Methodology in Language Science

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1 Methodology in Language Science Dylan Glynn

2 4 Seminars 1. Last week: Academic professionalism, scientific lists, style sheets 2. This week: CfPs, Style sheets cont., IMRaD Nov. : Data 1: Type of data and types of questions 4. 4 Dec.: Data 2: Samples, populations, variables

3 CfP Call for Papers What is a call for papers? What kinds of CfPs are there? Why are they important?

4 CfPs Conferences Journals You all, subscribed to a list. Find a conference CfP that is relevant to you. What do you need to do to present you research at the conference? Concretely!

5 Style Sheets and MS Word What problems did people have with the homework? Let s make sure that MS Word basics are known all round...

6 Homework Style sheets When you submit an abstract to a conference, the stylesheet is usually simple and in the CfP (we will do that later) But when you submit to a journal or a publishing house, they can be difficult to find, very difficult to follow very very boring to apply! You will have to use one for you mémoire Leave at least 2 days at the end of your mémoire to apply the style sheet, or apply it as you write. Google a linguistics journal, any Find their style sheet on the webpage look for instructions for authors

7 Exercise! 1. Make sure your computer has MS Word on it and it works. 2. Go to my page and download two files Hint: Top 4.25cm Bottom 7.3cm Left 4.38cm right 4.35cm I have calculated the margins for you.. :) - Mouton Style sheet - Sexy Syntax 3. Apply the style sheet to the text! Mouton is the most widely used / typical style sheet in Linguistics Sexy Syntax could be your mémoire This will test 3 skills - your word processing skills - your ability to follow a set of detailed instructions - your ability to read the lingua franca of research All three skills are necessary to do research, all three are necessary to do an MA Research in any field

8 BTW... In a paper, an abstract, a presentation, Spelling and orthography That includes capitals, spacing and paragraphing!

9 Wri$ng in a research context Informa(on structure and knowledge produc(on

10 Today : Method and Results When writing: Start with the structure Remember the storyline you want to tell may not be the same as how you did things

11 Informa$on Structure II: Storyline

12 Informa$on Structure I When you think up your storyline / plot Think about things from the reader s perspective!!! What will make it easiest for the reader to - See your major news - Follow your method - Appreciate your results

13 Informa$on Structure I And remember: The paragraph as a central notion q One idea = one paragraph q One idea = topic sentence

14 IMRAD Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion An Orthodox Structure and a Structure of Orthodoxy

15 IMRAD Orthodox technical ar1cle structure Figure 1 Proportion of introduction, methods, results, and discussion (IMRAD) adoption in articles published in the British Medical Journal, JAMA, The Lancet, and the New England Journal of Medicine, (n = 1,297) J Med Libr Assoc July; 92(3): Copyright 2004, Medical Library Association

16 IMRAD and alterna1ves Figure 2 Text organization of published articles in the British Medical Journal from 1935 to 1985 (n = 341) [J Med Libr Assoc July; 92(3): Copyright 2004, Medical Library Association]

17 Research and wri1ng processes Research process q Define problem q Establish purpose q Literature review q Re-defining problem q Analysis of material q Analysis of method(s) q Assess results Writing process q Formulate the problem q Collect q Sort q Structure q Compile q Get response q Revise (and again) q Publish

18 IMRaD Not all articles use IMRaD Usually some variation in linguistics, often, Intro, data, analysis, results, discussion or something like that But more and more IMRaD is an implicit requirement, and sometimes explicit. Why use it? 1. Easy to read: the reader knows immediately where to go to find out what he / she wnats to find out the reader knows what to expect the structure is maximally transparent more important! 2. Easy to write!!! writer doesn t have to think about structure writer can write most of the article before the analysis is complete the writing and the analysis (linguistics) are complete separated, making life much easier...!

19 Really, you can write most of it before you have finished your analysis Think of IMRaD as a form (formulaire) that you fill in, rather than write. Almost every paragraph has a predefined content and structure 1. Introduction P1. Big Picture S1. Question: Big Problem / Question S2. Importance: Why a is a big problem S3. Flags: Which group do you belong P2. Contribution S1. Little question: exact problem treated S2. Little solution: exact hypothesis S3. Flag: tie back to big Picture and the group etc... etc..

20 IMRaD Download sample articles These are quasi-randomly chosen articles. They arte not specifically good or bad, just typical. With your neighbour, - Identify the structure in each article - How do the sections start? There are traditions about what and when you say it in RAs (Research Articles) - Has the author made the story clear? Can you immediately understand what the article wants to say? - Look at the subsections, here is where you will find much more variation

21 Homework Using the stylesheet, make an outline of your mémoire in IMRaD. Add as many subections and you need to structure your mémoire. Normally a mémoire add a section called the Lit Review. This section is a synthesis of previous research on the topic. In a RA, it is typically included in the introduction or also has a separate subsection. Normally, it has a separate subsection when the literature on the topic is considerable or old or in inaccessible publications

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