能 量 採 集 技 術 簡 介 及 發 展 現 況

Transcription

1 能 量 採 集 技 術 簡 介 及 發 展 現 況 邱 一 國 立 交 通 大 學 電 機 系 教 授 電 源 技 術 論 壇 December 10, 大 綱 能 量 採 集 技 術 (energy harvesting/ scavenging) 簡 介 應 用 實 例 及 發 展 現 況 未 來 可 能 方 向 結 論 2

2 Harvesting (source: 3 Scavenging (source: 4

3 What is Energy Harvesting Energy Harvesting (aka Energy Scavenging) The process by which unused ambient energy is captured and converted into useful energy (most likely electricity) Micro Power Generation The generation of power in the nw- W-mW range by means of harvesting, microengine, fuel cells or other means (Source: Holst Center / IMEC) 5 Examples of Ambient Resource Geothermal power station in Iceland Solar power plant in US Wind farm in Sweden Dammed hydrofacility in Taiwan (Source: Wikipedia, Feitsui Reservoir Administration) 6

4 Examples of Ambient Resource for Energy Harvesting Pretty much the same as those for large power plants solar, kinetic, thermal, But not a solution for the global energy issues not an energy source for most consumer electronics (yet) to replace the battery in portable/wearable devices or distributed systems 7 WSN, IoT, Wearable Devices, and Such Massive Distributed System (Source: 8

5 Sensor Node Micro sensor Micro controller RF Energy management ambient energy Energy harvester Energy storage 9 Application Structure monitoring Industrial monitoring Building/home automation Health monitoring 10

6 Structure/Road Monitoring (Source: TI) (Source: Woias, U. Freiburg, ) (Source: Innowattech) 11 Bridge Monitoring (Ref: Galchev et al., J. Micromech. Microeng., 21, (13 pp), 2011) 12

7 Industrial Monitoring Electromagnetic Generator by Perpetuum 40 min for installation of 6 units Perpetuum Established in UK, 2004 Spin off from Southampton University Electromagnetic micro power generators optimized for 17.2 Hz, 100 Hz, 120 Hz vibrations Power output: 40 1 g, mg Targeted markets: industrial, aerospace, transportation, medical, etc.) (Source: Perpetuum, Yole) 13 Industrial Monitoring Thermoelectric Generator by ABB Thermoelectric energy harvesters work for temperature larger than 35 K An integrated battery is included in the power management system to provide energy if the temperature difference is less than 35 K (source: ABB) 14

8 Micropelt Energy harvesting starts from 4 K temperature difference Material system: Bismuth-Telluride (Bi 2 Te 3 ) (Source: Micropelt) 15 EnOcean Spin off from Siemens in 2001 Self powered wireless sensor modules Wireless and battery-less switches Ultra low power radio protocol Targeted markets: building/home/industrial automation Lighting, temperature, presence monitoring, etc. EnOcean Alliance (Source: EnOcean, Yole) 16

9 Patient Monitoring Body Sensor Network (Source: Holst Center / IMEC) 17 Patient Monitoring Body Sensor Network Wireless EEG Wireless Autonomous Pulse Oximeter (Source: Holst Center / IMEC) 18

10 Harvesting Human Kinetic Energy Electromagnetic generators Electrostatic generators (source: (source: Piezoelectric floor (source: 19 Bionic Energy Harvester 1.2 kg total (0.6 kg per leg) comfortable 5-7 Watts without effort >10 Watts with effort generative Braking SmartGen Power & Control Module intermittent & variable power input efficiently charge Li-ion or NiMH Bionic Power (Source: Bionic Power) 20

11 Micro Power Supply/Generator Non-regenerative Battery Micro combuster, heat engine Micro fuel cell Radioisotopic cell Regenerative Solar cell Thermoelectric generator Vibrational energy harvester Electromagnetic Piezoelectric Electrostatic Triboelectric energy harvester 21 Energy Harvesting Technology Available Power Levels Photovoltaic Vibration Thermal RF 10 W/cm 2 4 W/cm 2 20 W/cm W/cm 2 (indoor) (man) (man) (WiFi) 10 mw/cm W/cm mw/cm W/cm 2 (outdoor) (machine) (machine) (GSM) (Source: Holst/IMEC) 22

12 Energy Harvesting Technology (Ref: Cook-Chennault et al., Smart Mater. Struct., 17, (33pp), 2008) 23 Vibration Source Typical vibration spectrum of an air purifier 2.25 m/s 2 at 120 Hz 24

13 Vibration Source (Ref: Roundy, J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct., 16, , 2005) 25 Vibrational Energy Harvester Electromagnetic Piezoelectric Electrostatic P out = Hz Volume = 35.3 cm 3 P out = Hz Volume = 1 cm 3 P out = 0.27 Hz Lee et al., SMS, 2012 Elfrink et al., JMM, 2010 Edamoto et al., Proc. APCOT,

14 Electromagnetic Energy Harvester (Ref: Cook-Chennault et al., Smart Mater. Struct., 17, (33pp), 2008) 27 Piezoelectric Energy Harvester (Ref: Cook-Chennault et al., Smart Mater. Struct., 17, (33pp), 2008) 28

15 Electrostatic Energy Harvester (Ref: Cook-Chennault et al., Smart Mater. Struct., 17, (33pp), 2008) 29 Stacked Harvester on Folded Flexible PCB (Source: Chiu) Resonant harvester driven by vibration Overall device footprint: 4 cm 2 Minimum device footprint needed: 2 cm 2 30

16 Power Management IC Stacked electret energy harvester linearized model Out 1 Out 2 C store 10μF /25V Vstore C2 1μF C3 4.7μF PZ1 Vin CAP Vin2 PZ2 SW Vout P good D0 D1 GND L1 10μH 4.7μF /6.3V Vout C4 R L 1.5kΩ 31 Output Power (w/ Power Management IC) 255 s 32 s Voltage on the storage capacitor and at the output terminal of the power management IC at 4G acceleration at 156 Hz. 15 ms Pout = 2.16 mw Regulated V out output voltage 32

17 Challenge for Energy Harvesting operation mode duty cycle and data rate power consumption network protocol Micro sensor Micro controller RF power/energy material frequency matching power/bw trade-off thermal management reliability ambient energy Energy harvester Energy management Energy storage efficiency AC/DC, DC/DC step up/down impedance matching energy storage 33 Opportunity for Energy Harvesting When cost of operation of energy sources, as compared to grid/battery, is important Installation: wiring, networking, expansion/scale-up Maintenance: lifetime, accessibility, cost Disposal (Consumable?): pollution When low data rate is acceptable 34

18 Wireless Tire Pressure Sensor TPMS battery lifetime 2-7 years Tire replacement 2-5 years Vehicle life years New vehicle ownership 3-6 years Valve, $0.50 Coating, $0.10 PCB, $0.05 Antenna, $0.15 TPMS chip, $2.00 Quartz, $0.22 Battery, $0.40 (Source: Yole, Freescale) 35 Conclusion Development of energy harvesting technology is shifting from device development to system integration (and to field application) Energy harvesting is being demonstrated in the system level, both commercially and academically 10 s W can be generated with small harvesters Killer application? 36