OBJECTIVE RESULTS CONCLUSION
|
|
- Annabelle McKenzie
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Urological Oncology INSURANCE STATUS AND OUTCOMES AFTER RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY GALLINA et al. Health-insurance status is a determinant of the stage at presentation and of cancer control in European men treated with radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer Andrea Gallina*, Pierre I. Karakiewicz*, Felix K.-H. Chun*, Alberto Briganti*, Markus Graefen, Francesco Montorsi, Jochen Walz, Claudio Jeldres*, Andreas Erbersdobler, Andrea Salonia, Nazareno Suardi, Federico Dehò, Thorsten Schlomm, Vincenzo Scattoni, Alexander Haese, Hans Heinzer, Luc Valiquette*, Patrizio Rigatti and Hartwig Huland *Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Department of Urology, Martini Clinic Prostate Cancer Center, and Institute of Pathology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, and Department of Urology, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy Accepted for publication 7 December 2006 A.G and P.I.K contributed equally to the manuscript OBJECTIVE To determine whether health-insurance status might result in more localized stage at presentation, more favourable stage at surgery and in a lower rate of biochemical recurrence (BCR), in patients diagnosed with prostate cancer and treated with radical prostatectomy (RP), as despite uninhibited access to healthcare, private and public health insurance are available in most European countries. PATIENTS AND METHODS In all, 4442 consecutive men had RP in two large European centres, of whom 2372 had public and 2070 had private health insurance. The groups were compared for several variables according to insurance status (private vs public). Means and proportions tests were complemented with logistic regression or Kaplan Meier analyses. RESULTS Serum prostate-specific antigen level (P < 0.001), clinical stage (P < 0.001), pathological Gleason sum (P = 0.02), positive surgical margin rate (18.4% vs 25.4%, P < 0.001), extracapsular extension rate (17.7% vs 20.0%, P = 0.047) and seminal vesicle invasion rate (9.6% vs 11.6%, P = 0.04) were more favourable in privately insured patients. Conversely, the rate of lymph-node involvement was higher in those with private than public insurance (4.4% vs 3.3%, P = 0.045). In univariate analyses addressing pathological variables, private insurance was invariably protective (all P < 0.05). The Kaplan Meier analyses showed that privately insured patients had a lower rate of BCR after RP (log-rank P = 0.017). CONCLUSION Despite uninhibited access to healthcare, insurance status represents a rate-limiting variable, which affects stage at presentation and the outcome of cancer control. KEYWORDS insurance status, prostate cancer, outcome prediction INTRODUCTION Many European countries enjoy publicly funded and general access to healthcare [1]. However, patients have the choice of purchasing additional private coverage, which might provide several advantages. These include the opportunity of choosing among different healthcare providers, to have access to more senior consultants, and to jump the queue if there are long waiting times. We postulated that these advantages might result in better outcomes. This question was raised by several investigators who addressed the effect of health-insurance status on medical care use in American and Australian patients [2 6]. However, these analyses are of limited applicability in European countries, as there are substantial healthcare differences that distinguish these continents. To the best of our best knowledge, no study has addressed the influence of insurance status on clinical and pathological outcomes in European patients treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) for clinically localized prostate cancer. We hypothesized that insurance status might affect clinical and pathological variables, and the rate of biochemical recurrence (BCR) after RP. To test this hypothesis, we analysed 4442 men diagnosed with prostate cancer and treated in two large European referral centres. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between October 1992 and July 2005, 5033 consecutive patients diagnosed with clinically localized prostate cancer had RP in two large 1404 JOURNAL COMPILATION 2007 BJU INTERNATIONAL 99, doi: /j x x
2 INSURANCE STATUS AND OUTCOMES AFTER RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY TABLE 1 Descriptive characteristics of 4442 patients included in the analyses Characteristic Insurance status Overall Public Private P Number of patients (%) 0.4 Total (53.4) 2070 (46.6) Institution (53.1) 1728 (46.9) Institution (54.9) 342 (45.1) Age, years 0.3 mean (median) 62.9 (63.3) 62.9 (63.4) 62.7 (63.1) range Preoperative PSA, ng/ml <0.001 mean (median) 8.6 (6.7) 9.0 (6.9) 8.2 (6.5) range Clinical stage, n (%) <0.001 T1c 2919 (65.7) 1484 (62.6) 1435 (69.3) T (33.0) 847 (35.7) 627 (29.8) T3 59 (1.3) 41 (1.7) 18 (0.9) Biopsy Gleason sum, n (%) (69.7) 1630 (68.7) 1464 (70.7) (26.6) 650 (27.4) 534 (25.8) (3.7) 92 (3.9) 72 (3.5) Pathological Gleason sum, n (%) (46.0) 1060 (44.7) 985 (47.6) (50.8) 1221 (51.1) 1032 (49.9) (3.2) 91 (3.8) 53 (2.6) PSM, n (%) 982 (22.1) 602 (25.4) 380 (18.4) <0.001 ECE, n (%) 841 (18.9) 475 (20.0) 366 (17.7) SVI, n (%) 473 (10.6) 274 (11.6) 199 (9.6) 0.04 LNI, n (%) 170 (3.8) 78 (3.3) 92 (4.4) European referral centres (Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy; and University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany). The private and public systems in both countries are very similar and can be considered identical for analytical purposes. Patients with data unavailable before (433) or after RP (158), e.g. for initial PSA level, clinical stage or biopsy Gleason score, organ-confined disease, extracapsular extension (ECE), seminal vesicle invasion (SVI), lymph node invasion (LNI), positive surgical margins (PSM), or pathological Gleason score, were excluded from the study. Thus the analyses targeted 4442 evaluable patients. Comparisons were based on insurance status, i.e. public (2372) vs private (2070), according to billing information. Finally, BCR analyses were restricted to 2655 patients with available BCR status (1442 public and 1213 private). The clinical stage was assigned by the attending urologist as either T1c, T2 or T3 [7]. The PSA level before RP (Abbott Axym PSA assay, Abbott Park, IL, USA) was measured before a DRE and TRUS. All biopsies were taken under TRUS guidance and were graded according to the Gleason system. All RP specimens were processed according to the Stanford protocol [8] and were graded according to the Gleason system [9] by genitourinary pathologists. Pathological stages were assigned according to the Partin stages [10]. A PSM was defined as cancer cells in contact with the inked specimen surface. No patient received neoadjuvant androgen therapy. For all patients, PSA levels were measured every 3 months in the first year, followed by biannual measurements in the second and annual measurements in the third and subsequent years after RP. BCR was defined as a PSA level of >0.1 ng/ml and increasing after an initial undetectable PSA. Patients with no evidence of BCR were censored at the last PSA follow-up. The chi-square and independent sample t-test were used respectively for comparing proportions and means. Variables assessed before RP were PSA level, clinical stage, biopsy Gleason sum and insurance status. Univariate logistic regression models were used to assess the magnitude of the effect of insurance status on pathological stages, i.e. ECE, SVI, LNI and PSM. Conversely, Cox regression models were used to assess the magnitude of the effect of insurance status on the rate of BCR. The rates of BCR were graphically represented with Kaplan Meier curves; all tests were two-sided with a significance level set at RESULTS The patients characteristics are shown in Table 1; of all patients, 2372 had public and 2070 private insurance. The PSA level before RP (P < 0.001) and clinical stage (P < 0.001) were more favourable in privately insured patients, as were the pathological Gleason sum (P = 0.02), ECE (P = 0.047), SVI (P = 0.04) and PSM (P < 0.001), but the biopsy Gleason sum did not differ (P = 0.3). Moreover, the rate of LNI was higher in privately insured patients (4.4% vs 3.3%, P = 0.045). Table 2 shows the univariate models assessing the ability to predict ECE, SVI, LNI and PSM; in all regression analyses, insurance status was invariably a statistically significant predictor (all P 0.05). Private insurance had a protective effect against ECE, SVI and PSM (all odds ratios 0.86). However, private insurance was associated with a 1.4-fold increase in the risk of LNI. Table 3 shows the Cox regression models addressing BCR after RP. Insurance status was a statistically significant predictor of BCR (P = 0.02) and publicly insured patients had a higher risk of BCR after RP (odds ratio 1.2). Table 4 shows the actuarial BCR-free survival according to insurance status; the overall mean (SD, range) follow-up was 30.7 (26.5, ) months. Privately insured patients had a higher actuarial BCR-free survival at 2, 3, 4 and 5 years after RP. Figure 1 shows the overall BCR-free survival rates (a) and those according to insurance status (b). DISCUSSION The advantages of private healthcare might favourably affect the outcome of patients with private health insurance. Based on these considerations, we hypothesized that private insurance might be associated with more favourable clinical and pathological stages, and with lower BCR rates in men treated with RP. The analyses showed that at diagnosis privately insured patients had JOURNAL COMPILATION 2007 BJU INTERNATIONAL 1405
3 GALLINA ET AL. more favourable clinical characteristics than their publicly insured counterparts (Table 1), as shown by a lower PSA level (8.2 vs 9.0 ng/ml, P 0.001), and lower clinical stage (T1c in 69.3% vs 62.6%, P < 0.001). These more favourable clinical characteristics, as expected, translated into more favourable pathological Gleason sum (P = 0.02), a lower rate of ECE (17.7% vs 20.0%, P = 0.047), SVI (9.6% vs 11.6%, P = 0.04) and PSM (18.4% vs 25.4%, P < 0.001). These findings suggest that private insurance status is associated with more favourable cancer characteristics at both the diagnosis and at RP. However, despite overall better stages in privately insured patients, the rate of LNI was counter-intuitively higher in the privately insured group (3.3% vs 4.4%, P = 0.045). This finding might be explained by the extent of pelvic lymphadenectomy, whereby there is possibly a more meticulous and more extensive dissection. We previously showed that, unlike other pathological stages, the rate of LNI could be strongly affected by the extent of dissection [11 13]. Therefore, more attention to detail and greater extent of pelvic lymphadenectomy appear to represent a valid explanation for the observed effect of insurance status on LNI. Moreover, PSM rates are linked to surgical volume and surgical skill. Private insurance status might provide more experienced surgeons, which translates into a lower rate of PSM [14,15]. Conversely, ECE and SVI are strongly associated with the tumour volume and they cannot be influenced by surgical skill or expertise [16]. Thus, they only reflect cancer characteristics, and therefore these unfavourable outcomes are more frequent in the publicly insured patients. The analyses of BCR rates confirmed the results reported for clinical and pathological stages, where private insurance was related to more favourable disease characteristics. The rate of BCR was 1.2 times higher in publicly insured patients (odds ratio 0.81, P = 0.018), as shown in Fig. 1B. We chose not to include multivariate analyses, as these might obscure the effect of insurance status on the targeted outcomes. Adjusting for clinical stage, PSA level and biopsy Gleason sum, and pathological stage and PSM, corresponds to voluntarily removing the underlying effect of insurance status, which rests on the observed differences in clinical TABLE 2 The univariate LRMs for each outcome Predictors Odds ratio, P ECE SVI LNI PSM Total PSA 1.04, < , < , < , <0.001 Clinical stage <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 T1c vs T T1c vs T Biopsy Gleason sum <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 < vs vs Insurance status 0.86, <0.81, , , <0.001 variables at presentation. Thus, multivariate analyses are not applicable to hypothesis testing. Insurance status represents a proxy of household annual income, socio-economic status, education, social status and healthconscious behaviour. These variables were identified as potential reasons for the discrepancy in several North American and Australian studies [6,17,18]. Roetzheim et al. [18] showed that, in the USA, more advanced cancers, including prostate cancer, were diagnosed in the uninsured and in patients on Medicaid. Moreover, Ford et al. [17] found that lack of health insurance coverage represents a Years after RP Overall Private Public P N < TABLE 3 Univariate Cox regression models assessing BCR after RP Predictors Rate ratio P Total PSA 1.05 <0.001 Clinical stage <0.001 T1c vs T T1c vs T Biopsy Gleason sum < vs vs Insurance status FIG. 1. The overall BCR-free survival rates (A) and those according to insurance status (B). A Percentage of patients free from BCR Time, months B Percentage of patients free from BCR TABLE 4 Actuarial BCR-free survival percentage according to insurance status Private 70 Log rank p = Public Time, months 1406 JOURNAL COMPILATION 2007 BJU INTERNATIONAL
4 INSURANCE STATUS AND OUTCOMES AFTER RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY barrier to prostate cancer screening and treatment in American patients. Hall et al. [6] analysed > Australian men diagnosed with prostate cancer and showed that the 3- year survival was lower in those with no private health insurance. Therefore, the present findings are consistent with previous reports, where insurance status was a determinant of various outcomes of cancer control. Notably, none of these studies relied on multivariate analyses to detect the effect of health insurance status. This further validates our univariate approach to data analysis. Taken together, the present results showed that privately insured patients treated with RP for localized prostate cancer present with more favourable clinical and pathological characteristics. These in turn translate into lower BCR rates and better outcomes. There are several limitations to the present study. Unfortunately, we could not directly compare our results to North-American or Australian findings where the effect of insurance status was considered. The inability to make valid comparisons stems from fundamental differences between the North- American and the European health-economic and care systems. Our findings might not be applicable to small institutions, where the choice between private and public insurance might not translate into important differences in the care provided or in the delay before RP. Furthermore, all the present patients included in the analyses represent a referral population, and thus the findings do not apply to a screened population. However, previous studies indicate that screening participation rates are higher in populations with a high socio-economic status [19 21]. Delays related to urological referral, biopsy, diagnosis and definitive treatment might have affected our findings. Unfortunately, we have no data to comment on the effect of delays between initial suspicion of prostate cancer and urological referral. Similarly, we cannot comment on the effect of any delay between the initial urological assessment and histological proof of prostate cancer. However, the delay between diagnosis and RP had no effect on the rate of BCR, and therefore it is unlikely that publicly insured patients had worse outcomes due to longer waiting times [22]. Finally, our results are not applicable to other healthcare systems, where insurance status could be significantly different from that in Italy or Germany. In conclusion, privately insured patients had more favourable clinical and pathological tumour characteristics, which translated in better pathological and cancer control outcomes. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Pierre I. Karakiewicz is partially supported by the Fonds de la Recherche en Santé du Québec, the CHUM Foundation, the Department of Surgery and Les Urologues Associés du CHUM. CONFLICT OF INTEREST None declared. REFERENCES 1 Buchmueller TC, Couffinhal A, Grignon M, Perronnin M. Access to physician services: does supplemental insurance matter? evidence from France. Health Econ 2004; 13: Tarman GJ, Kane CJ, Moul JW et al. Impact of socioeconomic status and race on clinical parameters of patients undergoing radical prostatectomy in an equal access health care system. Urology 2000; 56: Greene KL, Cowan JE, Cooperberg MR, Meng MV, DuChane J, Carroll PR;Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor (CaPSURE) Investigators. Who is the average patient presenting with prostate cancer? Urology 2005; 66 (Suppl.): Optenberg SA, Thompson IM, Friedrichs P, Wojcik B, Stein CR, Kramer B. Race, treatment, and long-term survival from prostate cancer in an equal-access medical care delivery system. JAMA 1995; 274: Mullins CD, Snyder SE, Wang J, Cooke JL, Baquet C. Economic disparities in treatment costs among ambulatory Medicaid cancer patients. J Natl Med Assoc 2004; 96: Hall SE, Holman CD, Wisniewski ZS, Semmens J. Prostate cancer: socioeconomic, geographical and privatehealth insurance effects on care and survival. BJU Int 2005; 95: Greene F, Page D, Fleming I et al. eds, American Joint Committee on Cancer. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 6th edn. New York, NY: Springer, McNeal JE, Villers AA, Redwine EA, Freiha FS, Stamey TA. Histologic differentiation, cancer volume, and pelvic lymph node metastasis in adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Cancer 1990; 66: Gleason DF and the Veterans Administration Cooperative Urological Research Group. Urologic Pathology. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, Partin AW, Kattan MW, Subong EN et al. Combination of prostate-specific antigen, clinical stage, and Gleason score to predict pathological stage of localized prostate cancer. A multi-institutional update. JAMA 1997; 277: Briganti A, Chun FK, Salonia A et al. Validation of a nomogram predicting the probability of lymph node invasion based on the extent of pelvic lymphadenectomy in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. BJU Int 2006; 98: Briganti A, Chun FK, Salonia A et al. A nomogram for staging of exclusive nonobturator lymph node metastases in men with localized prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2007; 51: Briganti A, Chun FK, Salonia A et al. Validation of a nomogram predicting the probability of lymph node invasion among patients undergoing radical prostatectomy and an extended pelvic lymphadenectomy. Eur Urol 2006; 49: Eastham JA, Kattan MW, Riedel E et al. Variations among individual surgeons in the rate of positive surgical margins in radical prostatectomy specimens. J Urol 2003; 170: Hernandez DJ, Epstein JI, Trock BJ, Tsuzuki T, Carter HB, Walsh PC. Radical retropubic prostatectomy. How often do experienced surgeons have positive surgical margins when there is extraprostatic extension in the region of the neurovascular bundle? J Urol 2005; 173: Nelson BA, Shappell SB, Chang SS et al. Tumour volume is an independent predictor of prostate-specific antigen recurrence in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. BJU Int 2006; 97: Ford ME, Vernon SW, Havstad SL, Thomas SA, Davis SD. Factors JOURNAL COMPILATION 2007 BJU INTERNATIONAL 1407
5 GALLINA ET AL. influencing behavioral intention regarding prostate cancer screening among older African-American men. J Natl Med Assoc 2006; 98: Roetzheim RG, Pal N, Tennant C et al. Effects of health insurance and race on early detection of cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91: Duffy CM, Clark MA, Allsworth JE. Health maintenance and screening in breast cancer survivors in the United States. Cancer Detect Prev 2006; 30: Parker PA, Cohen L, Bhadkamkar VA et al. Demographic and past screening behaviors of men attending a free community screening program for prostate cancer. Health Promot Pract 2006; 7: Swan J, Breen N, Coates RJ, Rimer BK, Lee NC. Progress in cancer screening practices in the United States: results from the 2000 National Health Interview Survey. Cancer 2003; 97: Graefen M, Walz J, Chun KH, Schlomm T, Haese A, Huland H. Reasonable delay of surgical treatment in men with localized prostate cancer impact on prognosis? Eur Urol 2005; 47: Correspondence: Pierre I. Karakiewicz, Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center (CHUM), 1058, rue St-Denis, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H2X3J4. pierre.karakiewicz@umontreal.ca Abbreviations: RP, radical prostatectomy; BCR, biochemical recurrence; ECE, extracapsular extension; SVI, seminal vesicle invasion; LNI, lymph node invasion; PSM, positive surgical margin JOURNAL COMPILATION 2007 BJU INTERNATIONAL
the risk of developing skeletal metastases or local recurrence.
Original Article SERUM PSA AND CLINICAL RECURRENCE AFTER RRP FOR LOCALIZED PROSTATE CANCER HAUKAAS et al. Is preoperative serum prostate-specific antigen level significantly related to clinical recurrence
More informationProstate Cancer What Are the Outcomes of Radical Prostatectomy for High-risk Prostate Cancer?
Prostate Cancer What Are the Outcomes of Radical Prostatectomy for High-risk Prostate Cancer? Stacy Loeb, Edward M. Schaeffer, Bruce J. Trock, Jonathan I. Epstein, Elizabeth B. Humphreys, and Patrick C.
More information7. Prostate cancer in PSA relapse
7. Prostate cancer in PSA relapse A patient with prostate cancer in PSA relapse is one who, having received a primary treatment with intent to cure, has a raised PSA (prostate-specific antigen) level defined
More informationDoes my patient need more therapy after prostate cancer surgery?
Does my patient need more therapy after prostate cancer surgery? Contact the GenomeDx Patient Care Team at: 1.888.792.1601 (toll-free) or e-mail: client.service@genomedx.com Prostate Cancer Classifier
More informationTHE PROSTATE gland is the most common cancer site in
Prognostic Significance of Visible Lesions on Transrectal Ultrasound in Impalpable Prostate Cancers: Implications for Staging By Herbert Augustin, Markus Graefen, Jüri Palisaar, Jakob Blonski, Andreas
More informationHistorical Basis for Concern
Androgens After : Are We Ready? Mohit Khera, MD, MBA Assistant Professor of Urology Division of Male Reproductive Medicine and Surgery Scott Department of Urology Baylor College of Medicine Historical
More informationA New Biomarker in Prostate Cancer Care: Oncotype Dx. David M Albala, MD Chief of Urology Crouse Hospital Syracuse, NY
A New Biomarker in Prostate Cancer Care: Oncotype Dx David M Albala, MD Chief of Urology Crouse Hospital Syracuse, NY Learning Objectives Review the current challenges in the prediction and prognosis of
More informationGleason Score. Oncotype DX GPS. identified for. about surveillance. time to get sophisticated
patient: MARK SMITH PSA 6.2 Gleason Score 6 Oncotype DX GPS 8 identified for active surveillance time to get sophisticated about surveillance Accurate prediction of prostate cancer risk is needed at the
More informationProstate cancer volume at biopsy vs. findings at Prostatectomy
Prostate cancer volume at biopsy vs. findings at Prostatectomy May 2005 By Shelly Smits, RHIT, CCS, CTR Ian Thompson, MD Data Source: Cancer registry data of prostate cancer treated with prostatectomy
More informationProstate cancer. Christopher Eden. The Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford & The Hampshire Clinic, Old Basing.
Prostate cancer Christopher Eden The Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford & The Hampshire Clinic, Old Basing. Screening Screening men for PCa (prostate cancer) using PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen blood
More informationTreatment of Incidental Prostate Cancer Diagnosed during BPH Surgery with Radical Prostatectomy: Appropriate or over Treatment?
Journal of Cancer Therapy, 2012, 3, 256-262 http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jct.2012.34036 Published Online August 2012 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/jct) Treatment of Incidental Prostate Cancer Diagnosed during
More informationPrognostic factors in locally advanced prostate cancer as determined by biochemistry, imaging studies and pathology
Prognostic factors in locally advanced prostate cancer as determined by biochemistry, imaging studies and pathology Authors Key words C.Y. Hsu, S. Joniau, R. Oyen, T. Roskams, H. Van Poppel Prognostic
More informationIndividual Prediction
Individual Prediction Michael W. Kattan, Ph.D. Professor of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University Chairman, Department
More informationPublished Ahead of Print on June 17, 2013 as 10.1200/JCO.2012.47.0302. J Clin Oncol 31. 2013 by American Society of Clinical Oncology INTRODUCTION
Published Ahead of Print on June 17, 2013 as 10.1200/JCO.2012.47.0302 The latest version is at http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/doi/10.1200/jco.2012.47.0302 JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY O R I G I N A L R E
More informationProstatectomy, pelvic lymphadenect. Med age 63 years Mean followup 53 months No other cancer related therapy before recurrence. Negative.
Adjuvante und Salvage Radiotherapie Ludwig Plasswilm Klinik für Radio-Onkologie, KSSG CANCER CONTROL WITH RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY ALONE IN 1,000 CONSECUTIVE PATIENTS 1983 1998 Clinical stage T1 and T2 Mean
More informationBJUI. Study Type Diagnosis (exploratory cohort) Level of Evidence 2b OBJECTIVE
. 2010 BJU INTERNATIONAL Urological Oncology FREE-TO-TOTAL PSA RATIO AND PCA3 SCORE IN PREDICTING POSITIVE BIOPSIES PLOUSSARD ET AL. BJUI BJU INTERNATIONAL The prostate cancer gene 3 (PCA3) urine test
More informationThe 4Kscore blood test for risk of aggressive prostate cancer
The 4Kscore blood test for risk of aggressive prostate cancer Prostate cancer tests When to use the 4Kscore Test? Screening Prior to 1 st biopsy Prior to negative previous biopsy Prognosis in Gleason 6
More informationDetection and staging of recurrent prostate cancer is still one of the important clinical problems in prostate cancer. A rise in PSA or biochemical
Summary. 111 Detection and staging of recurrent prostate cancer is still one of the important clinical problems in prostate cancer. A rise in PSA or biochemical recurrence (BCR) is the first sign of recurrent
More informationNewly Diagnosed Prostate Cancer: Understanding Your Risk
Newly Diagnosed Prostate Cancer: Understanding Your Risk When the urologist calls with the life-changing news that your prostate biopsy is positive for prostate cancer, an office appointment is made to
More informationThese rare variants often act aggressively and may respond differently to therapy than the more common prostate adenocarcinoma.
Prostate Cancer OVERVIEW Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer diagnosed among American men, accounting for nearly 200,000 new cancer cases in the United States each year. Greater than 65% of
More informationUnderstanding the. Controversies of. testosterone replacement. therapy in hypogonadal men with prostate cancer. controversies surrounding
Controversies of testosterone replacement therapy in hypogonadal men with prostate cancer Samuel Deem, DO CULTURA CREATIVE (RF) / ALAMY Understanding the controversies surrounding testosterone replacement
More informationUpdate on Prostate Cancer: Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment Making Sense of the Noise and Directions Forward
Update on Prostate Cancer: Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment Making Sense of the Noise and Directions Forward 33 rd Annual Internal Medicine Update December 5, 2015 Ryan C. Hedgepeth, MD, MS Chief of
More informationSaturation Biopsy for Diagnosis and Staging of Prostate Cancer. Original Policy Date
MP 7.01.101 Saturation Biopsy for Diagnosis and Staging of Prostate Cancer Medical Policy Section Surgery Issue 12/2013 Original Policy Date 12/2013 Last Review Status/Date /12/2013 Return to Medical Policy
More informationRole of Radiation after Radical Prostatectomy Review of Literature
Vol. 9, No: 1 Jan - Jun 2013. Page 1-44 Role of Radiation after Radical Prostatectomy Review of Literature S.K. Raghunath, N. Srivatsa Abstract Biochemical relapse after radical prostatectomy occurs in
More informationLocal Salvage Therapies After Failed Radiation for Prostate Cancer. Biochemical Failure after Radiation
Local Salvage Therapies After Failed Radiation for Prostate Cancer James Eastham, MD Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, New York Biochemical Failure after Radiation ASTRO criteria 3 consecutive
More informationOncology Annual Report: Prostate Cancer 2005 Update By: John Konefal, MD, Radiation Oncology
Oncology Annual Report: Prostate Cancer 25 Update By: John Konefal, MD, Radiation Oncology Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men, with 232,9 new cases projected to be diagnosed in the U.S. in
More informationAdjuvant radiation therapy for recurrent PSA after radical prostatectomy in T1±T2 prostate cancer
Adjuvant radiation therapy for recurrent after radical prostatectomy in T1±T2 prostate cancer Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases (1998) 1, 321±325 ß 1998 Stockton Press All rights reserved 1365±7852/98
More informationDiagnosis of Prostate Cancer: Repeated Transrectal Prostate Biopsy or Transurethral Resection
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer: Repeated Transrectal Prostate Biopsy or Transurethral Resection Chih-Chieh Lin 1, William J.S. Huang 1,3 *, Li-Ju Wu 2, Yen-Hwa Chang 1,3, Alex T.L. Lin 1,3,
More informationProstate cancer is the most common cause of death from cancer in men over age 75. Prostate cancer is rarely found in men younger than 40.
A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. Prostate cancer Cancer - prostate; Biopsy - prostate; Prostate biopsy; Gleason score Last reviewed: October 2, 2013. Prostate cancer is cancer that starts in the prostate
More informationIn 2006 approximately 234,000 men were diagnosed with
Long-Term Survival in Men With High Grade Prostate Cancer: A Comparison Between Conservative Treatment, Radiation Therapy and Radical Prostatectomy A Propensity Scoring Approach Ashutosh Tewari,*, George
More informationLocalized Prostate Cancer
933 Localized Prostate Cancer Relationship of Tumor Volume to Clinical Significance for Treatment of Prostate Cancer Thomas A. Stamey, M.D.,* Fuad S. Freiha, M.D.,* John E. McNeal, M.D.,* Elise A. Redwine,
More informationDepartment of Urology, Erasmus MC, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Advances in Urology Volume 2012, Article ID 612707, 6 pages doi:10.1155/2012/612707 Research Article The Role of Adjuvant Hormonal Treatment after Surgery for Localized High-Risk Prostate Cancer: Results
More informationLocal Coverage Determination (LCD): MolDX: Genomic Health Oncotype DX Prostate Cancer Assay (L36153)
Local Coverage Determination (LCD): MolDX: Genomic Health Oncotype DX Prostate Cancer Assay (L36153) Contractor Information Contractor Name Palmetto GBA LCD Information Document Information LCD ID L36153
More informationA918: Prostate: adenocarcinoma
A918: Prostate: adenocarcinoma General facts of prostate cancer The prostate is about the size of a walnut. It is just below the bladder and in front of the rectum. The tube that carries urine (the urethra)
More informationBeyond the PSA: Genomic Testing in Localized Prostate Cancer
Beyond the PSA: Genomic Testing in Localized Prostate Cancer Kelvin A. Moses, MD, PhD Vanderbilt University Medical Center Wednesday, December 2, 2015 5:00 p.m. ET/2:00 p.m. PT About ZERO ZERO s mission
More informationJ Clin Oncol 23:6992-6998. 2005 by American Society of Clinical Oncology INTRODUCTION
VOLUME 23 NUMBER 28 OCTOBER 1 2005 JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY O R I G I N A L R E P O R T Predictors of Prostate Cancer Specific Mortality After Radical Prostatectomy or Radiation Therapy Ping Zhou,
More informationAdvances in Diagnostic and Molecular Testing in Prostate Cancer
Advances in Diagnostic and Molecular Testing in Prostate Cancer Ashley E. Ross MD PhD Assistant Professor Urology, Oncology, Pathology Johns Hopkins School of Medicine September 24, 2015 1 Disclosures
More informationProstate Cancer. Treatments as unique as you are
Prostate Cancer Treatments as unique as you are UCLA Prostate Cancer Program Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer among men. The UCLA Prostate Cancer Program brings together the elements essential
More informationRobotic Radical Prostatectomy: What s s the Advantage? Matthew T. Gettman, M.D. Associate Professor Department of Urology
Robotic Radical Prostatectomy: What s s the Advantage? Matthew T. Gettman, M.D. Associate Professor Department of Urology Prostate Cancer Epidemiology: 2009 Estimated new cases: 230,000 Estimated deaths:
More informationPSA Testing 101. Stanley H. Weiss, MD. Professor, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School. Director & PI, Essex County Cancer Coalition. weiss@umdnj.
PSA Testing 101 Stanley H. Weiss, MD Professor, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School Director & PI, Essex County Cancer Coalition weiss@umdnj.edu September 23, 2010 Screening: 3 tests for PCa A good screening
More informationACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT. Understanding the performance of active surveillance selection criteria in diverse urology practices
Understanding the performance of active surveillance selection criteria in diverse urology practices Scott R. Hawken BS*,1, Paul R. Womble MD*,1, Lindsey A. Herrel MD 1, Zaojun Ye MS 1, Susan M. Linsell
More informationSurrogate End Point for Prostate Cancer Specific Mortality After Radical Prostatectomy or Radiation Therapy
Surrogate End Point for Prostate Cancer Specific Mortality After Radical Prostatectomy or Radiation Therapy Anthony V. D Amico, Judd W. Moul, Peter R. Carroll, Leon Sun, Deborah Lubeck, Ming-Hui Chen Background:
More informationNeoadjuvant and Adjuvant Hormone Therapy: How and When?
european urology supplements 7 (2008) 747 751 available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.europeanurology.com Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Hormone Therapy: How and When? Hein Van Poppel * Department
More informationSecondary Cancer and Relapse Rates Following Radical Prostatectomy for Prostate-Confined Cancer
Copyright E 2007 Journal of Insurance Medicine J Insur Med 2007;39:242 250 MORTALITY Secondary Cancer and Relapse Rates Following Radical Prostatectomy for Prostate-Confined Cancer David Wesley, MD; Hugh
More informationPCa Commentary. Volume 73 January-February 2012 PSA AND TREATMENT DECISIONS:
1101 Madison Street Suite 1101 Seattle, WA 98104 P 206-215-2480 www.seattleprostate.com PCa Commentary Volume 73 January-February 2012 CONTENTS PSA SCREENING & BASIC SCIENCE PSA AND TREATMENT 1 DECISIONS
More information2010 SITE REPORT St. Joseph Hospital PROSTATE CANCER
2010 SITE REPORT St. Joseph Hospital PROSTATE CANCER Humboldt County is located on the Redwood Coast of Northern California. U.S census data for 2010 reports county population at 134,623, an increase of
More informationProstate Cancer In-Depth
Prostate Cancer In-Depth Introduction Prostate cancer is the most common visceral malignancy among American men. In the year 2003, there are expected to be 220,000 new cases and nearly 29,000 deaths in
More informationUse of Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) in Localized Prostate Cancer
Use of Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) in Localized Prostate Cancer Adam R. Kuykendal, MD; Laura H. Hendrix, MS; Ramzi G. Salloum, PhD; Paul A. Godley, MD, PhD; Ronald C. Chen, MD, MPH No conflicts
More informationAn Empirical Evaluation of Guidelines on Prostate-specific Antigen Velocity in Prostate Cancer Detection
DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djr028 ARTICLE JNCI djr028 MA JOURNAL NAME Art. No. CE Code The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
More informationProstate Cancer Screening in Taiwan: a must
Prostate Cancer Screening in Taiwan: a must 吳 俊 德 基 隆 長 庚 醫 院 台 灣 醫 學 會 105 th What is the PSA test? The blood level of PSA is often elevated in men with prostate cancer, and the PSA test was originally
More informationAnalysis of Prostate Cancer at Easter Connecticut Health Network Using Cancer Registry Data
The 2014 Cancer Program Annual Public Reporting of Outcomes/Annual Site Analysis Statistical Data from 2013 More than 70 percent of all newly diagnosed cancer patients are treated in the more than 1,500
More informationPROTON THERAPY FOR PROSTATE CANCER: THE INITIAL LOMA LINDA UNIVERSITY EXPERIENCE
doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2003.10.011 Int. J. Radiation Oncology Biol. Phys., Vol. 59, No. 2, pp. 348 352, 2004 Copyright 2004 Elsevier Inc. Printed in the USA. All rights reserved 0360-3016/04/$ see front
More informationOncological outcome of surgical treatment in 336 patients with renal cell carcinoma
窑 Original Article 窑 Chinese Journal of Cancer Oncological outcome of surgical treatment in 336 patients with renal cell carcinoma Zhi Ling Zhang,2, Yong Hong Li,2, Yong Hong Xiong 3, Guo Liang Hou,2,
More informationProstate Health Index Literature
Prostate Health Index Literature Update June 2013 Preoperative Prostate-Specific Antigen Isoform p2psa and Its Derivatives, %p2psa and Prostate Health Index, Predict Pathologic Outcomes in Patients Undergoing
More informationCMScript. Member of a medical scheme? Know your guaranteed benefits! Issue 7 of 2014
Background CMScript Member of a medical scheme? Know your guaranteed benefits! Issue 7 of 2014 Prostate cancer is second only to lung cancer as the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men. It is
More informationPCA3 Score and Prostate Cancer Diagnosis at Repeated Saturation Biopsy. Which cut-off: 20 or 35?
ORIGINAL Article Vol. 38 (4): 489-495, July - August, 2012 PCA3 Score and Prostate Cancer Diagnosis at Repeated Saturation Biopsy. Which cut-off: 20 or 35? Pietro Pepe, Filippo Fraggetta, Antonio Galia,
More informationStage IV Prostate Cancer: Survival Differences in Clinical T4, Nodal and Metastatic Disease
Stage IV Prostate Cancer: Survival Differences in Clinical T4, Nodal and Metastatic Disease Wayland Hsiao,* Kelvin A. Moses,* Michael Goodman, Ashesh B. Jani,* Peter J. Rossi* and Viraj A. Master*, From
More informationDIAGNOSIS OF PROSTATE CANCER
DIAGNOSIS OF PROSTATE CANCER Determining the presence of prostate cancer generally involves a series of tests and exams. Before starting the testing process, the physician will ask questions about the
More informationA new score predicting the survival of patients with spinal cord compression from myeloma
A new score predicting the survival of patients with spinal cord compression from myeloma (1) Sarah Douglas, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lubeck, Germany; sarah_douglas@gmx.de (2) Steven
More informationAn Introduction to PROSTATE CANCER
An Introduction to PROSTATE CANCER Being diagnosed with prostate cancer can be a life-altering experience. It requires making some very difficult decisions about treatments that can affect not only the
More informationA STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF RULES FOR BIOCHEMICAL FAILURE AFTER RADIOTHERAPY IN MEN TREATED FOR PROSTATE CANCER
doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.01.013 Int. J. Radiation Oncology Biol. Phys., Vol. 75, No. 5, pp. 1357 1363, 2009 Copyright Ó 2009 Elsevier Inc. Printed in the USA. All rights reserved 0360-3016/09/$ see front
More informationReport with statistical data from 2007
2008 Cancer Program Annual Report with statistical data from 2007 Lake Cumberland Regional Hospital 305 Langdon Streett Somerset, KY 42503 Telephone: 606-679-7441 Fax: 606-678-9919 Cancer Committee Mullai,
More informationMolDX: Genomic Health Oncotype DX Prostate Cancer Assay
MolDX: Genomic Health Oncotype DX Prostate Cancer Assay Noridian Healthcare Solutions, LLC Close Please Note: This is a Proposed LCD. Proposed LCDs are works in progress and not necessarily a reflection
More informationGenomic Basis of Prostate Cancer Health Disparity Among African-American
AD AWARD NUMBER: W81XWH-12-1-0259 TITLE: Men Genomic Basis of Prostate Cancer Health Disparity Among African-American PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Harry Ostrer, M.D. RECIPIENT: Albert Einstein College of Medicine
More informationAn Analysis of Radical Prostatectomy in Advanced Stage and High-Grade Prostate Cancer
european urology 53 (2008) 253 259 available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.europeanurology.com Review Prostate Cancer An Analysis of Radical Prostatectomy in Advanced Stage and High-Grade
More informationImplementation Date: April 2015 Clinical Operations
National Imaging Associates, Inc. Clinical guideline PROSTATE CANCER Original Date: March 2011 Page 1 of 5 Radiation Oncology Last Review Date: March 2015 Guideline Number: NIA_CG_124 Last Revised Date:
More informationCancer in Primary Care: Prostate Cancer Screening. How and How often? Should we and in which patients?
Cancer in Primary Care: Prostate Cancer Screening How and How often? Should we and in which patients? PLCO trial (Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian) Results In the screening group, rates of compliance
More informationEUROPEAN UROLOGY 57 (2010) 551 558
EUROPEAN UROLOGY 57 (2010) 551 558 available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.europeanurology.com Platinum Priority Prostate Cancer Editorial by Michael W. Kattan on pp. 559 560 of this issue
More informationThe 4Kscore blood test for risk of aggressive prostate cancer
The 4Kscore blood test for risk of aggressive prostate cancer Early detection of aggressive prostate cancer Challenges Serum PSA has a high false positive rate Over 1 million prostate biopsies performed
More informationJAMA. 1998;280:969-974
Original Contributions Biochemical Outcome After Radical Prostatectomy, Radiation Therapy, or Interstitial for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer Anthony V. D Amico, MD, PhD; Richard Whittington, MD;
More informationPSA Screening and the USPSTF Understanding the Controversy
PSA Screening and the USPSTF Understanding the Controversy Peter C. Albertsen Division of Urology University of Connecticut Farmington, CT, USA USPSTF Final Report 1 Four Key Questions 1. Does PSA based
More informationSaturation Biopsy vs. 3D Spatial Biopsy vs. Free Hand Ultrasound biopsy for Targeted Prostate Cancer Therapies
Saturation Biopsy vs. 3D Spatial Biopsy vs. Free Hand Ultrasound biopsy for Targeted Prostate Cancer Therapies John F. Ward, MD Assistant Professor University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Ablation
More informationUs TOO University Presents: Understanding Diagnostic Testing
Us TOO University Presents: Understanding Diagnostic Testing for Prostate Cancer Patients Today s speaker is Manish Bhandari, MD Program moderator is Pam Barrett, Us TOO International Made possible by
More informationProstate Cancer Treatment Comparison
Prostate Cancer Treatment Comparison Treatment Comparative Data Outcome Comparison: Surgery vs. Radiotherapy Outcome Radical Prostatectomy* Radiation** Survival duration compared to conservative disease
More informationOncology: Prostate/Testis/Penis/Urethra. Variation in Prostate Cancer Detection Rates in a Statewide Quality Improvement Collaborative
Oncology: Prostate/Testis/Penis/Urethra Variation in Prostate Cancer Detection Rates in a Statewide Quality Improvement Collaborative Christopher B. Riedinger, Paul R. Womble, Susan M. Linsell, Zaojun
More informationObesity and prostate cancer incidence and survival Elizabeth A. Platz, ScD, MPH
Obesity and prostate cancer incidence and survival Elizabeth A. Platz, ScD, MPH Professor and Martin D. Abeloff, MD Scholar in Cancer Prevention Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School
More informationSTATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS WHEN ASSESSING OUTCOMES FOLLOWING TREATMENT FOR PROSTATE CANCER
0022-5347/99/1622-043910 THE JOURNAL OF UROLOGY Copyright 0 1999 by AMERICAN UROLOCICAL ASSOCIATION, INC. Vol. 162,439-444, August 1999 Printed in USA. STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS WHEN ASSESSING OUTCOMES
More informationTemporal Trends in Demographics and Overall Survival of Non Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients at Moffitt Cancer Center From 1986 to 2008
Special Report Temporal Trends in Demographics and Overall Survival of Non Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients at Moffitt Cancer Center From 1986 to 2008 Matthew B. Schabath, PhD, Zachary J. Thompson, PhD,
More informationTherapies for Prostate Cancer and Treatment Selection
Prostatic Diseases Therapies for Prostate Cancer and Treatment Selection JMAJ 47(12): 555 560, 2004 Yoichi ARAI Professor and Chairman, Department of Urology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
More information4/8/13. Pre-test Audience Response. Prostate Cancer 2012. Screening and Treatment of Prostate Cancer: The 2013 Perspective
Pre-test Audience Response Screening and Treatment of Prostate Cancer: The 2013 Perspective 1. I do not offer routine PSA screening, and the USPSTF D recommendation will not change my practice. 2. In light
More informationPROSTATE CANCER. Get the facts, know your options. Samay Jain, MD, Assistant Professor,The University of Toledo Chief, Division of Urologic Oncology
PROSTATE CANCER Get the facts, know your options Samay Jain, MD, Assistant Professor,The University of Toledo Chief, Division of Urologic Oncology i What is the Prostate? Unfortunately, you have prostate
More informationEarly stage prostate cancer: biochemical recurrence after treatment
REVIEW ARTICLE Vol. 40 (2): 137-145, March - April, 2014 doi: 10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2014.02.02 Early stage prostate cancer: biochemical recurrence after treatment Danielle A. Zanatta, Reginaldo J. Andrade,
More informationPredominance of ERG negative high grade prostate cancers in African American men
982 Predominance of ERG negative high grade prostate cancers in African American men JAMES FARRELL 1,2, DENISE YOUNG 1, YONGMEI CHEN 1, JENNIFER CULLEN 1, INGER L. ROSNER 1,2, JACOB KAGAN 3, SUDHIR SRIVASTAVA
More informationJurisdiction Virginia
PROPOSED/DRAFT Local Coverage Determination (LCD): MolDX: Prolaris Prostate Cancer Genomic Assay (DL35629) Please note: This is a Proposed/Draft policy. Proposed/Draft LCDs are works in progress that are
More informationPSA Screening for Prostate Cancer Information for Care Providers
All men should know they are having a PSA test and be informed of the implications prior to testing. This booklet was created to help primary care providers offer men information about the risks and benefits
More informationThomas A. Kollmorgen, M.D. Oregon Urology Institute
Thomas A. Kollmorgen, M.D. Oregon Urology Institute None 240,000 new diagnosis per year, and an estimated 28,100 deaths (2012) 2 nd leading cause of death from cancer in U.S.A. Approximately 1 in 6 men
More informationRole of MRI in the Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer, A Proposal
Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences, Vol. 1, 2013, no. 3, 111 116 HIKARI Ltd, www.m-hikari.com Role of MRI in the Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer, A Proposal W. Akhter Research Fellow Urology, Bartshealth
More informationProstate-Specific Antigen Based Screening: Controversy and Guidelines
Prostate-Specific Antigen Based Screening: Controversy and Guidelines Eric H. Kim and Gerald L. Andriole Institutional Address: Washington University School of Medicine 4960 Children's Place Campus Box
More informationEarly Prostate Cancer: Questions and Answers. Key Points
CANCER FACTS N a t i o n a l C a n c e r I n s t i t u t e N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e s o f H e a l t h D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h a n d H u m a n S e r v i c e s Early Prostate Cancer:
More informationSIGNPOSTS. Along the Pathway of Prostate Cancer. Understanding Diagnostic Tests and Procedures to Monitor Prostate Cancer
SIGNPOSTS Along the Pathway of Prostate Cancer Understanding Diagnostic Tests and Procedures to Monitor Prostate Cancer Your journey is unique like you. Signposts along the pathway can show you where you
More informationYour Health Matters. Localized Prostate Cancer and Its Treatment
Your Health Matters Localized Prostate Cancer and Its Treatment Greetings! Understanding prostate cancer and choosing among the various treatment options can be a difficult and anxiety-arousing process.
More informationKIDNEY FUNCTION RELATION TO SIZE OF THE TUMOR IN RENAL CELL CANCINOMA
KIDNEY FUNCTION RELATION TO SIZE OF THE TUMOR IN RENAL CELL CANCINOMA O.E. Stakhvoskyi, E.O. Stakhovsky, Y.V. Vitruk, O.A. Voylenko, P.S. Vukalovich, V.A. Kotov, O.M. Gavriluk National Canсer Institute,
More informationA new score predicting the survival of patients with spinal cord compression from myeloma
A new score predicting the survival of patients with spinal cord compression from myeloma (1) Sarah Douglas, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lubeck, Germany; sarah_douglas@gmx.de (2) Steven
More informationPSA screening in asymptomatic men the debate continues www.bpac.org.nz keyword: psa
PSA screening in asymptomatic men the debate continues www.bpac.org.nz keyword: psa Key messages: PSA is present in the benign and malignant prostate There is currently no national screening programme
More informationHOW I DO IT. Introduction
HOW I DO IT Transrectal implantation of electromagnetic transponders following radical prostatectomy for delivery of IMRT Daniel Canter, MD, 1 Alexander Kutikov, MD, 1 Eric M. Horwitz, MD, 2 Richard E.
More informationNATURAL HISTORY OF CLINICALLY STAGED LOW- AND INTERMEDIATE-RISK PROSTATE CANCER TREATED WITH MONOTHERAPEUTIC PERMANENT INTERSTITIAL BRACHYTHERAPY
doi:1.116/j.ijrobp.9..1 Int. J. Radiation Oncology Biol. Phys., Vol. 76, No., pp. 349 354, 1 Copyright Ó 1 Elsevier Inc. Printed in the USA. All rights reserved 36-316/1/$ see front matter CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
More informationKey Messages for Healthcare Providers
Cancer Care Ontario: Prostate Cancer Screening with the Prostate- Specific Antigen (PSA) Test Key Messages for Healthcare Providers Considerations for men at average risk Avoid prostate-specific antigen
More informationTravel Distance to Healthcare Centers is Associated with Advanced Colon Cancer at Presentation
Travel Distance to Healthcare Centers is Associated with Advanced Colon Cancer at Presentation Yan Xing, MD, PhD, Ryaz B. Chagpar, MD, MS, Y Nancy You MD, MHSc, Yi Ju Chiang, MSPH, Barry W. Feig, MD, George
More informationMODULE 8: PROSTATE CANCER: SCREENING & MANAGEMENT
MODULE 8: PROSTATE CANCER: SCREENING & MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS: Prostate cancer, PSA, Screening, Radical Prostatectomy LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this clerkship, the medical student will be able to:
More informationScreening for Prostate Cancer
Screening for Prostate Cancer It is now clear that screening for Prostate Cancer discovers the disease at an earlier and more curable stage. It is not yet clear whether this translates into reduced mortality
More information