GC3: Grid Computing Competence Center Cluster computing, I Batch-queueing systems
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1 GC3: Grid Computing Competence Center Cluster computing, I Batch-queueing systems Riccardo Murri, Sergio Maffioletti Grid Computing Competence Center, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, University of Zurich Oct. 23, 22
2 Today s topic purpose { }} { Batch job processing } clusters {{ } HW architecture
3 What is a cluster? I ssh username@frontend.node internet frontend.node.uzh.ch local network fabric compute 0 0.local compute 0 1.local compute 0 27.local A cluster is a group of computers with a direct network interconnect, centralized management, and distributed execution facilites.
4 What is a cluster? II Centralized: Distributed: Authorization and Authentication Shared filesystem Application execution and management Execution of jobs Multiple units of the same parallel job may reside on separate resources
5 What is an HPC cluster? A cluster is a group of computers with a direct network interconnect, centralized management and distributed execution facilites. An HPC cluster is a cluster with a fast local network interconnect, specialized for execution of parallel distributed-memory programs. A supercomputer is (currently) a very large HPC cluster with a very fast local network interconnect.
6 What s batch job processing? Asynchronous execution of shell commands. Wikipedia: Asynchronous actions are actions executed in a non-blocking scheme, allowing the main program flow to continue processing.
7 Lifecycle of a batch job 1. A command to run is submitted to the batch processing system 2. The batch job scheduler selects appropriate resources to run the job 3. The resource manager executes the job 4. Users monitor the job execution state
8 Functional components of a batch job system Resource Manager Monitors compute infrastructure, launches and supervise jobs, cleans up after termination. Job manager / scheduler Allocates resources and time slots (scheduling) Workload Manager Policy and orchestration at job collection level: fair share, workflow orchestration, QoS, SLA, etc. Reference: O. Richard, Batch Scheduler and File Management, The third workshop of the INRIA-Illinois joint-laboratory on Petascale Computing, June 21-24, 20, Bordeaux, France
9 Architecture of a batch job system server frontend client 1. submit job 4. monitor execution scheduler 2. allocate resources resource manager machine status monitoring 3. start job master monitor monitor 4. monitor execution monitor job launch & execution compute 0 0.local compute 0 1.local compute 0 27.local
10 Grid Engine Sun Grid Engine (GE) is a batch-queuing system produced by Sun Microcomputers; made open-source in 20. After acquisition by Oracle, the product forked: Open Grid Scheduler (OGS) and Son of Grid Engine (SGE), independent open-source versions. Oracle Grid Engine, commercial and focused on enterprise technical computing. Univa Grid Engine is a commercial-only version, developed by the core SGE engineer team from Sun. Used on UZH main HPC cluster Schroedinger.
11 GE architecture, I sge qmaster Runs on master node Accepts client requests (job submission, job/host state inspection) Schedules jobs on compute nodes (formerly separate sge schedd process) Client programs qhost, qsub, qstat Run by user on submit node Clients for sge qmaster Master daemon has a list of authorized submit nodes
12 GE architecture, II sge execd Runs on every compute node Accepts job start requests from sge qmaster Monitors node status (load average, free memory, etc.) and reports back to sge qmaster sge shepherd Spawned by sge execd when starting a job Monitors the execution of a single job
13 GE architecture, III ge_master frontend qsub 1. submit job scheduler 2. allocate resources qstat 4. monitor execution resource manager machine status monitoring 3. start job master ge_execd ge_execd 4. monitor execution ge_execd ge_shepherd compute 0 0.local compute 0 1.local compute 0 27.local
14 Lifecycle of a Job: user perspective 1. Prepare job script (normally shell script) 2. Define resource requirements 3. Submit job and record jobid 4. Monitor status of job (using JobID) 5. When done, inspect results 6. Otherwise check logs
15 Prepare job script #!/bin/bash MZXMLSEARCH="./MzXML2Search" ${MZXMLSEARCH} -dta ${MZXML_NAME}.mzXML if [! $? -eq 0 ]; then echo "[FATAL]" exit $1 fi
16 Submit job and monitor using jobid # qsub test.sh 534.localhost # qstat 534 Job id Name S Queue localhost test.sh R default
17 Lifecycle of a Job: system perspective 1. Job submission form DRM client 2. Resource Manager stores job in a queue Queue selected inspecting DRM policies and job s description 3. Scheduler starts scheduling cycle Collects resource information from exec hosts Inspects jobs in queues Applies scheduling policies to sort jobs in queues Sends run request to Resource Manager 4. Resource Manager sends job to exec host to run 5. Exec host receives payload and runs it Job executed using user credentials Periodically report to Resource Manager resource utilization When job finished, reports to Resource Manager 6. Resource Manager updates job s state
18 Job lifecycle
19 Implementation issues I/O how to provide input data to the job and collect output data from it Scheduling When should the job start? Resource allocation On what computer(s) should it run? How to cope with heterogeneous resource pools? Job monitoring and accounting What usage records should be collected and stored?
20 I/O management in HPC clusters Two main ways: 1. Shared file system 2. Data staging Reference: O. Richard, Batch Scheduler and File Management, The third workshop of the INRIA-Illinois joint-laboratory on Petascale Computing, June 21-24, 20, Bordeaux, France
21 Shared file systems Used on most cluster systems Parallel filesystem (e.g., Lustre, GPFS, PVFS, NFSv4.1,... ) for performance and scalability Often separate filesystems based on features: a filesystem for persistent / longer-term data (e.g., /home) another one for ephemeral I/O (deleted after the job has finished running) responsibility is on the user to move data into the appropriate filesystem Easy to use: no difference with local I/O model.
22 Data staging Job data requirements are identified and provided by user in submitted script. Stage-in Input Files are transfered to local disk of compute nodes before job start. Stage-out Output Files are transfered from nodes to mass storage after execution. Nowadays, rarely used on cluster, mainly used in Grid context
23 Scheduling Long-term scheduler. Jobs may last hours, days, even months! HPC job scheduling is usually non-preemptive. Compute resources are fully utilized, there s little room for sharing. Common scheduling algorithms are usually variations of FCFS or priority-based scheduling.
24 Scheduling: terminology Turnaround time The total time elapsed from the moment a job is submitted to the moment it terminates running. Wait time The time elapsed from submission until a job actually starts running. Wall-time The time elapsed from job start to end. (Abbreviation of wall-clock time.) CPU time The total time spent by CPU(s) executing a job program s code.
25 Scheduling: FCFS, I First come, first served Job requests are kept in a queue. New job requests (submissions) append to the back of the queue. Each time a suitable execution slot is freed, the job at the front of the queue is run.
26 Scheduling: FCFS, II Issues with bare FCFS: 1. Average waiting time might be long: e.g., a user submits a large number of very long jobs; other users have to wait a lot in order to have shorter jobs running. Solutions: separate queues, backfill, priority-based scheduling 2. When there are parallel jobs spanning multiple execution units, the scheduler has to keep some nodes idle to allocate enough resources. Solutions: backfill
27 Scheduling: separate queues Create separate job queues. Submission queue may be explicitly chosen by user, or selected by scheduler based on job characteristics. Each queue is associated with a different set of execution nodes. Each queue has different run features e.g., different maximum run time
28 Scheduling: backfill Jobs jump ahead in the queue and are executed on reserved nodes if they will be finished by the time the job holding the reservation is scheduled to start. Requires job duration to be known in advance! Image source: ballisti/computer topics/lsf/admin/04-tunin.htm
29 Scheduling: SFJ, I Shortest job first Job queue is sorted according to duration: shortest jobs are moved to the front. Requires job duration to be known in advance!
30 Scheduling: SFJ, II If all jobs are known in advance, it can be proved to deliver the optimal average wait time. Otherwise, may delay long jobs indefinitely: At 10 am, Job X with expected runtime 4 hours is submitted; it has to wait 2 hours in the queue. At 11 am, 10 jobs of 2 hours runtime are submitted; they jump ahead in the queue and delay job X by 20 hours. At 12 am, 5 more jobs of 1 hour runtime are submitted; they delay job X by another 5 hours. Solution: add deadline factor: take into account the time a job has already spent waiting in the queue.
31 Priority-based scheduling Sort job queues according to some priority function The priority function is usually a weighted sum of various contributions, e.g.: Requested run time Number of processors Wait time in queue Recent usage by same user/group/department (fair share) Administrator-set QoS Reference: 1jobprioritization.php
32 Fair-share scheduling Fair-share prioritization assigns higher priorities to users/groups/etc. that have not used all of their resource quota (usually expressed in CPU time). Important parameters in defining a fair-share policy: window length: how much historical information is kept and used for calculating resource usage interval: how often is resource utilization computed decay: weights applied to resource usage in the past (e.g., 2 hours of CPU time one week ago might weigh less than 2 hours of CPU time today) Reference: http: //
33 Resource allocation, I Resource allocation is the act of selecting execution units out of the available pool for running a job. Over time, clusters tend to grow inhomogeneously: new nodes are added, that are different from the older ones. Jobs are different in computational and hardware requirements, e.g.: short jobs vs long-running jobs large memory hence less jobs fit in a single multi-core node I/O bound hence fast filesystem needed
34 Resource allocation, II General resource allocation algorithm (match-making): 1. user specifies resource requirements during job submission 2. filtering: scheduler filters resources based on evaluation of a boolean formula usually, logical AND of resource requirements 3. ranking: matching resources are sorted and the first-ranking one gets the job Normally the filtering and ranking functions are fixed or can only be modified by the cluster admin. A notable exception is the Condor batch system, which allows users to specify arbitrary filtering and ranking functions.
35 Example: resource requirements in SGE Grid Engine allows specifying resource requirements within a job script. #$/bin/bash #$ -q all.q # queue name #$ -l s_vmem=300m # memory #$ -l s_rt=60 # walltime #$ -l gpu=1 # require 1 GPGPU #$ -pe mpich 32 # CPU cores MZXMLSEARCH="./MzXML2Search"... (Note that you write s rt=60 but the system understands s rt >= 60 for the purpose of filtering.)
36 Condor condor_agent condor_master condor_submit batch system server condor_resource condor_resource batch system server condor_resource batch system server local 1Gb/s ethernet network local 1Gb/s ethernet network local 1Gb/s ethernet network compute node 1 compute node 2 compute node N compute node 1 compute node 2 compute node N compute node 1 compute node 2 compute node N
37 Condor overview Agents (client-side software) and Resources (cluster-side software) advertise their requests and capabilities to the Condor Master. The Master performs match-making between Agents requests and Resources offerings. An Agent sends its computational job directly to the matching Resource. Reference: Thain, D., Tannenbaum, T. and Livny, M. (2005): Distributed computing in practice: the Condor experience. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, 17:
38 What is matchmaking?
39 Matchmaking, I Same idea in Condor, except the schema is not fixed. Agents and Resources report their requests and offers using the ClassAd format (an enriched key=value format). No prescribed schema, hence a Resource is free to advertise any interesting feature it has, and to represent it in any way that fits the key=value model.
40 Matchmaking, II 1. Agents specify a Requirements constraint: a boolean expression that can use any value from the Agents own (self) ClassAd or the Resource s (other). 2a. Resources whose offered ClassAd does not satisfy the Requirements constraint are discarded. 2b. Conversely, if the Agents ClassAd does not satisfy the Resource Requirements, the Resource is discarded. 3. Surviving Resources are sorted according to the value of the Rank expression in the Agent s ClassAd, and their list is returned to the Agent.
41 Example: Job ClassAd Select 64-bit Linux hosts, and sort them preferring hosts with larger memory and CPU speed. Requirements = Arch=="x86_64" && OpSys == "LINUX" Rank = TARGET.Memory + TARGET.Mips Reference: http: //research.cs.wisc.edu/condor/manual/v6.4/4 1Condor s ClassAd.html
42 Example: Resource ClassAd A complex access policy, giving priority to users from the owner research group, then other friend users, and then the rest... Friend = Owner == "tannenba" ResearchGroup = (Owner == "jbasney" Owner == "raman") Trusted = Owner!= "rival" Requirements = Trusted && ( ResearchGroup LoadAvg < 0.3 && KeyboardIdle > 15*60 ) Rank = Friend + ResearchGroup*10 Resource ClassAds specify an access/usage policy for the resource.
43 Resource allocation, III Problem: How do you submit a job that requires 200GB of local scratch space? Or 16 cores in a single node?
44 Resource allocation, IV The names and types of resource requirements vary from cluster to cluster Defaults change with batch system software release Custom requirements depend on local system administrator Job management software must adapted to the local cluster When you get access to a new cluster, you must rewrite a large portion of your submission scripts. Applies to Condor as well: since ClassAds are free-form, defining what attributes can be used and relied upon is an organizational problem.
45 All these job management systems are based on a push model (you send the job to an execution cluster). Is there conversely a pull model?
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