderzochten werden weerhouden. Geen enkele publicatie van voldoende kwaliteit liet toe om DIAM en CoFlex te evalueren. Het HTA-rapport en de rapid assessment van NICE berustten voornamelijk op een gecontroleerde gerandomiseerde prospectieve klinische studie over X STOP die in de Verenigde Staten (VS) werd uitgevoerd door het team van de ontwerpers van het implantaat (Zucherman et al. 2005). De andere studies die in deze 2 rapporten voorkomen zijn prospectieve voor-en-na-studies die zonder comparator werden uitgevoerd op kleine steekproeven. In de studie van Zucherman kregen 100 patiënten een X STOP-implantaat en 91 controlepersonen een niet-gestandaardiseerde conservatieve behandeling die minstens 6 maanden vóór de inschrijving van de patiënten in de studie werd gevolgd. Deze studie concludeerde dat X STOP gedurende twee jaar na de interventie superieur was op het vlak van pijnverlichting (60% vs 18%), lichamelijk functioneren (bekwaamheid om zich te verplaatsen, 57% vs 15%) en patiënttevredenheid (73% vs 36%). Nochtans ondergingen zes patiënten (6%) uit de groep die een X STOPimplantaat kregen, en vierentwintig patiënten (26%) uit de controlegroep, een decompressieve laminectomie omwille van persisterende symptomen tijdens de followup periode van twee jaar. Bovendien meldde een aanzienlijk percentage patiënten, die zes tot twaalf maanden na de operatie een verbetering van hun symptomen hadden vastgesteld, vervolgens een verslechtering van hun lichamelijk functioneren en een terugkeer naar het pre-operatieve pijnniveau. Deze studie vertoont trouwens grote methodologische bias die de betrouwbaarheid van de verkregen resultaten in vraag stelt. De twee gecontroleerde gerandomiseerde klinische studies die later werden uitgevoerd (Anderson et al en Hsu et al. 2006) zijn in feite secundaire analyses van de studie van Zucherman et al. (2005) door hetzelfde team, en lijden dus aan dezelfde beperkingen.

8 iv Interspinale implantaten dynamische stabilizatie KCE Reports 116A De prospectieve voor-en-na-studies die werden uitgevoerd door andere onderzoekers op twee types interspinale implantaten (X STOP en Wallis), met een follow-up op middellange termijn (1 tot 3 jaar), tonen ook een verbetering van de scores met betrekking tot pijn, lichamelijk functioneren en loopafstand. Er moet echter worden opgemerkt dat deze scores afkomstig zijn uit zelfgerapporteerde vragenlijsten en dat het klinische belang van de resultaten in deze studies nooit werd bediscussieerd. Bovendien geniet slechts een deel van de populatie van symptoomverbetering (~60%), terwijl andere patiënten terug hun toevlucht moeten nemen tot pijnstillers (29% een jaar na de implantatie van X STOP, 58% drie jaar na de implantatie van Wallis), of tot een meer invasieve chirurgische ingreep zoals laminectomie en/of fusie (4.6% tot 9.2% al naargelang de studies). Complicaties die samenhangen met het inbrengen van implantaten zijn openspringen van de wond, zwellen van de wond, hematoom, infectie, pijn op de incisieplaats en migratie van een deel van het implantaat. Er dient opgemerkt te worden dat de klinische indicaties slecht gedefinieerd blijven, en dat de patiënten uit de studies zeer heterogene pathologieën vertonen. Zo werd bijvoorbeeld een hoog faalpercentage genoteerd (58%) bij patiënten die lijden aan degeneratieve spondylolisthesis (Verhoof et al. 2008). Om een gedegen uitspraak te kunnen doen over de voordelen van interspinale implantaten zijn goede studies met voldoende statistische power absoluut noodzakelijk. Hierbij moet worden vermeld dat momenteel recrutering bezig is voor een twaalftal gecontroleerde gerandomiseerde klinische studies. PEDIKELSCHROEVEN CONTEXT Spondylolisthesis is een permanent naar voren afglijden van een wervel op de lager gelegen wervel. Vooral de lumbale wervels L4/L5 worden hierdoor getroffen. Bij symptomatische spondylolisthesis, zonder neurologische deficiëntie, blijft de eerstekeuzebehandeling een conservatieve behandeling (niet-steroïdale ontstekingsremmers in geval van verergering van de pijn, infiltratie met glucocorticoïden, fysische en revaliderende geneeskunde en/of kinesitherapie). Chirurgische behandeling van lumbale spondylolisthesis blijft een complex en controversieel probleem. De referentiebehandeling bestaat uit chirurgische decompressie van de zenuw al dan niet gecombineerd met een fusie van de betrokken wervels indien de verschuiving erg uitgesproken is. Fusie gebeurt door middel van enten (bot of synthetisch) die aan weerszijden van de te immobiliseren wervels worden aangebracht. Soms worden de enten op hun plaats gehouden door 4 schroeven (2 aan elke kant) waardoor de ent zich sneller gaat hechten. Pedikelschroeven worden beschouwd als alternatief voor invasieve chirurgie. Op dit ogenblik zijn er verschillende modellen van pedikelschroeven op de internationale markt beschikbaar (Graf ligament, Dynesys, Isobar, M-brace, TFAS en TOPS). Het Dynesyssysteem is het voornaamste implantaat dat in België wordt gebruikt en zal in dit rapport worden besproken. De andere modellen, waarover slechts weinig experimentele studies werden uitgevoerd, zullen hier niet worden geëvalueerd. Dynesys werd in Europa al op de markt gebracht en wordt experimenteel gebruikt in de VS. Het is een flexibel systeem dat bestaat uit titanium pedikelschroeven, polyester koord en spacers uit polycarbonaat urethaan. De dynamiek die tussen de spacers en het koord wordt gecreëerd laat toe om de getroffen wervels te stabiliseren terwijl toch een zekere mobiliteit wordt bewaard. Volgens de fabrikant heeft Dynesys als doel de immobilisering en stabilisatie van segmenten van de lumbale wervelkolom te verzekeren bij de behandeling van degeneratieve spondylolisthesis die een neurologische stoornis heeft veroorzaakt.

9 KCE Reports 116A Interspinale implantaten dynamische stabilizatie v DOELSTELLINGEN METHODOLOGIE RESULTATEN Het doel van deze rapid assessment is de beschikbare klinische en economische evidentie over Dynesys samen te vatten in vergelijking met conserverende behandeling, chirurgische decompressie of fusie, en dit voor volgende indicaties: wervelkanaalstenose, degeneratieve spondylolisthesis, lumbale discushernia, chronische lumbago die ongevoelig blijkt voor een conserverende behandeling die gedurende minstens 6 maanden werd toegepast. Dezelfde methodologie als voor het onderzoek van de interspinale implantaten wordt gebruikt. Klinische effectiviteit en veiligheid In onze analyse werden zes publicaties over Dynesys opgenomen : 1 HTA-rapport, 1 rapid assessment (Interventional Procedures Guidance door NICE) en 4 prospectieve voor-en-na-studies zonder comparator. Geen enkel gecontroleerde gerandomiseerde klinische studie werd gevonden. Recente voor-en-na-studies (zonder comparator) tonen een aanzienlijke verbetering van de pijn in de rug en in de benen, van de ernst van de pijn, de levenskwaliteit, het vermogen langere afstanden te stappen (> 1000 m) en de mogelijkheid voor de behandelde patiënten om hun beroepsactiviteiten te hernemen. Ondanks deze bemoedigende resultaten moest 15 tot 20% van de geopereerde patiënten zijn toevlucht nemen tot een nieuwe chirurgische interventie om verschillende redenen (onvoldoende decompressie, radiculopathie, verhevigde terugkeer van de pijn of de instabiliteit) waardoor verwijdering van het implantaat nodig was. Er dient op gewezen te worden dat in elke studie de implantatie van Dynesys gecombineerd werd met chirurgische decompressie. Het is met andere woorden moeilijk de resultaten te onderscheiden en ze toe te schrijven aan de ene of de andere chirurgische techniek. De duur van de follow-up van de patiënten blijft erg kort (1-2 jaar). Een enkele studie (Schaeren et al. 2008) geeft de follow-up van de resultaten na 4 jaar bij een steekproef van 26 patiënten en benadrukt het behoud van de positieve resultaten (minder pijn en minder pijnstillers nodig, vergroten van de loopafstand). Toch vertoonde 47% van de geopereerde patiënten nieuwe tekenen van degeneratie ter hoogte van de aangrenzende segmenten. Sommige auteurs stellen minder goede resultaten vast dan die verkregen bij patiënten die met fusie werden behandeld, andere reserveren deze behandeling voor de preventie van discusdegradatie na nucleotomie. De voornaamste complicaties die geassocieerd worden met de implantatie van pedikelschroeven zijn van neurologische en vasculaire aard : slechte positionering van de schroeven, breken van het implantaat en loskomen van de pedikelschroeven (loosening). Hoewel deze procedure wordt voorgesteld als een licht invasieve chirurgische ingreep, is het inbrengen van de pedikelschroeven in werkelijkheid even invasief als fusie door ruptuur van de structuur van spieren en ligamenten. Hoewel Dynesys werd ontworpen voor dynamische stabilisatie van de wervelkolom keurde de FDA dit apparaat goed voor het versterken van fusie. Nieuwe studies zijn lopende om goedkeuring van de FDA te krijgen voor het gebruik van Dynesys buiten de context van fusie.

10 vi Interspinale implantaten dynamische stabilizatie KCE Reports 116A ECONOMISCHE EVALUATIE LITERATUURREVIEW Er werd geen enkele studie over een volledige economische evaluatie van interspinale implantaten en pedikelschroeven gevonden. Alleen een beschrijvende studie van de kosten en de klinische resultaten, en een studie over kostenminimalisatie werden gevonden. De slechte kwaliteit van deze studies laat niet toe om duidelijke conclusies te trekken. De invloed van deze implantaten op resultaten zoals operatietijd, hospitalisatieduur, Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALY s) en kosten op lange termijn die samenhangen met verwikkelingen en nieuwe hospitalisaties, kon voor de Belgische context niet worden geschat op basis van deze studies. Bij gebrek aan evidentie inzake de klinische effectiviteit van de implantaten voor dynamische stabilisatie van de wervelkolom kon geen betrouwbare kosten/batenanalyse worden gemaakt. Bij gebrek aan gegevens over de prevalentie van de betrokken aandoeningen (klinische indicaties) en de frequentie van de chirurgische interventies voor decompressie en stabilisatie (dynamisch of via fusie) van de wervelkolom, is het bovendien niet mogelijk om de budgettaire invloed van een eventuele terugbetaling van deze nieuwe chirurgische technieken voor ons land te ramen. INTERNATIONALE VERGELIJKING CONCLUSIES De in België gebruikte prijs van implantaten (BTW inbegrepen) werd vergeleken met de gemiddelde prijs voor 5 buurlanden (Frankrijk, Duitsland, Zwitserland, Nederland en het VK). De prijs van de implantaten voor dynamische stabilisatie in België benadert die van de 5 buurlanden (ongeveer 2 500), zowel voor X STOP als voor Dynesys. Geen enkele studie maakt het echter mogelijk om aan te tonen dat deze prijs gerechtvaardigd is ten opzichte van de veroorzaakte kosten. In de verschillende landen bestaan er ook verschillende terugbetalingsmechanismen, gaande van een niet-verplichte terugbetaling (Nederland) tot het DRG-systeem dat specifieke procedurecodes voorziet met als doel tegelijkertijd het implantaat als de procedure te dekken (VK). In België worden deze implantaten momenteel niet terugbetaald. Het is echter wel mogelijk om terugbetaling te krijgen voor specifieke onderdelen van de pedikelschroeven (draad en schroef). De kwaliteit van de beschikbare evidentie inzake de effectiviteit van de implantaten voor dynamische stabilisatie van de wervelkolom bij de behandeling van degeneratieve pathologieën van de lumbale wervelkolom is erg zwak. Bij gebrek aan evidentie inzake de klinische effectiviteit van de implantaten voor dynamische stabilisatie van de lumbale wervelkolom kon geen geloofwaardige kosten/batenanalyse worden gemaakt. Bij gebrek aan gegevens over de prevalentie van de betrokken aandoeningen (klinische indicaties) en de frequentie van de chirurgische interventie van decompressie en stabilisatie (dynamisch of via fusie) van de wervelkolom, is het niet mogelijk om de budgettaire invloed van deze nieuwe chirurgische technieken voor ons land te ramen.

11 KCE Reports 116A Interspinale implantaten dynamische stabilizatie vii AANBEVELINGEN Op dit moment, en tot de resultaten van methodologisch kwaliteitsvolle studies beschikbaar worden, moeten implantaten voor dynamische stabilisatie van de wervelkolom worden beschouwd als experimentele interventies die alleen zouden moeten worden uitgevoerd in het kader van gerandomiseerde klinische studies. Prospectieve gerandomiseerde studies, tijdens dewelke het implantaat wordt vergeleken met adequate comparatoren (niet-chirurgische standaardbehandeling en chirurgische decompressie), bij strikt geselecteerde patiënten (beperkte klinische indicaties) met een follow-up van de patiënten over verschillende jaren (> 5 jaar) en objectieve meting van het resultaat (bijv. reële evaluatie van de tijd en de afstand die de patiënt kan stappen zonder pijn, gebruik van generische evaluatieschalen voor levenskwaliteit, hernemen van het werk of vroegere activiteiten), zijn nodig om de plaats van deze apparaten in het therapeutische arsenaal van de chirurgie voor degeneratieve lumbale wervelkolomaandoeningen te bepalen. De veiligheid van deze technieken baart nog zorgen. Aangeraden wordt om systematisch alle verwikkelingen die bij gebruik van dit type implantaat worden vastgesteld, te melden bij het Federaal Agentschap voor Geneesmiddelen en Gezondheidsproducten. Omwille van de beperkte bewijskracht betreffende de klinische voordelen op lange termijn, het grote aantal RCT s over verschillende types implantaten voor dynamische stabilisatie van de wervelkolom die momenteel lopende zijn, en het gebrek aan economische gegevens, raden wij aan om de interspinale implantaten en pedikelschroeven niet in de beperkende lijst van terugbetaalde implantaten te vermelden (lijst die momenteel wordt opgemaakt door het RIZIV).

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13 KCE Reports 116 Spinal Dynamic Stabilization Implants 1 Scientific summary Table of contents GLOSSARY INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND GENERAL PRESENTATION OF LUMBAR PATHOLOGIES Lumbar herniated disc Isthmic spondylolisthesis Facet joint osteoarthritis Lumbar spinal stenosis Degenerative spondylolisthesis Degenerative disk disease EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS OF THE LUMBAR SPINE IN BELGIUM STANDARD TREATMENTS CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT COMMON SURGICAL APPROACHES POSTERIOR NON-FUSION DYNAMIC STABILIZATION DEVICES INTRODUCTION NON-FUSION INTERSPINOUS SPACER DEVICES The X STOP Device The Wallis The DIAM System The Coflex NON-FUSION PEDICLE SCREWS The Dynesys Dynamic Stabilization System ASSESSMENT OF CLINICAL OUTCOMES CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY RESEARCH QUESTIONS SEARCH STRATEGY For HTA Reports For systematic reviews For Controlled Trials For additional publications QUALITY APPRAISAL SEARCH RESULTS Results for non-fusion interspinous devices Discussion For pedicle screws ONGOING CLINICAL TRIALS ClinicalTrials.gov Nederlands trial register REPORTING OF ADVERSE EVENTS RELATED TO THE LUMBAR DYNAMIC STABILIZATION IMPLANTS TO THE BELGIAN MINISTRY OF PUBLIC HEALTH Medical devices European and Belgian Legislation about medical devices and notification of adverse events Notification of adverse events in Belgium... 58

14 2 Spinal Dynamic Stabilization Implants KCE Reports ECONOMIC LITERATURE REVIEW INTRODUCTION METHODS Literature search strategy Selection criteria and method Data extraction and quality assessment strategies RESULTS Researches available Data analyses and synthesis INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON INTRODUCTION AND METHODS REIMBURSEMENT PRACTICES COMPARISON Belgium United Kingdom Germany The Netherlands Switzerland France PRICE COMPARISONS Price comparison excluding VAT Price comparison including VAT Price comparison using comparative price level CONCLUSIONS CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY ECONOMIC CONCLUSIONS INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON APPENDICES REFERENCES

15 KCE Reports 116 Spinal Dynamic Stabilization Implants 3 GLOSSARY 95% CI 95% confidence intervals CLBP Chronic low back pain DDD Degenerative disk disease DRG Diagnosis-Related Groups FDA Food and Drug Administration GHS Groupe homogène de séjour HRG Healthcare Resource Group HTA Health technology assessment ICER Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio IDE Investigational Device Exemption LBP Low back pain LPP Liste des produits et prestations remboursables LSS Lumbar spinal stenosis MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging NASS North American Spine Society NIC Neurogenic intermittent claudication NIHDI National Institute for Health and Disability Insurance NSAID Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ODI Oswestry Disability Index PDS Posterior dynamic stabilization PEEK Polyetheretherketone PICO Patient, Interventions, Comparator treatment and Outcomes PMA Pre-Market Approval QALY Quality adjusted life-year QoL RCT Quality of Life Randomised controlled trial RR Relative risk VAS Visual Analog Scale ZCQ Zurich Claudication Questionnaire

16 4 Spinal Dynamic Stabilization Implants KCE Reports INTRODUCTION This rapid assessment concerns innovative spine surgical technologies, i.e. lumbar nonfusion posterior stabilization devices proposed for the treatment of degenerative spinal conditions with symptoms that have failed to respond to conservative treatments. They are presented as an alternative to decompression surgery and/or fusion surgery. Numerous lumbar non fusion posterior dynamic stabilization (PDS) devices have been developed for the treatment of disorders of the lumbar spine but they all aim at maintaining or restoring inter-vertebral motion, whether by restricting the extremes of spinal movement or by dampening the kinetic energy involved in motion 1,2. Two main groups of PDS, interspinous spacers and pedicle screw systems, have been in use for almost a decade now outside of North America 3. First, interspinous spacer devices are inserted between the spinous processes and have no rigid fixation to the vertebral pedicles, but can be optionally attached with cords. These devices function by inducing flexion in the degenerative segment and result in less buckling of the ligamentum flavum, offloading of the facets, and reducing intervertebral disc pressures 4. Pedicle screw systems offload spinal units in a fashion similar to pedicle-based posterior instrumentation 5. They may provide more rigid stabilization and require a more extensive surgical procedure for insertion. The structures connecting the vertebral bodies to one another are flexible and are not intended to provide rigid stability. In Belgium, some of these PDS are already being placed in more or less 50 hospitals. The aim of this report is to summarize the existing clinical and economic evidence on PDS for patients with specific indications. Based on other existing HTA reports, systematic reviews and clinical trials, the objective is to provide a clear synthesis of the evidence on clinical effectiveness and safety of these emerging technologies. This report follows the standard methodology of HTA reports of the KCE. However, in contrast to full HTA reports, patient issues, ethical issues and organisational issues will not be addressed. Information on the cost and cost-effectiveness of PDS will be searched through a literature review. However, no cost analysis in the Belgian setting will be performed because of a lack of available data. Indeed, interventions with PDS can not be identified from existing Belgian databases and only proxy and assumptions can be used (low level of quality). Finally, an international comparison will be conducted to compare prices and reimbursement practices concerning PDS in selected European countries to have a better view on their cost for health insurers. The main research questions are: Question 1: Is lumbar non-fusion posterior dynamic stabilization a clinically effective treatment for patients with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis, degenerative spondylolisthesis, degenerative disc disease, herniated disc or facet joint osteoarthritis? Question 2: Is lumbar non-fusion posterior dynamic stabilization a safe procedure for patients with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis, degenerative spondylolisthesis, degenerative disc disease, herniated disc or facet joint osteoarthritis? Question 3: Is lumbar non-fusion posterior stabilisation a cost-effective treatment option for patients with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis, degenerative spondylolisthesis, degenerative disc disease, herniated disc or facet joint osteoarthritis?

17 KCE Reports 116 Spinal Dynamic Stabilization Implants 5 2 BACKGROUND 2.1 GENERAL PRESENTATION OF LUMBAR PATHOLOGIES An individual vertebra is made up of several parts. The body of the vertebra is the primary area of weight bearing and provides a resting place for the fibrous discs which separate each of the vertebrae. The lamina covers the spinal canal. There are four facet joints associated with each vertebra. These interlock with the adjacent vertebrae and provide stability to the spine. The facet joints do slide on each other and both sliding surfaces are normally coated by a very low friction, moist cartilage. A small sack or capsule surrounds each facet joint and provides a sticky lubricant for the joint. Each sack has a rich supply of tiny nerve fibres that provide a warning when irritated 6. Illustration from: (Available in June 2009) The vertebrae are separated by intervertebral discs which act as shock absorbers for the vertebrae, allowing motion to occur between them. Separation between the vertebral bodies is maintained by the height of the disc, which also allows the segmental nerve roots to exit without compression. Illustration from: (Available in June 2009)

18 6 Spinal Dynamic Stabilization Implants KCE Reports Lumbar herniated disc A prolapsed disc occurs when the disc is displaced, herniated or bulging from its normal position within the spinal column. The disc may place pressure on the nerve root (radiculopathy) and cause symptoms such as radiating pain, numbness, tingling and weakness. Approximately 90% of disc herniations will occur toward the bottom of the spine at L4-L5 or L5-S1, which causes pain in the L5 nerve or S1 nerve, respectively Isthmic spondylolisthesis Spondylolisthesis is a forward slip of one vertebral body over the one below. The isthmic spondylolisthesis occurs when one vertebral body slips forward on another because of a small fracture of the pars interarticularis. Isthmic spondylolisthesis occurs most commonly in the L5-S1 level of the spine. The spondylolisthesis can be graded according the severity of the slippage of one vertebral body over another (Grade 1 is less than 25%; Grade 2 is 25-50%; Grade 3 is 50-75%; Grade 4 is greater than 75%). Between 5 to 7% of the population has either a spondylolysis (a fracture of the pars interarticularis without a vertebral slip) or spondylolisthesis, but in most cases it is asymptomatic. It has been estimated that 80% of people with a spondylolisthesis will never have symptoms, and if it does become symptomatic, only 15 to 20% will ever need surgical correction 7. Isthmic spondylolisthesis may also become symptomatic in adults. The most common reason for low back pain in this situation is that the disc will start to wear out. Also, as the discs break down, there is less room for the exiting nerve root (the L5 nerve root) and the patient can develop leg pain (radiculopathy or sciatica) Facet joint osteoarthritis Facet joints are in almost constant motion with the spine and quite commonly simply wear out or become degenerated in many patients. When facet joints become worn or torn the cartilage may become thin or disappear and there may be a reaction of the bone of the joint underneath producing overgrowth of bone spurs and an enlargement of the joints. Such osteoarthritis can produce considerable back pain on motion. This condition may also be referred to as facet joint disease or facet joint syndrome. Recurrent painful episodes can be frequent and quite unpredictable in both timing and extent Lumbar spinal stenosis Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a narrowing of the spinal canal, often secondary to degenerative changes in the disc and the adjacent facet joint. Illustration from: (Available in June 2009)

19 KCE Reports 116 Spinal Dynamic Stabilization Implants 7 Typically, patients with LSS have a long history of pain in the back, buttocks, and/or legs that gradually worsens over time. The proposed pathological mechanism for radicular pain is thought to be one of ischaemia analogous with the vascular claudication of the lower limbs. Activity increases the blood supply with possible functional and postural changes in cross-section area of the spine, with the potential to reduce the volume of the spinal canal. This leads to a functional ischaemia which gives rise to neurogenic intermittent claudication (pain initiated by standing and increased with walking). Although not all symptomatic LSS leads to neurogenic intermittent claudication, its characteristic symptoms include back and leg pain, tingling, numbness and weakness. Although symptoms may arise from narrowing of the spinal canal, not all patients with narrowing develop symptoms. The reason why some patients develop symptomatic stenosis and others do not is still unknown. Therefore, LSS does not refer to the pathoanatomical finding of spinal canal narrowing. It is a clinical syndrome of lower extremity pain caused by mechanical compression on neural elements or their vascular supply Degenerative spondylolisthesis Degenerative spondylolisthesis is an acquired anterior displacement of one vertebra over the subjacent vertebra, associated with degenerative changes, without an associated disruption or defect in the vertebral ring 9. It is most common at the L4-L5 level of the lower spine, but can also happen at L3-L4. It is relatively rare at the other levels. It may also occur at two levels or even three levels of the spine. The symptoms of a degenerative spondylolisthesis are very commonly the same as that of spinal stenosis. Patients usually complain of sciatica pain or a tired feeling down the legs when they stand for a prolonged period of time or try to walk any distance (pseudoclaudication). The nerve root pinching can lead to weakness in the legs, but true nerve root damage is rare. If the stenosis becomes very severe, or if the patient also has a disc herniation, they can develop cauda equina syndrome where there is progressive nerve root damage and loss of bladder/bowel control. This is a very rare clinical syndrome, but is a medical emergency Degenerative disk disease Degenerative disc disease (DDD) is part of the natural process of growing older. Intervertebral discs lose their flexibility, elasticity, and shock absorbing characteristics. The ligaments that surround the disc called the annulus fibrosis, become brittle and they are more easily torn. At the same time, the nucleus pulposus starts to dry out and shrink. The combination of damage to the intervertebral discs, the development of bone spurs, and a gradual thickening of the ligaments that support the spine can all contribute to degenerative arthritis of the lumbar spine. The most common symptom of degenerative disc disease is back pain. When DDD causes compression of the nerve roots, the pain often radiates down the legs or into the feet, and may be associated with numbness and tingling. In severe cases of lumbar DDD, where there is evidence of nerve root compression, individuals may experience symptoms of sciatica and back pain, and sometimes even lower extremity weakness.

20 8 Spinal Dynamic Stabilization Implants KCE Reports EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS OF THE LUMBAR SPINE IN BELGIUM In young and middle-aged adults (20 60 years old), radicular pain is usually caused by lumbar herniated discs or isthmic spondylolisthesis. In elders (over 60 years of age), facet joint osteoarthritis, lumbar spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis are the main causes of radicular pain. Most of these pathologies have chronic low back pain as a common symptom (CLBP), so as the epidemiology of degenerative conditions of the lumbar spine in Belgium can be reasonably appraised by looking at the epidemiology of CLBP. Based on the INTEGO database (subsidized by the Agentschap Zorg & Gezondheid [Agency Care & Health]; coverage: patients in 2004), the yearly incidence of CLBP in general practice was 33.1 per practice population in ( accessed on 13/07/09). Other figures come from population surveys. The Belgian Health Interview Survey (HIS) found a yearly prevalence of serious back problems of 9.5% for men and 10.4% women over the years 1997, 2001 and 2004 ( accessed on 13/07/09) The minimal clinical data and the claim data (NIHDI) are also important sources of information, as reviewed in the KCE report 48B 10. We report here the main findings of that report as regards the incidence and distribution of CLBP. We acknowledge that the situation may have evolved slightly since 2004, but these results are still indicative of the problem size in our country. Approximately hospital stays ( classic hospitalizations and in one-day hospital) for low back pain were recorded in the 2004 Minimal Clinical Database. The most frequent diagnoses in classic hospitalization were herniated disc (38.7%), probable degenerative diseases (14.4%), spinal stenosis (13.6%), and Failed Back Surgery Syndrome (10.5%). The remainder was constituted by non-specific diseases. In 2004, discectomies, fusions and laminectomies interventions were performed, while the NIHDI nomenclature data indicate that surgical interventions were performed ( without arthrodesis; with arthrodesis). The high surgery rate and consequently the high rate of failed back surgery syndrome contribute to the high direct medical cost of CLBP. Estimations of the global cost due to surgery of CLBP ranged from to in 2004, according to data sources and computation methods.

21 KCE Reports 116 Spinal Dynamic Stabilization Implants 9 4 STANDARD TREATMENTS 4.1 CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT Non-surgical treatments for Low Back Pain (LBP), a common symptom of the aforementioned pathologies, are numerous. Several of the most common nonsurgical treatments include physical therapy, osteopathic/chiropractic manipulations, NSAIDs, oral steroids, and epidural (cortisone) injection. Few nonsurgical interventional therapies for low back pain have been shown to be effective in randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Treatments effectiveness has been reviewed recently 10-14, yielding the following recommendations: For sciatica or prolapsed lumbar disc with radiculopathy, there is good evidence that chemonucleolysis (treatment of herniated discs with intradiscal injections of a proteolytic enzyme, most commonly chymopapain, an extract from papaya) is moderately superior to placebo injection but inferior to surgery, and fair evidence that epidural steroid injection is moderately effective for short-term (but not long-term) symptom relief 12. There is also fair evidence that spinal cord stimulation (a procedure involving the placement of electrodes in the epidural space adjacent to the area of the spine presumed to be the source of pain and applying an electric current in order to achieve sympatholytic and other neuromodulatory effects) is moderately effective for failed back surgery syndrome with persistent radiculopathy, though device-related complications are common 12. There is fair to good evidence that prolotherapy (also called sclerotherapy, prolotherapy is a procedure involving the repeated injection of sugar solutions in painful ligaments and tendons that are intended to provoke an inflammatory response and to stimulate production of connective tissue, in order to strengthen these ligaments and tendons, and reduce pain), facet joint injection, intradiscal steroid injection, and percutaneous intradiscal radiofrequency thermocoagulation are not effective 12. Insufficient evidence exists to reliably evaluate other interventional therapies 12. More detailed information on specific treatments can also be found in the KCE report

22 10 Spinal Dynamic Stabilization Implants KCE Reports COMMON SURGICAL APPROACHES In general, surgery is only considered as a last resort, if attempts at nonsurgical therapies are unsuccessful and if the overall potential benefits of surgery are greater than the potential risks 11,13. Surgery may be recommended on an urgent basis if a patient has severe neurological symptoms such as severe weakness or loss of bowel and bladder control. The main interventions are 15 : Decompression surgery. This includes laminectomy, laminotomy, foraminotomy. In laminectomy, the lamina is removed and the facet joints are trimmed to create more room for the nerve roots. Laminectomy can be accompanied of fusion, notably when there is a slippage of the vertebrae. Spinal fusion. In this procedure, two or more vertebrae are permanently fused together, using a bone graft (either autograft or allograft). Fusion eliminates motion between vertebrae and prevents the slippage or curvature of the spine from worsening after surgery, which would cause more back and/or leg pain. The surgeon may use screws and rods to hold the spine in place while the bones fuse together. The use of rods and screws makes the fusion of the bones happen faster and speeds postoperative rehabilitation. Intervertebral disk replacement. In case of degenerative disc disease, a prosthetic disc can be used to restore disc height, hereby maintaining or restoring spinal mobility and avoiding adjacent joint degeneration. This technique has been reviewed in the KCE report 39B16. A discectomy (or microdiscectomy) is a surgical procedure in which the central portion of an intervertebral disc, the nucleus pulposus, which is causing pain by stressing the dural sac and/or radiating nerves, is removed. Effectiveness The evidence has been recently reviewed 10,11,17-19, yielding the following recommendations: For non radicular low back pain with common degenerative changes, there is fair evidence that fusion is no better than intensive rehabilitation with a cognitive-behavioural emphasis for improvement in pain or function, but slightly to moderately superior to standard (non intensive) nonsurgical therapy 11,17. Less than half of patients experience optimal outcomes (defined as no more than sporadic pain, slight restriction of function, and occasional analgesics) following fusion. Clinical benefits of instrumented versus non-instrumented fusion are unclear 17. For radiculopathy with herniated lumbar disc, there is good evidence that standard open discectomy and microdiscectomy are moderately superior to nonsurgical therapy for improvement in pain and function through 2 to 3 months 17. For symptomatic spinal stenosis with or without degenerative spondylolisthesis, there is good evidence that decompressive surgery (laminectomy) with fusion (in case of associated spondylolisthesis) or without fusion (in the absence of spondylolisthesis), is moderately superior to nonsurgical therapy through 1 to 2 years. For both conditions, patients on average experience improvement either with or without surgery, and benefits associated with surgery decrease with long-term follow-up in some trials 17. Although there is fair evidence that artificial disc replacement is similarly effective compared to fusion for single level degenerative disc disease, insufficient evidence exists to judge long-term benefits or harms 17. There is no evidence that artificial disc replacement is as effective as intensive rehabilitation programs.

23 KCE Reports 116 Spinal Dynamic Stabilization Implants 11 There is limited evidence that in patients with severe CLBP and degenerative changes at L4-L5 or L5-S1 level, who have failed to improve with conservative treatment, surgery is successful in relation to improvements in functional disability (Oswestry) and pain up to 2 years after treatment when compared to traditional non-specific conservative treatment in Sweden (level C) 11. One problem raised in evaluating effectiveness of surgery for degenerative lumbar diseases is the lack of diagnostic specificity 20. In practice, specific diagnostic indications for surgery are poorly defined and, with the exception of spondylolisthesis (and lumbar disc prolapse), remaining diagnostic entities are often broadly grouped into categories such as CLBP, degenerative disc disease, discogenic pain, or revision surgery. This lack of diagnostic specificity markedly limits the ability to accurately determine either relative benefit of surgery versus medical management or the optimal surgical procedure for a given clinical scenario 20. For instance, the relevancy of fusion for symptomatic degenerative lumbar spine conditions is still debated, but a greater improvement could be expected in patients suffering from an established indication such as spondylolisthesis or degenerative disc disease in comparison to cases of CLBP 21. Despite the paucity of studies addressing surgery effectiveness on specific indications, the NASS edited recently recommendations (Table 4.1; Table 4.2) for surgery in cases of spondylolisthesis 22 and lumbar spinal stenosis 23. It is noteworthy that none of the recommendations are graded A. There is still insufficient evidence on the effectiveness of surgery on clinical outcomes to draw any firm conclusions 18. Table 4.1. Main recommendations of the NASS for surgery in spondylolisthesis Spondylolisthesis 1. Medical/interventional treatment for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis when the radicular symptoms of stenosis predominate, most logically should be similar to treatment for symptomatic degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. 2. Surgery is recommended for treatment of patients with symptomatic spinal stenosis associated with low grade degenerative spondylolisthesis whose symptoms have been recalcitrant to a trial of medical/interventional treatment (12 to 24 weeks). 3. Surgical decompression with fusion is recommended for the treatment of patients with symptomatic spinal stenosis and degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis to improve clinical outcomes compared with decompression alone. 4. The addition of instrumentation is recommended to improve fusion rates in patients with symptomatic spinal stenosis and degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. However, there is no evidence of clinical benefit. Grade See Table Decompression and fusion is recommended as a means to provide satisfactory long-term C ( 4 years) results for the treatment of patients with symptomatic spinal stenosis and degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis A: Good evidence (Level I Studies with consistent finding) for or against recommending intervention. B: Fair evidence (Level II or III Studies with consistent findings) for or against recommending intervention. C: Poor quality evidence (Level IV or V Studies) for or against recommending intervention. I: Insufficient or conflicting evidence not allowing a recommendation for or against intervention. No: No evidence B B B

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