RAINSTORM IAEA. Christoph Brunhuber, Keith Morgan, Jim Regula. Remote Monitoring Team Safeguards, IAEA

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1 RAINSTORM Christoph Brunhuber, Keith Morgan, Jim Regula Remote Monitoring Team Safeguards,

2 Outline History / Motivation RAINSTORM Data Transfer: HTTP + REST Data Organization Details Data Security: PKI PKI on ultra-light devices Efficiency Details Source Code Sample Implementations Use Cases Forecast Conclusion

3 History / Motivation Remote Monitoring has gradually expanded over the last ~15 years In the beginning Data Transfer Instruments (i.e. sensors) connected to a PC (typically via serial port) Transferred from PC to Vienna via SMB or FTP or RoboCopy, XCopy In-house developed software (e.g. DCCopy) Large overhead for small files Inefficient for high latency networks Data Security Instruments (i.e. sensors) had symmetric-key data security or no data security Symmetric-key data security has issues, e.g. Private key is exposed (easier to be lost or stolen) Each verifier is able to forge data In case of RSA, data are signed on the collect PC

4 History / Motivation Safeguards Equipment Cross Section NDA Surveillance MiniGrand; JSR RS232 & SMB RSA Signing on collect PC VIFM; ATPM Proprietary & SMB RSA Signing on collect PC UNAP HTTP RSA Signature (RAINSTORM compliant) NGAM (future) RAINSTORM OLEM (future) RAINSTORM DMOS; SDIS Proprietary & SMB MAC Signing NGSS HTTPS DSA & RSA Signatures (almost RAINSTORM compliant) Seals EOSS/VACOSS Proprietary MAC RMSA RAINSTORM (only HTTP) MAC LMCV (Future) RAINSTORM

5 History / Motivation Goals for RAINSTORM Low complexity, and low resource requirements -should run on Microcontrollers Ethernet based Suitable for high latency networks (no Stop and Wait) No need for intermediate collect PC Efficient broken transfer recovery Overall good performance Signature as close as possible to data acquisition and NO resigning (implies strictly appending of data files)

6 History / Motivation Q: What can we learn from the shipping industry? A: Standards! Ship image source: Train image source: Truck image source:

7 RAINSTORM Real-time And INtegrated STream-Oriented Remote Monitoring (RAINSTORM) interface Image source:

8 RAINSTORM It s just a concept Requirements captured in SG-UR Remote Monitoring Requirements for the Development of Safeguards Equipment Achieved Goals Standardize data transfer and data security Data Transfer: Ethernet + TCP/IP + HTTP + REST Data Security: PKI + Smartcard tokens Eliminate the PC (reduced maintenance, reduced power) i.e. everything on the instrument Provide in-house developed tools/libraries/applications (with source code!) to vendors for prototyping and/or production

9 Data Transfer: HTTP + REST Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Simple, lightweight, ubiquitous (used billions of times per day!!!) Not just for web pages, also well-suited to binary data HTTP HTML Incremental file transfers: efficient use of bandwidth Persistent/Stateless connections REpresentational State Transfer (REST) Each file and folder has a unique URI Standard HTTP methods (e.g. GET) No need for fancy protocols on top of HTTP (e.g. SOAP)

10 Data Organization Details Data Storage Organization of data into day files e.g. xvie-ngss mpg Strictly appended (see previous page) Organization of files into month folders e.g. /data / / / Consider the problems with a flat file structure or even one file per folder (e.g. day folders )

11 Data Security: PKI Public key infrastructure (PKI) Public/Private (i.e. asymmetric) keys Certificates & Certification Authorities (CA) Smartcard security tokens Private key generation / operations performed on token Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS, S/MIME, PKCS#7) ASN.1-based binary format Contains certificates, message digest, signature, etc. RM-specific Requirements detached signature files Include all certificates up to, but excluding the root CA certificate Source:

12 PKI on Ultra-light Devices Using a token requires: usb (e.g. libusb) ccid pcsc-lite opensc cryptlib (or openssl etc.) All this on a low-power embedded device? Yikes! Way too complex! (could be majority of development effort) Fortunately we typically need only one operation: sign

13 PKI on Ultra-light Devices cont. sc-hsm-ultralite Joint development with CardContact (Germany) lightweight PKCS#11 (read-only) driver ultralite raw CCID driver Includes in-house developed PKCS#7 template library for simple detached signature creation fork available at:

14 Efficiency Details Incremental transfer allows near real-time data collection and efficient recovery from broken transfers. (Resending all data, i.e. old and new, increases transfer volume by factor of ( + 1)/2 where n is the number of transfers for a single entity). Incremental transfer is always possible because data are strictly appended. Using many small data files eliminates the inefficiency, but creates too many items. A good compromise: 1 data file per day. TCP uses a so-called sliding window for optimal bandwidth utilization. Stop and Wait is idle when waiting for an acknowledgement. TCP handles automatic retransmits in case of transmission failures.

15 Efficiency Details Organizing data in month folder is a good compromise for device data exploration. Day folders result in too many directory requests, while a flat structure results in too many entries per directory. By design a cryptographic hash cannot be continued, however it can be forked one path finalizes the hash, the other path continues hashing. Suppose an entity has its signature updated n times per day. Restarting the hash from the beginning at each signing results again in the inefficiency factor ( + 1)/2, e.g. if n = 60 seconds: requires ~720MB hashing for each MB. The hashing operation is NOT performed on the Cryptographic Smart Card.

16 Source Code Sample Implementations Name Description OS Support Notes RainstormX A module for use with the Microsoft IIS HTTP server. C# Windows Complete. In testing. RainstormC# Complete HTTP server built on the.net HttpListener framework. C# Windows, Linux (using mono) Complete. In testing. RainstormPHP PHP module for use with any HTTP server that supports PHP. C# Windows, Linux, etc. (to-date only tested on Linux w/ Apache) Complete. In testing. Mongoose A patch of the complete open-source Mongoose HTTP server. C Only intended for microcontrollers. Incomplete. Not tested. sc-hsmultralite Ultra lightweight digital file signing library/tools/applications. C Windows, Linux (portable to other operating systems) Complete. In testing. In-house developed code provided, on request, to external vendors.

17 Use Cases Custom Instrument Y HTTP Server RM Data Center Custom Instrument X Network HTTP Server Data Security Xspecific code Rainbox H D Data Security Yspecific code Off-the-shelf Instrument Z Z-specific code

18 Forecast Rainstorm-enabled equipment in the SGTS pipeline Production NGSS (vendor implementation) Testing RMSA (RainstormPHP + HMAC) OLEM (RainstormPHP + sc-hsm-ultralite) NGAM (RainstormPHP + sc-hsm-ultralite) LMCV (RainstormX + opensc) UNAP (vendor implementation) Potential Lynx (TBD) Rainbox + any off-the-shelf device dogfooding RM regional office servers (RainstormC#) Legacy UMS instruments: VIFM, MiniGrand, etc. (RainstormC# + sc-hsm-ultralite)

19 Conclusion RAINSTORM unifies data organization, transfer and security for all kinds of sensors. It does not define data formats, but requires a format which strictly appends new data. The sensor platform requires a TCP/IP over Ethernet implementation and USB access to the cryptographic Smartcard. All RAINSTORM components work on top of these requirements and can be implemented easily. An instrument should be able to store several months of data locally. The motivation for RAINSTORM includes: eliminate a local PC in the field and reducing proprietary software for remote monitoring usage and data signing (on the PC). The transfer channel is a secure VPN tunnel, managed by approved VPN devices, through the public Internet (out of the scope of RAINSTORM). The chosen HTTP protocol allows arbitrary additional metadata which can be used to implement special applications on top of RAINSTORM.

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