HEALTH CARE AND HUMAN SERVICES POLICY, RESEARCH, AND CONSULTING - WITH REAL-WORLD PERSPECTIVE. Providers

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "HEALTH CARE AND HUMAN SERVICES POLICY, RESEARCH, AND CONSULTING - WITH REAL-WORLD PERSPECTIVE. Providers"

Transcription

1 HEALTH CARE AND HUMAN SERVICES POLICY, RESEARCH, AND CONSULTING - WITH REAL-WORLD PERSPECTIVE. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Anesthesia Providers June, 2010

2 Outline Purpose Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Anesthesia Providers and Delivery Models Literature Cost Simulation of Providers/Delivery Models Education Cost Literature Cost Model and Results Summary 2

3 Purpose Assess the cost effectiveness of CRNAs and Anesthesiologists to include: Cost-effective delivery model Quality of care Economic cost of education 3

4 Cost Effectiveness Literature Simulation Analysis 4

5 Cost effectiveness: Literature Literature is largely based on simulation analyses Abenstein et al (2004), using outcome data from Silber et al (2000) finds that a medical direction model is more cost effective with respect to years of life saved than a model in which CRNAs act independently. Data is not based on mortality due to anesthesia complications Variation in delivery models may be correlated with variation in other factors affecting quality of care or patient risk. Glance (2000) finds that an anesthesiologist alone is not a cost-effective delivery model. Direction-models are cost effective, with ratios varying optimally based on risk class of case. Subjective estimates of risk Not clear how a given setting could adjust quickly to different models depending on risk Quintana et al (2009) estimates the costs associated with a number of different delivery models, under the assumption that outcomes are held constant. They find that anesthesiologist intensive forms of delivery are less efficient, and more likely to require subsidization by the hospital. p 5

6 Cost Effectiveness: Simulation Analysis Model simulates the billing (payer) revenue and economic cost of providing anesthesia under seven different delivery models Anesthesiologist only CRNA acting independently Direction model 1:1 through 1:4 Supervisory model 1:4+ Quality does not vary with delivery model Model is stochastic Variation in the flow of patients into ORs is stochastic But with planning for optimal utilization Complexity of cases, measured by base units, is stochastic Time required is stochastic 6

7 Cost Effectiveness: Simulation Analysis The model user may specify: Distribution of patient demand Distribution of procedure types (base units) Distribution of time units per procedure Other variables For each delivery model, we estimate Billing attributed to CRNA-total and average per procedure Billing attributed to anesthesiologist-total total and average per procedure Economic cost per procedure Annualized results for 12 station case 7

8 Billing Rules in Baseline Case Medicare Rules: Direction Model: CRNA bills (base units+time units)*conversion factor*.5 Anesthesiologists bills (base units+time units)*conversion factor*.5 Anesthesiologist alone model: Anesthesiologist bills (base units+time units)*conversion factor CRNA independent model: CRNA bills (base units+time units)*conversion factor Supervisory Model CRNA bills (base units+time units)*conversion factor*.5 Anesthesiologist bills 4 units 8

9 Example of Scenarios or Cases Analyzed Case 1: Inpatient Setting with Optimal Demand 12 stations annual results Per procedure results Case 2: Inpatient Setting with Below Optimum Demand 12 station annual results Case 3: Outpatient Surgery with Optimum Demand 12 station annual results Case 4: Ambulatory Surgery Center with Optimum Demand 12 station annual results 9

10 Model Parameters Key yparameters may be changed, but are held constant in simulations across settings Medicare Medicaid Private Self-pay Payer Proportions Conversion Factors $21.00 $15.00 $ Costs Anesthesiologist i t $336,000/yr. Nurse Anesthetist ti t $170,000/yr. 000/ Settings are defined by base/time unit means Setting Base units Time units Inpatient Outpatient Surgery Ambulatory Surgery Center

11 Case 1: Inpatient Setting with Optimum Demand (12 Station Annual Results) Yearly Total Revenue (12 Stations)* Yearly Total Costs (12 Stations)* Yearly Total Revenue Minus Total Cost (12 Stations)* Medical direction 1:4 5,401,171 3,048,000 2,353,171 Medical direction 1:3 5,593,158 3,384,000 2,209,158 Medical direction 1:2 5,673, ,056, ,617, Medical direction 1:1 5,697,316 6,072, ,684 Anesthesiologist only 5,317,945 4,032,000 1,285,945 CRNA only 5,317,945, 2,040,000, 3,277,945, Supervisory 1:6 4,226,094 2,712,000 1,514,

12 Case 1: Inpatient Setting with Optimum Demand ( Per Procedure Results) Revenue Per Procedure Cost Per Procedure Revenue Minus Costs Per Procedure Medical direction 1: Medical direction 1: Medical direction 1:2 (4 Per Station ti Per Day) Medical direction 1: Anesthesiologist only CRNA only Supervisory 1:

13 Case 2: Inpatient Setting with Below Optimum Demand (12 Station Annual Results) Yearly Total Revenue (12 stations) Yearly Total Costs (12 Stations) Yearly Total Revenue Minus Total Cost (12 Stations) Medical direction 1:4 (2 Per Station Per Day) 2,939,415 3,048, ,585 Medical direction 1:3 (2 Per Station Per Day) 2,945,765 3,384, ,235 Medical direction 1:2 (2 Per Station Per Day) 2,948,422 4,056,000-1,107,578 Medical direction 1:1 (2 Per Station Per Day) 2,943,579 6,072,000-3,128,421 Anesthesiologist only (2 Per Station Per Day) 2,742,690 4,032,000-1,289,310 CRNA only (2 Per Station ti Per Day) 2,742,690 2,040, ,690 Supervisory 1:6 (2 Per Station Per Day) 2,165,133 2,712, ,

14 Case 3: Outpatient Surgery with Optimum Demand (12 Station Annual Results) Yearly Total Revenue (12 Stations) Yearly Total Costs (12 Stations) Yearly Total Revenue Minus Total Cost (12 Stations) Medical direction 1:4 4,458,762 3,048,000 1,410,762 Medical direction 1:3 4,465,417 3,384,000 1,081,417 Medical direction 1:2 4,455,544 4,056, ,544 Medical direction 1:1 4,460,628 6,072,000-1,611,372 Anesthesiologist only 4,159,381 4,032, ,381 CRNA only (4 Per Station ti Per Day) 4,159,381, 2,040,000, 2,119,381, Supervisory 1:6 3,658,851 2,712, ,

15 Case 4: Ambulatory Surgery Center with Optimum Demand (12 Station Annual) Yearly Total Revenue (12 Stations) Yearly Total Costs (12 Stations) Yearly Total Revenue Minus Total Cost (12 Stations) Medical direction 1:4 4,458,762 3,048,000 1,410,762 Medical direction 1:3 4,465,417 3,384,000 1,081,417 Medical direction 1:2 4,455,544 4,056, ,544 Medical direction 1:1 4,460,628 6,072,000-1,611,372 Anesthesiologist Only 4,159,381 4,032, ,381 CRNA Only (4 Per Station ti Per Day) 4,159,381 2,040,000 2,119,381 Supervisory 1:6 3,658,851 2,712, ,

16 Conclusions CRNAs acting independently is the most cost efficient model and most attractive financially Under most circumstances, it does not require a subsidy Where demand is high, supervisory model (1:4+) and direction model (1:4) become relatively more attractive financially Supervisory model is the second least costly model When demand is constrained, models which require larger demand become less cost effective There are no circumstances examined in which a 1:1 direction model is cost effective or financially viable When demand is highly uncertain, CRNAs acting independently becomes relatively more attractive financially 16

17 Education Costs Literature Simulation Analysis 17

18 Education Costs Education costs for CRNAs and Anesthesiologists CRNA education program costs PGY 2 through 4 for Anesthesiologists 18

19 Education Cost Literature (all estimates converted to 2008 dollars) CRNA Education $52,076 (Direct Cost) $287,382 (social cost) Gunn (1996) Fagerlund (1998) Anesthesiology PGY 2-4 $321,000 (Direct Cost) Dodoo and Phillips (2008) $301,178 Direct Cost Franzini and Berry (1997) $ (Direct plus productivity) $245,969 (with opportunity cost added) $229,267 (Direct, before GME offset) $-213,000 (with productivity offset and GME subsidy) Franzini and Berry (1997) Franzini and Berry (1997) modified by Hogan to include opportunity cost Pisetsky, Lubarsky, et al (1998) Pisetsky, Lubarsky, et al (1998) $146,940 Pisetsky, et al (1998) with productivity offset with opportunity cost (Hogan) 19

20 Education Costs Three types of cost included: Direct education costs Opportunity cost of student/resident s time Value of student/resident services while training 20

21 Education Costs CRNA BA/BS/BSN $53,696 (NCES) Anesthesiologist $53,696 (NCES) Direct Costs of Education and Training i before Medical School $436,080 (Gunn) entry into an anesthesia program One year as acute care nurse Required, but with no direct cost First-year residency $134,042 (PGY-1) (Gunn) Total Pre-anesthesia $53,696 $623,818 Direct costs $68,465 $494,420 Anesthesia Graduate Education (GE) Total Anesthesia GE (less transfer payments) Student/Resident Opportunity Cost $291,353 $897,793 Productivity of ($251,704) ($775,073) students/residents $108,113 $459,977 Total Estimated Costs $161,809 $1,083,

22 Conclusions: Cost-Effective delivery Models CRNAs acting independently provide anesthesia services at the lowest economic cost Net revenue is likely to be positive under most circumstances Supervisory model is next lowest cost, but billing rules impede revenue generation Direction model (1:4) can approach the net revenue benefits of the CRNA model in facilities where demand is high and relatively stable In areas of low demand, these models are inefficient, however The 1:1 directional model is almost always the least efficient model CRNAs acting independently is the only model likely to have positive net revenue in venues of low demand Analysis of claims data suggest that CRNAs acting independently are lowest cost to the private payer 22

23 Conclusions: Education Cost Both the direct costs and the economic cost of educating CRNAs is significantly lower than that of the cost of anesthesiologists Economic costs of graduate education for CRNA are about one-fourth of the cost of anesthesiologists Total education costs of CRNAs are about 15% of the cost of anesthesiologists Key cost drivers: Faculty cost and student-faculty ratio Program length Student opportunity cost Productivity of students in clinical portion of graduate education 23

24 The Lewin Group 3130 Fairview Park Drive Suite 800 Falls Church, VA Main: (703) The Lewin Group Health care and human services policy research and consulting Fairview Park Drive, Suite 800 Falls Church, VA From North America, call toll free: The Lewin Group is an Ingenix Company. Ingenix, a wholly-owned subsidiary of UnitedHealth Group, was founded in 1996 to develop, acquire and integrate the world's best-in-class health care information technology capabilities. For more information, visit The Lewin Group operates with editorial independence and provides its clients with the very best expert and impartial health care and human services policy research and consulting services. The Lewin Group and logo, Ingenix and the Ingenix logo are registered trademarks of Ingenix. All other brand or product names are trademarks or registered marks of their respective owners. Because we are continuously improving our products and services, Ingenix reserves the right to change specifications without prior notice. Ingenix is an equal opportunity employer. Original 2008 Ingenix. All Rights Reserved 24

Update of Cost Effectiveness of Anesthesia Providers

Update of Cost Effectiveness of Anesthesia Providers HEALTH CARE AND HUMAN SERVICES POLICY, RESEARCH, AND CONSULTING WITH REAL-WORLD PERSPECTIVE. Update of Cost Effectiveness of Anesthesia Providers Final Report Prepared for: American Association of Nurse

More information

IN THE UNITED STATES, anesthesia

IN THE UNITED STATES, anesthesia Paul F. Hogan Rita Furst Seifert Carol S. Moore Brian E. Simonson Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Anesthesia Providers EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Anesthesiologists and certified registered nurse anesthetists provide

More information

Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Anesthesia Providers

Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Anesthesia Providers www.medscape.com Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Anesthesia Providers Paul F. Hogan, MS, Rita Furst Seifert, PhD, Carol S. Moore, PhD, Brian E. Simonson, MS Nurs Econ. 2010;28(3):159-169. Abstract and Introduction

More information

WITH REAL-WORLD PERSPECTIVE

WITH REAL-WORLD PERSPECTIVE HEALTH CARE AND HUMAN SERVICES POLICY, RESEARCH, AND CONSULTING - WITH REAL-WORLD PERSPECTIVE. The Lewin Group Information Session: Johns Hopkins School of Public Health December 12, 2012 Agenda About

More information

MEDICARE PHYSICIAN PAYMENTS

MEDICARE PHYSICIAN PAYMENTS GAO United States Government Accountability Office Report to the Subcommittee on Health, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives July 2007 MEDICARE PHYSICIAN PAYMENTS Medicare and Private

More information

There are four anesthesia categories as determined by CMS that affect payment of anesthesia services based on the provider rendering the services:

There are four anesthesia categories as determined by CMS that affect payment of anesthesia services based on the provider rendering the services: PROVIDER BILLING GUIDELINES Anesthesia Background Qualified medical professionals administer anesthesia to relieve pain while at the same time monitoring and controlling the patients health and vital bodily

More information

Perspectives: A Nurse Anesthetist

Perspectives: A Nurse Anesthetist Perspectives: A Nurse Anesthetist by Jeffery M. Beutler Nurse anesthesia became a formal specialty in the United States in the latter part of the nineteenth century as a result of the dismal morbidity

More information

Program of Anesthesia Madisonville, Kentucky Orientation 2013

Program of Anesthesia Madisonville, Kentucky Orientation 2013 Program of Anesthesia Madisonville, Kentucky Orientation 2013 Contact Information: BH/MSU School of Anesthesia: Email: Anesprog@trover.org Phone: 270-824-3460 A Little History Anesthetics have been administered

More information

Financial Implications of Different Interpretations of ACGME Anesthesiology Program Requirements for Rotations in the Operating Room

Financial Implications of Different Interpretations of ACGME Anesthesiology Program Requirements for Rotations in the Operating Room Financial Implications of Different Interpretations of ACGME Anesthesiology Program Requirements for Rotations in the Operating Room Mark E. Backeris, DO, MBA Patrick J. Forte, MD Shawn T. Beaman, MD David

More information

The supply of Certified Registered Nurse

The supply of Certified Registered Nurse Supply, demand, and equilibrium in the market for CRNAs Elizabeth Merwin, RN, PhD, FAAN Steven Stern, PhD Charlottesville, Virginia Lorraine M. Jordan, CRNA, PhD Park Ridge, Illinois This study determined

More information

PHYSICAL PRESENCE REQUIREMENTS and DOCUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS (see Attachment I Acceptable Documentation Templates)

PHYSICAL PRESENCE REQUIREMENTS and DOCUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS (see Attachment I Acceptable Documentation Templates) FACULTY PRACTICE PLAN TEACHING PHYSICIAN BILLING POLICY (Based on Medicare Carriers Manual Transmittal 1780, Section 15016, Supervising Physicians in Teaching Settings, Effective 11/22/2002) PURPOSE The

More information

Healthcare Inspection. Supervision of Nurse Anesthetists in the Anesthesia Section Dayton VA Medical Center Dayton, Ohio

Healthcare Inspection. Supervision of Nurse Anesthetists in the Anesthesia Section Dayton VA Medical Center Dayton, Ohio Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Inspector General Healthcare Inspection Supervision of Nurse Anesthetists in the Anesthesia Section Dayton VA Medical Center Dayton, Ohio Report No. 12-01431-223

More information

MAKING DOLLAR$ AND $ENSE

MAKING DOLLAR$ AND $ENSE MAKING DOLLAR$ AND $ENSE FROM A CARDIAC ANESTHESIA PRACTICE Christopher A. Troianos, MD Professor and Chair of Anesthesiology Western Pennsylvania Hospital West Penn Allegheny Health System Western Campus

More information

CERTIFIED REGISTERED NURSE ANESTHETISTS IN VERMONT 2013 RE-LICENSURE SURVEY

CERTIFIED REGISTERED NURSE ANESTHETISTS IN VERMONT 2013 RE-LICENSURE SURVEY CERTIFIED REGISTERED NURSE ANESTHETISTS IN VERMONT 2013 RE-LICENSURE SURVEY Prepared by: Mary Val Palumbo DNP, APRN AHEC NURSING WORKFORCE, RESEARCH, PLANNING and DEVELOPMENT University of Vermont 1 PURPOSE

More information

Basics of Anesthesia Reimbursement. Tracy Paul Young CRNA, MSNA, MBA,SRS LOUSIANNA Paul Carpenter CRNA, MS, SRS MISSISSIPPI

Basics of Anesthesia Reimbursement. Tracy Paul Young CRNA, MSNA, MBA,SRS LOUSIANNA Paul Carpenter CRNA, MS, SRS MISSISSIPPI Basics of Anesthesia Reimbursement Tracy Paul Young CRNA, MSNA, MBA,SRS LOUSIANNA Paul Carpenter CRNA, MS, SRS MISSISSIPPI Objectives Identify the difference between Professional Fees and Technical Fees

More information

Billing & Compliance for Anesthesia Services. Charles Whitten, MD Professor and Chairman

Billing & Compliance for Anesthesia Services. Charles Whitten, MD Professor and Chairman Billing & Compliance for Anesthesia Services Charles Whitten, MD Professor and Chairman Anesthesia Billing Anesthesia is a Unique Specialty ASA* vs. CPT codes Anesthesia Specific Modifiers Time based Billing

More information

Anesthesia Services INDIANA HEALTH COVERAGE PROGRAMS. Copyright 2016 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development LP

Anesthesia Services INDIANA HEALTH COVERAGE PROGRAMS. Copyright 2016 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development LP INDIANA HEALTH COVERAGE PROGRAMS PROVIDER REFERENCE M ODULE Anesthesia Services L I B R A R Y R E F E R E N C E N U M B E R : P R O M O D 0 0 0 1 9 P U B L I S H E D : F E B R U A R Y 25, 2 0 1 6 P O L

More information

Washington Scene. Safe Harbor Rules issued for Medicare/Medicaid antikickback law

Washington Scene. Safe Harbor Rules issued for Medicare/Medicaid antikickback law Washington Scene KATHLEEN A. MICHELS, RN, JD Director of Federal Government Affairs AANA Federal Government Affairs Office Washington, DC Safe Harbor Rules issued for Medicare/Medicaid antikickback law

More information

IWCC 50 ILLINOIS ADMINISTRATIVE CODE 7110 7110.90. Section 7110.90 Illinois Workers' Compensation Commission Medical Fee Schedule

IWCC 50 ILLINOIS ADMINISTRATIVE CODE 7110 7110.90. Section 7110.90 Illinois Workers' Compensation Commission Medical Fee Schedule Section 7110.90 Illinois Workers' Compensation Commission Medical Fee Schedule a) In accordance with Sections 8(a), 8.2 and 16 of the Workers' Compensation Act [820 ILCS 305/8(a), 8.2 and 16] (the Act),

More information

TECHNICAL HANDBOOK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND ENGINEERING VOLUME II - HEALTH CARE FACILITIES PLANNING PART 11 - FACILITIES PLANNING GUIDELINES

TECHNICAL HANDBOOK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND ENGINEERING VOLUME II - HEALTH CARE FACILITIES PLANNING PART 11 - FACILITIES PLANNING GUIDELINES CHAPTER 11-5 - COST ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY - DIRECT VERSUS CONTRACT INPATIENT CARE 11-5.1 PURPOSE..................... (11-5) 1 11-5.2 INTRODUCTION.................. (11-5) 1 11-5.3 METHODOLOGY...................

More information

Surgery or Anesthesia Flow

Surgery or Anesthesia Flow submitted Surgery or Anesthesia Description of procedure associated with event (DE461) (Q1) Surgery procedure code (DE456) (Q2) Documented ASA class (DE459) (Q3) Surgery performed as emergency (DE462)

More information

Updated 02/27/15. 2015 Franklin Dexter

Updated 02/27/15. 2015 Franklin Dexter Anesthesiologist and Nurse Anesthetist Afternoon Staffing This talk includes many similar slides Paging through produces animation View with Adobe Reader for mobile: ipad, iphone, Android Slides were tested

More information

Medicare Information for Advanced Practice Nurses and Physician Assistants. September 2010 / ICN: 901623

Medicare Information for Advanced Practice Nurses and Physician Assistants. September 2010 / ICN: 901623 R Medicare Information for Advanced Practice Nurses and Physician Assistants September 2010 / ICN: 901623 This publication provides information about required qualifications, coverage criteria, billing,

More information

STATEMENT COMPARING ANESTHESIOLOGIST ASSISTANT AND NURSE ANESTHETIST EDUCATION AND PRACTICE

STATEMENT COMPARING ANESTHESIOLOGIST ASSISTANT AND NURSE ANESTHETIST EDUCATION AND PRACTICE Committee of Origin: Anesthesia Care Team (Approved by the ASA House of Delegates on October 17, 2007, and last amended on October 17, 2012) Anesthesiologist Assistants (AA) and nurse anesthetists are

More information

17th Annual National CRNA Week January 24-30, 2016

17th Annual National CRNA Week January 24-30, 2016 17th Annual National CRNA Week January 24-30, 2016 The attached news release, fact sheets, photos, and infographics have been provided for you to copy, create, or combine into news or feature stories about

More information

Please consider including National Nurse Anesthetists Week in your community calendar.

Please consider including National Nurse Anesthetists Week in your community calendar. January 8, 2014 Dear or Editor/News Director: Minnesota s nurse anesthetists will be joining their colleagues across the country to celebrate the 15th annual National Nurse Anesthetists Week, Jan. 19-25.

More information

How To Save Money On Health Insurance In Minnesota

How To Save Money On Health Insurance In Minnesota Cost and Economic Impact Analysis of a Single-Payer Plan in Minnesota Final Report Prepared for: Growth & Justice Submitted by: John Sheils and Megan Cole The Lewin Group Date: March 27, 2012 Cost and

More information

Center for Medicaid and State Operations/Survey and Certification Group

Center for Medicaid and State Operations/Survey and Certification Group DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services 7500 Security Boulevard, Mail Stop S2-12-25 Baltimore, Maryland 21244-1850 Center for Medicaid and State Operations/Survey

More information

PANA Strategic Planning Committee

PANA Strategic Planning Committee PANA Strategic Planning Committee PANA 5 Year Strategic Plan (2007) Committee Members: Mike Stefonetti, Margie Darbut, Fred Ackler, Mike Kinslow Mission It shall be the purpose of this Association to promote,

More information

University of South Florida College of Nursing Master of Science in Nurse Anesthesia Tampa, Florida

University of South Florida College of Nursing Master of Science in Nurse Anesthesia Tampa, Florida University of South Florida College of Nursing Master of Science in Nurse Anesthesia Tampa, Florida College of Nursing Growth in Facility The USF College of Nursing dedicated its $14-million, 77,000 square-foot

More information

Oregon CO-OP Modifier Table - December 2013

Oregon CO-OP Modifier Table - December 2013 Oregon CO-OP Modifier Table - December 2013 Modifier Modifier Description Pricing Functionality 22 Increased Procedural Services Modifier 22 should only be reported with procedure codes that have a global

More information

16th Annual National CRNA Week January 25-31, 2015

16th Annual National CRNA Week January 25-31, 2015 16th Annual National CRNA Week January 25-31, 2015 The attached material has been provided in flexible formats (news releases, fact sheets, infographics) for you to copy, create, or combine into news or

More information

Global Lab for Innovation

Global Lab for Innovation Global Lab for Innovation Innovation Profile IT for Cost-Effective Decision Making Cedars-Sinai Health System Clinical decision support and the Choosing Wisely guidelines are built into an Electronic Medical

More information

Medicare Payment Federal Statutes Governing Reimbursement of CRNA Services

Medicare Payment Federal Statutes Governing Reimbursement of CRNA Services ertified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs) are reimbursed through various government programs and public and private plans for the high-quality anesthesia care and related services they provide to

More information

A BILL FOR AN ACT. Concerning the compiling and reporting of hospital charge data for the benefit of healthcare consumers.

A BILL FOR AN ACT. Concerning the compiling and reporting of hospital charge data for the benefit of healthcare consumers. A BILL FOR AN ACT 1 2 Concerning the compiling and reporting of hospital charge data for the benefit of healthcare consumers. Bill Summary Requires each hospital in the State of Colorado to provide to

More information

Anesthesia Services Effective 12/1/06

Anesthesia Services Effective 12/1/06 EqualityCareNews October 2006 Coverage ATTENTION PROVIDERS Anesthesia Services Effective 12/1/06 CMS-1500 Bulletin 06-009 EqualityCare covers anesthesia only when administered by a licensed anesthesiologist

More information

Estimating the Impacts of a DRG Hospital Tax. John McConnell, PhD For the Oregon Health Fund Board February 2009

Estimating the Impacts of a DRG Hospital Tax. John McConnell, PhD For the Oregon Health Fund Board February 2009 Estimating the Impacts of a DRG Hospital Tax John McConnell, PhD For the Oregon Health Fund Board February 2009 1 Overview Provider tax offers opportunity to leverage federal funds Every $1.00 collected

More information

Why would we want to change a practice with a track record that has proven safe and that works well?

Why would we want to change a practice with a track record that has proven safe and that works well? Good morning, Mr. Chairman and distinguished members of the House Professional Licensure Committee. My name is Dr. Erin Sullivan. I am president of the Pennsylvania Society of Anesthesiologists and a board

More information

1) What is the purpose of the Graduate Nurse Education (GNE) Demonstration?

1) What is the purpose of the Graduate Nurse Education (GNE) Demonstration? GRADUATE NURSE EDUCATION DEMONSTRATION FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS General 1) What is the purpose of the Graduate Nurse Education (GNE) Demonstration? The primary purpose of the Demonstration is to provide

More information

MEDICARE ACCESS AND CHIP REAUTHORIZATION ACT (MACRA) MERIT-BASED INCENTIVE PAYMENT SYSTEM (MIPS) ADVANCING CARE INFORMATION PERFORMANCE CATEGORY

MEDICARE ACCESS AND CHIP REAUTHORIZATION ACT (MACRA) MERIT-BASED INCENTIVE PAYMENT SYSTEM (MIPS) ADVANCING CARE INFORMATION PERFORMANCE CATEGORY MEDICARE ACCESS AND CHIP REAUTHORIZATION ACT (MACRA) MERIT-BASED INCENTIVE PAYMENT SYSTEM (MIPS) ADVANCING CARE INFORMATION PERFORMANCE CATEGORY SUMMARY OF PROVISIONS Brief Synopsis MACRA sunsets the Electronic

More information

Arizona Chamber Foundation Unveils Study on the Impact of the Hidden Healthcare Tax on Businesses & Consumers

Arizona Chamber Foundation Unveils Study on the Impact of the Hidden Healthcare Tax on Businesses & Consumers Release: March 12, 2009 Contacts: Suzanne Taylor, Executive Director, Arizona Chamber Foundation, 602-248-9172, ext. 125, staylor@azchamber.com Bridget O Gara, Vice President of Communications, Arizona

More information

Facilities contract with Medicare to furnish

Facilities contract with Medicare to furnish Facilities contract with Medicare to furnish acute inpatient care and agree to accept predetermined acute Inpatient Prospective Payment System (IPPS) rates as payment in full. The inpatient hospital benefit

More information

Health Law Alert. Supervision Requirements for CRNAs in Indiana

Health Law Alert. Supervision Requirements for CRNAs in Indiana Health Law Alert March 31, 2006 About Hall Render Hall, Render, Killian, Heath & Lyman is a full service health law firm with offices in Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan and Wisconsin. Since the firm was founded

More information

CAUTION: Read the ICD-9 Policy Holding Library page about policy in this document.

CAUTION: Read the ICD-9 Policy Holding Library page about policy in this document. CAUTION: Read the ICD-9 Policy Holding Library page about policy in this document. anest cms Anesthesia Billing Examples: CMS-1500 1 Examples in this section are to assist providers in billing for Anesthesia

More information

Peering Over the Ether Screen: Nurse Anesthesia Supervision and Online Opinion

Peering Over the Ether Screen: Nurse Anesthesia Supervision and Online Opinion Peering Over the Ether Screen: Nurse Anesthesia Supervision and Online Opinion By Karen S. Sibert, M.D., Associate Editor Recently I wrote an online column for the KevinMD website, which was published

More information

A Patient s Guide to Observation Care

A Patient s Guide to Observation Care Medicare observation services cannot exceed 48 hours. Typically a decision to discharge or admit is made within 24 hours. Medicaid allows up to 48 hours. Private Insurances may vary but most permit only

More information

Medicare as a Second Language

Medicare as a Second Language Medicare as a Second Language Policy & Practice Issues for CRNAs Lee S. Broadston President & CEO BCS,Incorporated Michigan Association of Nurse Anesthetists October 2007 Medicare as a Second Language

More information

Lower Taxes, Lower Premiums

Lower Taxes, Lower Premiums Lower Taxes, Lower Premiums The New Health Insurance Tax Credit Families USA : The New Health Insurance Tax Credit September 2010 by Families USA Foundation Families USA 1201 New York Avenue NW, Suite

More information

Prerequisites. Authorization, Notification and Referral. Limitations ANESTHESIA SERVICES

Prerequisites. Authorization, Notification and Referral. Limitations ANESTHESIA SERVICES ANESTHESIA SERVICES Policy NHP reimburses participating providers for the administration of general and regional anesthesia, and supportive services performed in conjunction with covered obstetrical, surgical,

More information

Reimbursement Policy. Subject: Professional Anesthesia Services

Reimbursement Policy. Subject: Professional Anesthesia Services Reimbursement Policy Subject: Professional Anesthesia Services Effective Date: 01/01/15 Committee Approval Obtained: 01/01/15 Section: Anesthesia ***** The most current version of our reimbursement policies

More information

DATE NAME TITLE ORGANIZATION ADDRESS CITY, ST ZIPXX. Dear SALUTATION:

DATE NAME TITLE ORGANIZATION ADDRESS CITY, ST ZIPXX. Dear SALUTATION: DATE NAME TITLE ORGANIZATION ADDRESS CITY, ST ZIPXX Dear SALUTATION: Considering your leadership role in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) helping to carry out Secretary McDonald s directive to

More information

How Do I Ask Questions During this Training? Questions that arise during the training may be emailed to: elibrarytraining@ahca.myflorida.com.

How Do I Ask Questions During this Training? Questions that arise during the training may be emailed to: elibrarytraining@ahca.myflorida.com. How Do I Ask Questions During this Training? Questions that arise during the training may be emailed to: elibrarytraining@ahca.myflorida.com. 2 Training Objectives Describe new information contained in

More information

The following is a description of the fields that appear on the results page for the Procedure Code Search.

The following is a description of the fields that appear on the results page for the Procedure Code Search. Fee Schedule Legend Updated: 9/21/2015 The following is a description of the fields that appear on the results page for the Procedure Code Search. Procedure Code the five-character procedure code as listed

More information

FMOLHS HFMA Capital Conference. April 2014

FMOLHS HFMA Capital Conference. April 2014 FMOLHS HFMA Capital Conference April 2014 1 FMOLHS Profile 2 FMOLHS Overview The System s service area is diverse and encompasses over 2.4 million people, over 50% of the State s population. Subsidiaries

More information

r JOHNS HOPKINS HEALTHCARE Physician Guidelines Subject: Anesthesia Processing Guidelines Lines of Business: EHP, USFHP, Priority Partners

r JOHNS HOPKINS HEALTHCARE Physician Guidelines Subject: Anesthesia Processing Guidelines Lines of Business: EHP, USFHP, Priority Partners Revision Date: 11/14/14 Last Reviewed Date: 11/14/14 Page 1 of 7 ACTION New Procedure Amending Procedure Number: Superseding Procedure Number: Repealing Procedure Number: REFERENCES: AMPT Committee ASA

More information

full suite of anesthesia service

full suite of anesthesia service Improved efficiencies. Cost savings. Satisfied surgeons. full suite of anesthesia service EmCare Anesthesia Services delivers vision, leadership, sophistication, innovation. Hospital and health system

More information

MEDICAL SERVICE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND UT PHYSICIANS

MEDICAL SERVICE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND UT PHYSICIANS MEDICAL SERVICE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND UT PHYSICIANS BILLING AND DOCUMENTATION GUIDELINES MEDICAL SERVICE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND UT PHYSICIANS BILLING AND DOCUMENTATION GUIDELINES

More information

The ASA defines anesthesiology as the practice of medicine dealing with but not limited to:

The ASA defines anesthesiology as the practice of medicine dealing with but not limited to: 1570 Midway Pl. Menasha, WI 54952 920-720-1300 Procedure 1205- Anesthesia Lines of Business: All Purpose: This guideline describes Network Health s reimbursement of anesthesia services. Procedure: Anesthesia

More information

Reimbursement Rules That Could Trip Up Hospital Attorneys THEMES

Reimbursement Rules That Could Trip Up Hospital Attorneys THEMES Reimbursement Rules That Could Trip Up Hospital Attorneys Cynthia F. Wisner Associate Counsel, Trinity Health 1 THEMES Medicare is eliminating grandfathering and bundling payments Lab technical fees 3

More information

ANESTHESIA - Medicare

ANESTHESIA - Medicare ANESTHESIA - Medicare Policy Number: UM14P0008A2 Effective Date: August 19, 2014 Last Reviewed: January 1, 2016 PAYMENT POLICY HISTORY Version DATE ACTION / DESCRIPTION Version 2 January 1, 2016 Under

More information

Sustainable Growth Rate (SGR) Repeal and Replace: Comparison of 2014 and 2015 Legislation

Sustainable Growth Rate (SGR) Repeal and Replace: Comparison of 2014 and 2015 Legislation Sustainable Growth Rate (SGR) Repeal and Replace: Comparison of 2014 and 2015 Legislation Proposal 113 th Congress - - H.R.4015/S.2000 114 th Congress - - H.R.1470 SGR Repeal and Annual Updates General

More information

Anesthesia Guidelines

Anesthesia Guidelines Anesthesia Guidelines Updated April 2012 Anesthesia BlueCross requires anesthesiologists and certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs) to file claims using CPT anesthesia codes. We cover general

More information

100.1 - Payment for Physician Services in Teaching Settings Under the MPFS. 100.1.1 - Evaluation and Management (E/M) Services

100.1 - Payment for Physician Services in Teaching Settings Under the MPFS. 100.1.1 - Evaluation and Management (E/M) Services MEDICARE CLAIMS PROCESSING MANUAL Accessed September 25, 2005 100.1 - Payment for Physician Services in Teaching Settings Under the MPFS Payment is made for physician services furnished in teaching settings

More information

Analysis of the Costs and Impact of Universal Health Care Coverage Under a Single Payer Model for the State of Vermont

Analysis of the Costs and Impact of Universal Health Care Coverage Under a Single Payer Model for the State of Vermont Analysis of the Costs and Impact of Universal Health Care Coverage Under a Single Payer Model for the State of Vermont Prepared for: The Vermont HRSA State Planning Grant, Office of Vermont Health Access

More information

Medical Expertise Personal Attention Compassionate Care

Medical Expertise Personal Attention Compassionate Care Medical Expertise Personal Attention Compassionate Care You ve come to the right place. Magna Surgical Center consistently meets the needs of area specialists by providing state of the art equipment and

More information

SAMPLE. Anesthesia Services. An essential coding, billing, and reimbursement resource for anesthesiology and pain management ICD-10

SAMPLE. Anesthesia Services. An essential coding, billing, and reimbursement resource for anesthesiology and pain management ICD-10 Coding and Payment Guide www.optumcoding.com Anesthesia Services An essential coding, billing, and reimbursement resource for anesthesiology and pain management 2017 a ICD10 A full suite of resources including

More information

Status Active. Reimbursement Policy Section: Anesthesia Services Policy Number: RP - Anesthesia - 001 Anesthesia Effective Date: June 1, 2015

Status Active. Reimbursement Policy Section: Anesthesia Services Policy Number: RP - Anesthesia - 001 Anesthesia Effective Date: June 1, 2015 Status Active Reimbursement Policy Section: Anesthesia Services Policy Number: RP - Anesthesia - 001 Anesthesia Effective Date: June 1, 2015 Anesthesia Policy Description: Definitions: This policy addresses

More information

SECTION 5 HOSPITAL SERVICES. Free-Standing Ambulatory Surgical Center

SECTION 5 HOSPITAL SERVICES. Free-Standing Ambulatory Surgical Center SECTION 5 HOSPITAL SERVICES Table of Contents 1 GENERAL POLICY... 2 1-1 Clients Enrolled in a Managed Care Plan... 3 1-2 Clients NOT Enrolled in a Managed Care Plan (Fee-for-Service Clients)..................

More information

CALIFORNIA ASSOCIATION OF NURSE ANESTHETISTS CRNA SCOPE OF PRACTICE GUIDELINES

CALIFORNIA ASSOCIATION OF NURSE ANESTHETISTS CRNA SCOPE OF PRACTICE GUIDELINES CALIFORNIA ASSOCIATION OF NURSE ANESTHETISTS CRNA SCOPE OF PRACTICE GUIDELINES The following offers guidance on the scope of practice for Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs) in California.

More information

The Supply and Demand for Registered Nurses and Licensed Practical Nurses in Nebraska

The Supply and Demand for Registered Nurses and Licensed Practical Nurses in Nebraska The Supply and Demand for Registered Nurses and Licensed Practical Nurses in Nebraska February 6, 2006 David I. Rosenbaum, Ph.D. 4103 South Gate Blvd Lincoln NE 68506 402-489-1218 Executive Summary Recent

More information

What You Need to Know About Anesthesia Filing Guidelines

What You Need to Know About Anesthesia Filing Guidelines What You Need to Know About Anesthesia Filing Guidelines 2015 Edition Published by Provider Relations and Education Your Partners in Outstanding Quality, Satisfaction and Service This document provides

More information

Surgical anesthesia in the United

Surgical anesthesia in the United By Brian Dulisse and Jerry Cromwell No Harm Found When Nurse Anesthetists Work Without Supervision By Physicians doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2008.0966 HEALTH AFFAIRS 29, NO. 8 (2010): 1469 1475 2010 Project HOPE

More information

The Savings from an Efficient Medicare Prescription Drug Plan

The Savings from an Efficient Medicare Prescription Drug Plan The Savings from an Efficient Medicare Prescription Drug Plan Dean Baker January 2006 Center for Economic and Policy Research 1611 Connecticut Avenue, NW Suite 400 Washington, D.C. 20009 Tel: 202-293-5380

More information

Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission.

Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. CRNA Manpower Forecasts: 1990-2010 Author(s): Jerry Cromwell, Margo L. Rosenbach, Gregory C. Pope, Barbara Butrica, Jane D. Pitcher Source: Medical Care, Vol. 29, No. 7, (Jul., 1991), pp. 628-644 Published

More information

Children s Health Care d/b/a Children s Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota

Children s Health Care d/b/a Children s Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota Children s Health Care d/b/a Children s Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota May 27, 2016 CHILDREN S HOSPITALS AND CLINICS OF MINNESOTA Admits by Pediatric Service Line 2015 Admits % of Total Anesthesiology

More information

519.2 ANESTHESIA SERVICES. Background... 2. Policy... 2. 519.2.1 Covered Services... 2. 519.2.1.1 Anesthesiologist Directed Services...

519.2 ANESTHESIA SERVICES. Background... 2. Policy... 2. 519.2.1 Covered Services... 2. 519.2.1.1 Anesthesiologist Directed Services... TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE NUMBER Background... 2 Policy... 2 519.2.1 Covered Services... 2 519.2.1.1 Anesthesiologist Directed Services... 3 519.2.1.2 Emergency Anesthesia... 4 519.2.1.3 Monitored

More information

Payment Methodology Grid for Medicare Advantage PFFS/MSA

Payment Methodology Grid for Medicare Advantage PFFS/MSA Payment Methodology Grid for Medicare Advantage PFFS/MSA This applies to SmartValue and Security Choice Private Fee-for-Service (PFFS) plans and SmartSaver and Save Well Medical Savings Account (MSA) plans.

More information

How To Understand The Health Care System In The United States

How To Understand The Health Care System In The United States Medicare Payments And Its Relationship To The U.S. Healthcare System Stuart H. Altman, Ph.D. Sol C. Chaikin Professor of National Health Policy Brandeis University Should Medicare Focus Only on The Functioning

More information

Medical Expertise Personal Attention Compassionate Care

Medical Expertise Personal Attention Compassionate Care Medical Expertise Personal Attention Compassionate Care You ve come to the right place. Kendall Pointe Surgery Center consistently meets the needs of area specialists by providing state of the art equipment

More information

Department of Anesthesiology (Jax) College of Medicine Jacksonville Anesthesiology Billing Compliance Plan Revised October 1, 2015

Department of Anesthesiology (Jax) College of Medicine Jacksonville Anesthesiology Billing Compliance Plan Revised October 1, 2015 Department of Anesthesiology (Jax) College of Medicine Jacksonville Anesthesiology Billing Compliance Plan Revised October 1, 2015 I. Billing Compliance Administrative Policies and Procedures 1.0 INTRODUCTION

More information

Comprehensive Health Reform Costs Less: A Comparison of Four Proposals

Comprehensive Health Reform Costs Less: A Comparison of Four Proposals Comprehensive Health Reform Costs Less: A Comparison of Four Proposals Staff Working Paper Prepared by: John Sheils Randal Haught The Lewin Group, Inc. December 17, 2008 About The Lewin Group The Lewin

More information

CLINICAL PRIVILEGES- NURSE ANESTHETIST

CLINICAL PRIVILEGES- NURSE ANESTHETIST Name: Page 1 Initial Appointment Reappointment All new applicants must meet the following requirements as approved by the governing body effective: 8/5/2015. Applicant: Check off the Requested box for

More information

Nicholas W. Gabriel, CRNA, PhD

Nicholas W. Gabriel, CRNA, PhD Nicholas W. Gabriel, CRNA, PhD Objectives The Study Problem Literature Review and Conceptual Framework Methodology Results Discussion The Study Problem IOM Reports Competency of Nurse Anesthetists Recertification

More information

Analysis of the Costs and Impact of Universal Health Care Models for the State of Maryland: The Single-Payer and Multi-Payer Models

Analysis of the Costs and Impact of Universal Health Care Models for the State of Maryland: The Single-Payer and Multi-Payer Models Analysis of the Costs and Impact of Universal Health Care Models for the State of Maryland: The Single-Payer and Multi-Payer Models Final Report Presented to: The Maryland Citizens Health Initiative Education

More information

March 10, 2014. RE: FTC Health Care Workshop, Project No. P131207. Dear Mr. Clark:

March 10, 2014. RE: FTC Health Care Workshop, Project No. P131207. Dear Mr. Clark: March 10, 2014 Mr. Donald S. Clark Secretary Federal Trade Commission Office of the Secretary Room H 113 (Annex X) 600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington, DC 20580 RE: FTC Health Care Workshop, Project

More information

Frequently Asked Questions American Recovery and Reinvestment Act and the HITECH Act. Basics of the Bill

Frequently Asked Questions American Recovery and Reinvestment Act and the HITECH Act. Basics of the Bill Frequently Asked Questions American Recovery and Reinvestment Act and the HITECH Act Basics of the Bill How does the $19 billion that s allocated to Health IT break down in the Stimulus Bill? There is

More information

Current Topics in Anesthesia Business Management

Current Topics in Anesthesia Business Management Current Topics in Anesthesia Business Management KOAMA French Lick August 2014 Joe Laden 2014-2015 Topics Obamacare Joan Rivers Surveys of Salaries and Commercial Fees Mergers and Acquisitions Anesthesia

More information

Running head: CASE ANALYSIS OF READING REHABILITATION HOSPITAL

Running head: CASE ANALYSIS OF READING REHABILITATION HOSPITAL Case Study Analysis 1 Running head: CASE ANALYSIS OF READING REHABILITATION HOSPITAL Case Analysis of Reading Rehabilitation Hospital Yong IL Choi Yong.choi@duke.edu N404, Health economics Duke University

More information

PACE Program Development Considerations: Responding to the Unique Needs of Seniors and their Families

PACE Program Development Considerations: Responding to the Unique Needs of Seniors and their Families Responding to the Unique Needs of Seniors and their Families PACE Program Development Considerations: Program Start-up and Development Costs To provide a general understanding of the start-up requirements

More information

Network Design for Health Insurance Exchange Products

Network Design for Health Insurance Exchange Products February 2013 Network Design for Health Insurance Exchange Products Prepared By: JoAnna Younts Washington, DC jyounts@brg-expert.com 919.382.8545 Henry Miller Washington, DC hmiller@brg-expert.com 202.480.2642

More information

The Evolving Role of the Midlevel Providers

The Evolving Role of the Midlevel Providers The Evolving Role of the Midlevel Providers Sarah Sinclair Executive Chief Nursing Officer Stanley Shalom Zielony Institute for Nursing Excellence May 12, 2011 Overview Healthcare and the economy Workforce

More information

Texas State Government Effectiveness and Efficiency APRN Prescriptive Authority & Recommendations

Texas State Government Effectiveness and Efficiency APRN Prescriptive Authority & Recommendations Texas State Government Effectiveness and Efficiency APRN Prescriptive Authority & Recommendations SUBMITTED TO THE 82ND TEXAS LEGISLATURE JANUARY 2011 LEGISLATIVE BUDGET BOARD STAFF INCREASE ACCESS TO

More information

ADVANCED PRACTICE NURSING WRITTEN COLLABORATIVE AGREEMENT

ADVANCED PRACTICE NURSING WRITTEN COLLABORATIVE AGREEMENT ADVANCED PRACTICE NURSING WRITTEN COLLABORATIVE AGREEMENT A. ADVANCED PRACTICE NURSE INFORMATION 1. NAME: 2. ILLINOIS RN LICENSE NUMBER: ILLINOIS APN LICENSE NUMBER: ILLINOIS MID-LEVEL PRACTIONER LICENSE

More information

Comparison of Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs) and Anesthesiologist Assistants (AAs)

Comparison of Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs) and Anesthesiologist Assistants (AAs) Comparison of Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs) and Anesthesiologist Assistants (AAs) CRNAs Definition: A CRNA is an advanced practice registered nurse specializing in nurse anesthesia. CRNAs

More information

The Case for a Perioperative- Focused Anesthesia Solution: Multiple Benefits from a Single Solution. An ROI White Paper

The Case for a Perioperative- Focused Anesthesia Solution: Multiple Benefits from a Single Solution. An ROI White Paper The Case for a Perioperative- Focused Anesthesia Solution: Multiple Benefits from a Single Solution An ROI White Paper The average hospital using a perioperative-focused anesthesiology solution, realized

More information

Nurse Anesthesia History and Practice in the United States. Debra Maloy CRNA, EdD Director Graduate Programs of Nurse Anesthesia

Nurse Anesthesia History and Practice in the United States. Debra Maloy CRNA, EdD Director Graduate Programs of Nurse Anesthesia Nurse Anesthesia History and Practice in the United States 1 Hospital Based Training Hospital based, Sisters 1873 3 schools 3 years of service Little education Laundry Housekeeping 55-75 hour/week Few

More information

Graduate Nurse Education Demonstration Solicitation

Graduate Nurse Education Demonstration Solicitation Graduate Nurse Education Demonstration Solicitation I. Introduction A. Authority The Graduate Nurse Education (GNE) Demonstration is mandated under Section 5509 of the Affordable Care Act (Pub. L. 111-148)

More information

Prescriptive Authority Frequently Asked Questions Mandated by Senate Bill 406

Prescriptive Authority Frequently Asked Questions Mandated by Senate Bill 406 Agenda Item: 7.7 Prepared by J Zych Meeting Date: January 23-24, 2014 Prescriptive Authority Frequently Asked Questions Mandated by Senate Bill 406 Summary of Request: This agenda item is for information

More information

PRE-ASSESSMENT. Surgical Anesthesia Delivered by Non-physicians

PRE-ASSESSMENT. Surgical Anesthesia Delivered by Non-physicians CCOHTA No. 37 July 2004 Before CCOHTA decides to undertake a health technology assessment, a pre-assessment of the literature is performed. Pre-assessments are based on a limited literature search; they

More information