Karlovy Vary region. Local Analysis Report

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1 Karlovy Vary region Local Analysis Report Business Development Agency of the Karlovy Vary region 2012

2 2 Table of Contents 1. Institutional introduction: the partner organization and the partner region. The regional and local innovation system The partner Organization Business Development Agency of the Karlovy Vary region The Partner Region Karlovy Vary region The Regional and Local Innovation System Regional innovation and highly qualified human capital skills statistics Regional Innovation Statistics Highly qualified human capital skills statistics The outlook for the regional economy structure in terms of innovation potential Main strengths/challenges in partners regions relating to the attraction and retention of highly qualified human capital Strengths and challenges The structured Interviews Local SWOT Analysis Summary of SWOT findings

3 3 1. Institutional introduction: the partner organization and the partner region. The regional and local innovation system 1.1 The partner Organization Business Development Agency of the Karlovy Vary region Business Development Agency of the Karlovy Vary Region, contributory organization (BDA) was established in 2009 by the Region Karlovy Vary (NUTS 3), in order to support increasing competitiveness of companies in the region. Its territorial scope is therefore limited only just for this region. The agency is the main bearer of implementation of the Strategy of competitiveness of the Karlovy Vary Region (SCKVR) and a coordinator of business development areas activities in the region. Within the profile of BDA activities, plays the main role in the region the creation of pro-innovation environment, the human sources development for business and favourable business environment support - including the construction of infrastructure for innovative business. BDA works closely in implementing of its mission, with the state organization CzechInvest, with the Chamber of Commerce (and its regional organizations) as well as with cities and municipalities of the region. The direct custody has the agency of course to its founder - Region Karlovy Vary - that also represents in several international projects - affecting business development and human resources development. The main recipients of the Agency services, are nevertheless the entrepreneurs, as well as potential as the main bearers of economic development of the region. The main tasks of the BDA: Coordination of business development activities Assistance with the conversion of regional economy from traditional fields and company functional systems to new competitive fields, working on the principles of innovative business (new products, services and technologies) Cooperation with partners - local companies, Chamber of Commerce, CzechInvest, schools, science and research organizations, cities and municipalities, labour offices Assistance with preparation of significant projects in Region Karlovy Vary within the innovation sphere (e.g. science and technology park, university campus, etc.) BDA is a relatively young and small organization (with six employees), which itself is still learning how to effectively support the innovative business in an environment in which are - for historical reasons - created only a weak objective and subjective prerequisites for dynamic development of this very type of business. As for the "work with talents" (the main theme of the project Working4Talent) the BDA stands just before the start of practical activities. Within the project Working4Talent defines BDA itself primarily as a recipient of experiences from other partner projects. BDA itself will participate in the processing of the joint analysis of all the partner regions and at the end of the project, then in the process of plan implementation. 1.2 The Partner Region Karlovy Vary region Region Karlovy Vary is located in the furthest west of Bohemia and is therefore the most western region of the Czech Republic. Region borders the northeast with with Ústí Region (they form together the NUTS 2 - North West), in the southeast with the Pilsen Region, to the southwest with the German federal state Bayern and on the northwest with German federal state Sachsen. 3

4 4 Region Karlovy Vary as higher territorial government unit was established in the year 2000 and its registered office is located in Karlovy Vary. This region is with its size, number of municipalities and population one of the smallest regions in the Czech Republic. Its area (3314 km2) occupies 4.25% of the Czech Republic (the 3rd smallest region). Its population is 302,514 (on ), which is only 2.9% of the Czech population (the least in the Czech Republic). Region Karlovy Vary consists of 3 districts (Cheb, Karlovy Vary and Sokolov). There are in total 132 municipalities in the region (the least in the Czech Republic). Structure of the economy is indeed very colourful, but outdated. For districts Karlovy Vary and Cheb is the key industry spa and tourism. The Sokolov district is on the other hand characterized by lignite mining with relation to energetic, chemical and mechanical engineering production. In the Region has its considerable position also the traditional industries, such as glass, porcelain, spirits, mineral water, musical instruments and textiles manufacture. The region is characterized precisely due spa and tourism, by a large share of the service sector (tertiary) in the creation of HPH which also has a growing tendency (57.5% in 2010). In the comparison with the other regions of the CR this is the second highest value after Prague. The primary sector has also the significant function in the region's economy, while in comparison with the rest of the Czech Republic, the weaker performance achieves the industry. Region Karlovy Vary is currently the least developed region of the Czech Republic, whose performance reaches only about 57% of the EU 27 average (measured by GDP per capita in purchasing power parity - see Table 1). Table 1: Regional GDP per one inhabitant, PPS, EU27 = 100 Area Czech Republic 68,3 70,2 70,3 73,1 74,9 75,8 76,9 79, ,2 79,6 CR without Prague 59,8 60,9 60,7 62,8 64, ,8 67,9 68,5 69,7 67,1 Prague 133,6 142, ,3 156,3 159,2 161,8 170,9 175,1 175,5 172,3 NUTS 2 Central Bohemia 65, ,6 68,3 70, ,1 74,4 74,9 73,6 71,6 Southwest 63,7 64,7 64,5 67,5 69,8 70,2 71,2 71,3 68, Northwest 57,3 57,3 57, ,5 61,5 61,5 62, ,8 64 Northeast 61,9 62,5 61,7 62,1 63,3 63,8 64,1 65,8 65,5 66,7 64 Southeast 61,1 63,5 63,2 65,8 66,2 66,9 68,2 71,2 72,8 74,6 71,5 Central Moravia 55,7 56,7 56,1 58,2 59, ,5 61,8 64, ,3 Moravian-Silesian 53, ,7 56, , ,9 69,1 67,6 65,9 NUTS 3 (regions) Prague 133,6 142, ,3 156,3 159,2 161,8 170,9 175,1 175,5 172,3 Central Bohemian region 65, ,6 68,3 70, ,1 74,4 74,9 73,6 71,6 South Bohemian region 63, ,9 66,2 67,3 68,7 69,4 69,1 67,7 70,7 68 4

5 5 Pilsen region 63,6 65,4 65, ,6 71,8 73,2 73,9 69,2 71,3 68 Karlovy Vary region 59,5 58,7 59,5 60,7 60,1 59,1 57,4 59, ,8 57,6 Usti region 56,5 56,8 57,2 61, , ,3 64, ,4 Liberec region 61,6 62,5 61,5 58,9 59,8 62,9 62,5 61,7 60,8 61,2 59,5 Hradec Kralove region 64,9 65,3 63,6 65,1 66,5 65,9 65,2 67,9 68,8 71,4 68,5 Pardubice region 58,8 59,6 59,7 61,5 62,7 62,2 64,3 66, ,4 62,9 Vysocina region 57 60,4 59,8 61,5 61,6 63,4 64, ,6 64,9 South Moravian region 62,9 64,9 64,8 67,8 68,4 68, ,1 76,3 77,7 74,5 Olomouc region 54,3 54,8 54,4 56,5 58, , ,5 61,9 60,1 Zlin region 57,2 58, ,1 59,7 61,1 62,5 64,9 68,8 70,6 66,8 Moravian-Silesian region 53, ,7 56, , ,9 69,1 67,6 65,9 Source: CZSO (Czech Statistical Office) Its economic performance is in addition (since 2003) within the Czech Republic practically constantly relatively decreasing (see Chart 1). Without mastering the demanding task of the structural modernization of the region, there is risk of a further decline in its competitiveness. Chart 1: GDP / capita Region Karlovy Vary Source: CZSO, own processing The cause of economic stagnation in Region Karlovy Vary is mainly the low labour productivity. Chart 2 shows that in the region s economy are more represented fields, which tend to have lower productivity and less contribute to the creation of added value. The sectoral structure of the region s economy is one of the causes for its relative backwardness compared to other areas of the Czech Republic. The second, equally important cause of poor economic performance is the very low level of labour productivity itself throughout almost all sectors of the economy in the region Karlovy Vary region (see Chart 2). The reason for this can be particularly the orientation on simpler production with lower added value that is related with the position of companies in the low level if the production value chain. Chart 2: The economy sectors (according to NACE classification) and their position in terms of productivity and Lq,

6 6 Source: Analysis of Karlovy Vary region development characteristics and potential, Bermann Group 2012 Economic stagnation in the region is also reflected in its demographic situation. After the stagnation of population during the years , since 2009 occurs a relatively significant declination, mainly due to negative migration balance, which could no longer compensate the relatively small natural population growth. Between 2008 and 2012 (to 30.6) the region lost about 6 thousand inhabitants, or about 2% of the state of The demographic specifics of the region currently include its relatively big attraction for foreigner immigration (mostly from the former Soviet Union) and a relatively favourable age structure of the population. As regards the NUTS2 - Northwest, the basic characteristics of the economic and demographic development are practically and relatively identical compared to the the situation in the Region Karlovy Vary. 1.3 The Regional and Local Innovation System Regional and local innovation systems are in the Region Karlovy Vary only in embryonic form and their effects (in terms of modernization of the economic base of the region) are still more symbolic than real. The supply range and the system effectiveness, however, closely correspond with the state of demand for innovation. Economics of Region Karlovy Vary is focuses more on the traditional sectors with lower added value and generally also with lower knowledge demands. There are several reasons for this ; peripheral location of the region and its weak economy, unfavourable position of local firms in global value chains or outdated structure of the economy with emphasis on traditional industries using local mineral resources and especially the cheap labour. All this triggers the formation of the so-called regional innovation paradox: in the Region Karlovy Vary, as in the underdeveloped region, there is (compared with more developed regions) a obvious contradiction between the comparatively higher need to support the innovation with even more funds and organizational efforts (this need capture all relevant strategic documents of the region - see below) and relatively lower innovative capacity with limited capabilities of local economy to 6

7 7 absorb public expenditure intended to support innovation and to transform them into investments related with innovations. This means the more innovation in backward regions is needed to maintain and increase their companies' competitive position in the growing global competition the more difficult it is in these regions to effectively invest and thereby to absorb public funds to support innovation. Resolving this Innovation Paradox requires a long-term politics which both increase the capacity of regions to absorb the investment incentives for innovative activities and improve the quality of human capital. Innovative paradox is not the result of the market failure, but it is the result of a system failure in the politics management. While for example cohesion politics using the European Fund for Regional Development is or should be focused on underdeveloped regions and convergence promotion, industrial and scientific-technical politics rather more strengthens the regional disparities, because more public funds are absorbed by richer regions which to the fact have better conditions and higher absorption capacity. The key problem in the region Karlovy Vary is in this regard the lack of coordination between regional, industrial and scientific research politics in the Czech Republic and the EU. The main cause of regional innovation paradox in Region Karlovy Vary is not primarily the low availability of public resources. The explanation must be found in the nature of the regional innovation system and institutional characteristics of these regions. The Companies here frequently articulate with low demand for science and research and other innovation inputs and they lack the tradition of cooperation and trust both between themselves and between other entities in the innovation system, i.e. the knowledge providers, research institutions and universities. The Companies simply don't inquire innovative inputs or services. On the other hand, neither the existing regional scientific research and knowledge infrastructure is firmly planted, resp. embedded into the regional economy. Therefore, the suppliers of innovative services (specific knowledge, technology, education, venture capital, etc.) are not able to identify the innovation needs and capabilities of regional companies and demand for innovation (inputs and services). There are barriers among those who offer and provide knowledge and those who would take advantage of the knowledge. This basic weakness in establishment of regional and local innovation systems moreover identify the results of structured interviews with local innovation processes stakeholders. Demand for innovation and the willingness to public support is clearly formulated as the currently applicable Region Karlovy Vary Development Programme , as in the Regional Development Programme for the period (RDP) that is now ready for approval. The second of the documents mentioned in this section formulates its region goal as "to increase the intensity research and development in companies and their market penetration, to increase the innovation performance of the companies, establish and to extend the culture of innovative entrepreneurship in the region" through: Development of R&D company capacities Strengthening the innovative business culture By building up the regional innovative infrastructure. With the strengthening of innovative potential of the region also relates with another goal of RDP, namely "to increase the availability of skilled professionals for the purposes of business development in key sectors / value economy chains of the Region Karlovy Vary" by supporting cooperative links between schools and companies and improving the quality and relevance of education in the region. To implement these plans, our Region is equipped with its own regional innovation strategy that bears the name Competitiveness Development Strategy in the Region Karlovy Vary (SCKVR). Precisely this document presents the basis for practical activities BDA. SCKVR (in updated form for 2012) formulates three pillar of the innovation strategy: 7

8 8 (i) (ii) (iii) innovative entrepreneurship and the use research and development results in the business sector improving the quality of human resources, improving the availability of qualified, educated and skilled workers, particularly in technical fields and improving the business environment and increasing the inflow of foreign investments in the region. As regards the cities and municipalities of the region - according to the survey conducted in the interest in supporting small and medium business (including the innovative) was featured between priorities on the third place (surpassed only by priority "tourism" and "education"). The high interest of local governments in the region to this priority, however, contrasts with their limited options (competence and financial) to achieve effective improvement in this field. In accordance with local government representatives, coordination of activities on the regional level appears to be necessary. Only in this way will be possible to concentrate local, regional, national and European resources for core activities with significant structural impact both for the region as a complex and for individual towns and communities. Crucial should be the support for innovative entrepreneurship, supporting the transfer of research results into commercial practice and the clusters development. The contradiction between the interests of cities and towns of the Region Karlovy Vary on the priority and helplessness, as in its own competence to realize is illustrated by the fact that only one city of the region (Karlovy Vary) has approved its local business support program, that counts on building their own local innovation system. Unfortunately, in this case, the practical implementation of the system fails. The regional innovation system is in practice fulfilled only by these activities BDA (on behalf of of the Region Karlovy Vary): Innovation vouchers are a tool for the cooperation support of enterprises in the Region Karlovy Vary with scientific research institutions (anywhere in the CR). Allowing the company to focus on its business, while the researcher adds the necessary knowledge for innovation. Mutual cooperation would provide high added value, which can greatly enhance the competitiveness of the participating parties. Innovation vouchers help to eliminate the barriers of mutual distrust in corporate and academic world. The company can only spend the voucher for from the provider purchased knowledge, which is new for them, is not widely available and will strengthen the company's competitiveness. The first innovation vouchers were distributed in the Karlovy Vary region in 2012, according to Public tender documentation in research, development and innovations, approved by region Council on the The support amount varied between 66 to 170 thousand CZK, and the total million CZK were allocated. Competition for innovative product / company of the year, whose purpose is to expand the awareness of need for innovation, research and development for business growth and encourage with implementing of innovation especially among entrepreneurs, business owners and prospective business owners. The object of the competition is to recognize and highlight the best businesses in the field of innovation and at the same time to present the Region Karlovy Vary possessing an innovation potential. The preparation of the Science and Technology Park of the Karlovy Vary region (STP), whose investor will be the Region Karlovy Vary with the support of financial aid from the Business and Innovation Operational Programme ( Prosperity support program ). Estimated eligible costs of the project are CZK 252 million CZK, provided subsidies will be almost 199 million CZK. The project will involve the construction of three newly built two-storey buildings and entrance hall with conference room that will represent the newly built floor area of about sqm. This newly built infrastructure will mainly serve as a support for business in the field of research and development and as a support for the creation and development of innovative companies. Construction of STP is one of the key projects approved by the Development Strategy of competitiveness in Region Karlovy Vary. Within the STP will be expanded cooperation between companies and entities in the Region Karlovy Vary with the Czech 8

9 9 Agricultural University in Prague (ČZU), possibly with other universities and scientific and research organizations. And also will be created the conditions for establishment of new innovative companies from the region and from other areas of the CR and Europe. As the target groups of the project were identified functional small and medium-sized enterprises (growth phase), start-ups (start-up phase) and other subjects in the field of science and research, as well the stable large companies implementing applied research and development. STP should be commissioned in Besides these direct activities KARP implements a number of analyzes designed to map out the conditions for innovative entrepreneurship in the Karlovy Vary region and to promote the region within the Czech Republic and abroad. For example the project "Technological profile of the CR" sheltered by the Association of Innovative Entrepreneurship CR (AIE), a project cluster worth (OP Transnational Cooperation Central Europe), Project Unipranet serving to connect the universities with business practice, etc. Additional intentions for innovative environment support with which Carlsbad calculated in the following period, include: Construction of one or more innovative incubators Construction of university campus Besides the regional innovation system, prepared within the competence of the regional government, creating conditions for the development of innovative entrepreneurship in the region and also creating the national support system. On the national level are all programs of business support and innovation combined into a single operational program, which allows the concentrated use of the resources from EU structural funds and resources from national sources. It is the Business and Innovation Operational Programme (BIOP) that provides grants, credits and guarantees to small and medium-sized businesses through 15 subroutines oriented to different target groups, generally there is given high emphasis on innovation potential for the supported projects. In the program were received since 2007 to October 2012 a total of 20,233 applications for support, of which only 501, or about 2.5% of the total were the organizations active in the Region Karlovy Vary. In the same period, were approved to support 7,806 projects, in Karlovy Vary only 172 (2.2% of the total). Even in this limited range of supported projects only a minority of projects (72) has a higher level of product, technological or organizational innovation. In this regard, the Region Karlovy Vary takes within the CR by far the last place in an absolute as well as in a relative scale. Also these data show very low absorption capacity of business entities in the region, as it was pointed out at the beginning of this chapter. All elements of a theoretical model of the regional innovation system (Chart 3) are within the region underdeveloped at the moment, and its construction is a big challenge for the future for the whole region. 9

10 10 Chart 3: Regional innovation system scheme 10

11 11 2. Regional innovation and highly qualified human capital skills statistics 2.1 Regional Innovation Statistics Research and development in the Czech Republic is an important source of new knowledge that can contribute to successful transformation into innovations and thereby to improve the quality of life ( health, social, economic and other aspects). The economic importance of innovative activities is growing especially with the change of competitive advantage sources of the Czech economy related to a progressive loss of price competitiveness. For responsible decisions in the field of policy research, development and innovation, is necessary a good knowledge of the innovation system and its development trends. The annual report of the Government Council for Research, Development and Innovation shows the basic research, development and innovation informations in the Czech Republic and provides the comparison of the situation and trends in this field with other countries. From the report for the year 2011 ("ANALYSIS OF THE RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION STATE IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC AND THEIR COMPARISON WITH ABROAD IN 2011", Government Office, 2011), results the subsequent main findings: Research, development and innovation in companies Research and development is carried out in the Czech Republic especially in the business sector, which includes the vast majority of the more than 2,500 research institutions. The business sector is also the most important sector in terms of financial resources consumed in research and development and in terms of financial resources expended for financing the research and development activities. In the business sector also works more than a half of all employees in research and development. More detailed view of the business sector structure shows that the driver of R&D activities are foreign-controlled enterprises, where was expended almost 60% of total R&D expenditures of the business sector, predominantly from its own resources. Research and development in foreign-controlled enterprisesis more concentrated than in the private domestic corporation R&D. While average annual R&D investment per company under foreign control achieves nearly CZK 42 million in sector of private domestic enterprises it is approximately 8 million CZK. From a sectoral perspective is traditionally the most important carrier of R&D activities the automotive industry, where for the R&D was spent more than a quarter of all business R&D expenditures. Dynamic growth in recent years detects expenditures for R&D in the field of information technology, which also connected with the creation of new R&D departments in this branch. The sectoral orientation of the corporate research and development is reflected in the dominant representation of R&D employees in the fields of technical sciences. A remarkable feature of R&D in the business sector is in a long term a significant gender imbalance R&D personnel, since women make up only about 20% of all R&D employees in this sector. For comparison, in public research, is the share of women about 42%. Growth of R&D expenditures in the business sector is accompanied by a slight increase in the number of patent applications filed by business entities. The Czech Republic still lags far behind the European average in the number of patent applications and granted patents. Lower patent activity partly results from the fact that the companies in the Czech Republic still innovate particularly only through the adoption and adaptation of existing technologies, rather than by developing a brand new (patentable) technical solutions. This is confirmed by the data which demonstrate that the sectors where companies invest more intensively in R&D (knowledge-intensive sectors.). These secotrs are characterized by higher 11

12 12 number of patent applications and by higher earnings from on the market applied innovative products. Besides the automotive sector, the knowledge-intensive sectors. (ie, with above-average share of expenditure on R&D) don't significantly participate on the creation of added value of the Czech economy. However, the dynamics of these sectors is favorable. Favorable is also the fact that the international trade of high-tech products growing faster in the Czech Republic than the overall foreign trade, as it refers to the increasing competitiveness of this production on foreign markets. Research, development and innovation in the public sector In public research, where the the dominant part have the public research institutions established by the ASCR and public universities, there occurs to gradual structural changes, where the part of the university sector to total government expenditure on R&D has increased since 2000 from 36% to 48%. In terms of sectoral structure of public R&D still remains valid that R&D in technical sciences is carried out mainly at the universities, R&D in the natural sciences are predominantly carried out by the public research institutions established by the Academy of Sciences CR. The number and quality of R&D results achieved in public research grows. The publications in professional journals are the main form of the disclosure of R&D results that were achieved with the help of public funds. However the group of application-oriented results grew more significant in the recent years. The sectoral structure of R&D achieved results is also changing, where the most significant grew number of results in social sciences and humanities. But, It is important to be noted that each result types are just extremely difficult to compare, for example, in terms of human capacity, or financial costs and time needed to obtain them. Cooperation in research, development and innovation The persistent weakness of the innovation system in the Czech Republic is the low cooperation between public research and enterprises. Looking at share of corporate resources in expenditures for university R&D (1.1%) and government (4.7%), it is particularly obvious. These values are far below the the European average. These results also support the innovation survey data, according to them - the university or public research organizations are not the key partners for corporate innovative activities. Since the important role in the innovation system of the Czech Republic is played by the enterprises under foreign control, in this context, it is a challenge to create a closer and longerterm relationships between companies and public research. However, it is also evident the low intensity of R&D collaboration on the international level, where you can observe the especially low interest of research groups (mainly public research) in international cooperation in the 7th Framework Programme as well as in other European initiatives. Potential of human resources for research, development and innovation In terms of human resources potential for R&D is positive that the number of students and graduates constantly grows. Despite the growing number of university students can be expected that the share of population with tertiary education will gradually converge to the EU average, the question remains the 12

13 13 quality of education that the today students receive. The question related to potential for R&D are the changes in the structure of the studied programs. Statistics shows that there is a shift from the study of technical programs and even in the case of natural and medical sciences is the increase in the number of new students and graduates not significant. On the contrary, a growing interest in study detect in recent years the social sciences, business and law and humanities. These changes in the popularity of each program are already evident in the change of the branch structure of the population with tertiary education. In international comparison of innovative potential the CR in long term oscillates approximately in the third dozen of all countries (in 2010 it was the 33 placel). However, the factors of this potential are very differentiated. The Czech Republic is characterized by a relatively high capacity for innovation (ie, relatively high potential of innovation), on the other hand deteriorated situation in terms of development results and development for production practice application. One of the reasons is the quantity and quality of human potential that is available in the innovative sector of the CR. Table 2: Ranking of CR in selected pillars characteristics "Business Sophistication" and "Innovation" from GCI, Innovative potential factor Ranking of CR The number of local suppliers 22 Innovation capacity 24 Quality of local suppliers 17 Quality of R & D institutions 21 Cluster development state 41 Companies R & D expenditures 25 The competitive advantages character 42 University-industry cooperation in the area of R & D 29 Width of the value chain 29 Government procurements in the field of technology products 31 International distribution control 117 Scientists and engineers availability 50 Sophistication of the manufacturing process 34 Patents 34 Marketing range 41 Note: The rank in The Global Competitiveness Report is determined by individual indicators values achieved among the comparison of 139 countries. Source: WEF - The Global Competitiveness Report Within the EU - 27, CR belongs with the performance of its innovation sector to the average. However, the research and innovation capacities are are here extremely territorially concentrated in a few urban agglomerations, of which only Prague represents in the European context the significant non-regional research and innovation centre (working here nearly half of all researchers of the Czech Republic). On the contrary, the Region Karlovy Vary contributes on the innovation potential of the CR with a negligible percentage (see Tab. 3). The absolute number of researchers varies here permanently by only a few dozen people, and thus the Region occupies relatively only about 0.2% of national capacities, thus is 13

14 14 much less than the region's share in the population Republic GDP. Table 3: Researchers by region CR, regions Total Main sector of their employment in 2010 Business enterprise Government Higher education Total Females Total Females Total Females Czech Republic Prague Central South Bohemian Pilsen Karlovy Vary Usti Liberec Hradec Kralove Pardubice Vysocina South Moravian Olomouc Zlin Moravian-Silesian Source: CZSO Chart 4: Number of researchers - full-time equivalent (FTE) Source: CZSO 14

15 15 The insignificant share of exports of high - tech goods from the Czech Republic corresponds with the low number of researchers in the region. Even here oscillates the share of the region in the long term between 0.1 and 0.2%. The share above 1% reaches the region only with the non-electrical machinery export (see Tab. 4). Table 4: Export of high-tech goods from the CR By group of high-tech goods in 2010 CR, regions 2010 Computer s-office machines Electronics, telecommunications Electrical machinery Scientific instruments Aerospace Pharmacy Chemistry Nonelectrical machinery Armament Czech Republic Prague Central South Bohemian Pilsen Karlovy Vary Usti Liberec Hradec Kralove Pardubice Vysocina South Moravian Olomouc Zlin Moravian- Silesian Unidentified Source: CZSO 2.2 Highly qualified human capital skills statistics The lower level of educational structure in the region has a deep-rooted tradition, that corresponds with the previous economic and social development of the region - especially with its economic structure, dominated by the sectors with relatively low requirements on the number of university-educated professionals (mining, spas, etc.). Alarming is not only the fact of the initial low share of population with tertiary education, as the fact that this share at present is almost stagnant particularly in the last decade and thus deepens the lagging of the region behind the progress of the Czech Republic (all the following data are taken from time series of annual results of the Labour Force Survey CSO). While in the Czech Republic has increased the share of the population older than 15 years between the years from 9.2% to 13.7%, by analogy in the Karlovy Vary region the increase was only from 6.0% to 7.7%. Similar situation was then in the share of university graduates employed in the national 15

16 16 economy: the CR rate increased from 13.0% to 18.4%, the Karlovy Vary Region rate increased only from 8.5% to 9.8%. More obvious is the lagging of the region visible in the analysis of the absolute number of academic staff in the county. Among people over 15 years of age in the Czech Republic between has the number increased by , and quite equally in time, in the Karlovy Vary region was it just less than 5000, with large inter-annual fluctuations (see Table 5 and 6 ). Table 5: Development of the population older than 15 years according to the education groups in the Czech Republic Primary education or no education Secondary without GCE Secondary with GCE Higher education 1 981, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,6 791,0 813,7 831,7 862,2 907,1 954,6 974, , , ,3 TOTAL 8 577, , , , , , , , , ,4 Source: CZSO Table 6: Development of the population older than 15 years according to the education groups in Karlovy Vary region (KVR) Primary education or no education Secondary without GCE Secondary with GCE Higher education 70,3 69,3 69,4 68,1 68,1 64,4 59,3 62,9 65,5 60,4 96,2 97,6 92,6 98,7 98,2 102,0 99,4 101,5 99,5 97,7 71,8 72,9 76,8 72,4 73,7 74,8 83,1 82,3 77,1 84,4 15,2 14,2 16,3 16,9 17,9 17,4 18,3 16,6 21,9 20,1 TOTAL 253,4 254,1 255,1 256,2 257,9 258,7 260,2 263,3 263,9 262,5 Source: CZSO Natural sources, of even not so high absolute increase of the number of specialists with higher education in the region, are: migration balance of full-time university students migration balance of combined and distance study students migration balance of adult population with previously closed university education commuting to work balance For accurate quantification of these sources are not available the necessary statistic data - an indicator of their influence can be therefore only the "indirect evidence". Obviously, "natural" and perspective source of that growth are primarily the full-time_ university graduates with permanent resident in RKV. The strength of this source is "undermined" by the fact that 16

17 17 the daily university study represents a slightly lower share of the relevant age groups (in particular (20-24) than the corresponding CR average. In the RKV oscillated for example the proportion of the age group years in the total population of this age in the CR throughout the period from 2001 to 2010 between 3.0 to 3.1%, the share of the region in the number of full-time university students in the Czech Republic (Czech citizens) in the same period grew from 2.5% to 2.7%. Lower intensity of interest in higher education by young population in the region points towards the social rather than spatial unavailability of this type of education. If the total growth of graduates with (originally) permanent residence in RKV was within the years in total 12,100 people and it is alarming that in the same period the number of university experts on the population of the region grew only by 4900 people! Region Karlovy Vary works paradoxically within the Czech Republic as one of the leading "exporters" of university-educated professionals. A key reason is the low absorption capacity of the regional labour market regarding the people with university education. This proves among others the fact that even the graduates who return back to RKV after graduating find a job on the labour market, harder than the CR average. In 2010 was the overall failure rate of university graduates in the labour market within the CR 3.5%, in the RKV it was 4.4%. Although the difference is not dramatic (and generally in RKV, the high school graduation is a good basis for a relatively smooth job finding on the labour market), but it indicates that "eagerness" of labour market in the region, even after such a "scarce commodity" that the university experts are, is very limited! Keeping more students in the regions and consequently also more graduates (or generally professionals with higher education) is possible only via interesting offers and attractive professions and fields where these experts could enforce - it means by changing socio - economic structure of the region. Compared to the Czech average is the Region Karlovy Vary characterized mainly by higher share of mining and energy sectors regarding the creation of gross value added in the region. On the contrary, lower is especially the share of services - with the honorable exception of the spa. The manufacturing industry alone participates here in the GDP less than the national average. The reason for the lack of growth in the importance of manufacturing industry in the regional structure during the past approx. 15 years is the insufficient (again compared to national average) inflow of FDI (foreign direct investments). These investments largely avoided the region - that's why the traditional sectors of industry with lower productivity still dominate. The Region Karlovy Vary is characterized by a high proportion of people employed in accommodation and restaurants, reflecting the tourism and spa character of the region. Similarly, higher employment in the health sector shows powerful role of spa. RKV is also together with the Moravian-Silesian and Ústí region the largest center of mining and energy sectors. The public administration holds also a high share of employment in the region. On the contrary in addition to already mentioned manufacturing industry: bellow the average are represented the sectors of market infrastructure (financial intermediation, real estate, business services, etc.) Table 7: Employment by industry (2011, %) Industry title (CZ-NACE code) PHA STC JHC PLK KVR ULK LBK HKK PAK VYS JHM OLK ZLK MSK ČR Agriculture, forestry, fishing (A) 0,3 2,9 5,5 4,9 2,8 2,8 2,3 4,4 4,7 5,8 2,9 3,8 3,2 1,9 3,1 Mining and quarry (B) 0 0,3 0,2 0,7 4,2 2,1 1 0,2 0,2 0,5 0,5 0,4 0,1 3,8 0,9 Manufacturing industry(c) 7,6 24,3 28,3 29,7 24,4 26,4 37,4 30, ,7 24,8 29,5 36,5 30,3 26,3 Electricity, gas, heat (D) 0,9 1,2 1,7 1,4 1,4 1,5 0,8 0,9 0,7 1,3 1,1 0,7 1,2 1,5 1,2 Water, waste management, remediation (E) 0,7 1,1 1 1,7 1,4 1,9 0,9 1,1 1,2 1,1 0,8 1 0,9 0,9 1,1 17

18 18 Building industry (F) 7,6 8,7 11 9,4 8,7 11,4 9,2 8,7 8,8 8 8,3 8,5 10 7,6 8,8 Business (G) 14,9 13,4 11,8 11,8 12,5 10,5 10,2 10,1 12,5 10,5 11, ,2 11,4 12,2 Transport and storage (H) 6,9 8,8 5,9 5,4 7 7, ,8 5,2 6,9 6,3 4,8 5,8 6,5 Accommodation and cattering (I) 6,3 4,2 4,5 3 5,8 3,2 3, ,5 3,4 3 3,3 2,8 3,9 Information and communication activities (J) 8,6 3,5 2,1 1,5 0,6 2,2 1,6 2,3 1,7 0,9 2,9 1 1,3 2,8 3 Finance and insurance (K) 5,2 3,1 1,5 2 1,2 1,6 1,5 1,8 2,5 1,9 2,8 2,1 1,3 2,3 2,5 Real estate activities (L) 1,9 1,1 0,4 0,6 0,9 1,2 0,5 0,3 0,4 0,1 0,8 0,7 0,5 0,7 0,9 Profession, scientific and technical activities (M) Administration and support services (N) Public administration and defense (O) 7,9 4,3 2,7 2,9 2,6 2,6 3,7 3,7 3,7 2,7 6 3,2 2,7 2,9 4,1 4 2,4 2,2 1,6 2,7 2,6 1,5 0, , ,9 2,4 7,4 6,2 5,7 6,9 7,2 6,5 6,2 6,6 4,5 6,8 7,2 9,1 4,5 6,3 6,6 Education (P) 7,8 5,2 5,7 5,8 5,4 5,6 4,9 7,2 5,9 5,6 6 5,6 5,4 5,3 5,9 Health and social care (Q) 5,8 5,5 5,5 6,4 7,4 7,1 6,6 7,1 6,7 6,9 7,7 8 6,8 7,2 6,7 Culture, entertainment and leisure activities (R) 3,7 1,5 1,9 1,6 2 1,2 1,7 1,6 0,6 1,1 1,6 0,8 1,7 1,2 1,7 Other activities (S) 2,4 2,2 1,7 2,4 1,1 2 0,9 1,6 1,3 0,9 1,6 1 1,7 1,7 1,8 Household activities (T) 0,1 0,1 0,8 0,3 0,6 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,9 0,3 0,4 0,3 0 0,8 0,4 Exterritorial organizations (U) ,1 0 0, , Total Source: CZSO In the manufacturing industry in RKV, the actual employment rate characterizes it inadequately: important is the technological intensity analysis of the industry mentioned, since the technologies determine how the degree of added value so the potential competitiveness. As illustrated by the following cartograms, the situation in the Region is in this regard not very favourable: in long term RKV figures on one of the last places among the Regions regarding the highly technologically demanding industries. Even this, of course, causes extensive demands on the relatively low-skilled labour (and low demand for university-educated professionals). Chart 5: Share of high-intensive industry on the manufacturing employment (2011, %) 18

19 19 Source: National Training Fund In the region is equally unfavourable situation regarding the share of employment in knowledge-intensive services. Although the services (especially health care, spa care, tourism and social services) belong to profiling branches of the regional economy. Even there persists relatively little demand for skilled labour (see Chart 6). Chart 6: Share of knowledge-intensive services in total employment (2009, %) Source: National Training Fund Structure of sectoral employment is logically reflected in an adverse professional employment structure, where the region shows substandard share (in relation to the national average) in demanding (and better stipendiary) positions, such as managers, professionals, technicians and skilled craftsmen, and vice versa average share of unskilled workers, plant and machine operators, service workers in services and commerce (see Chart 7). 19

20 20 Chart 7: Occupational structure of employment (2011, %) Source: CZSO Unfavourable occupational structure is one of the causes of deeply substandard wage level (In long term, the Karlovy Vary region figures for this indicator on the last place among the Regions in CR). Paradoxically, however, this weakness doesn't affect the amount remuneration of persons with higher education. The region is ranging in this group with the average wage in recent years between place 6 and 7 among the regions in CR. The reason for this situation is the fact that most of the "college students" of the region is concentrated firstly in sectors where the remuneration is relatively independent on the labour productivity in the region (public administration, health care), and secondly in specialized 20

21 21 professions as mining and energy sectors (i.e. sectors with relatively high level of wages). Remaining sectors of the region economy, i.e. both the manufacturing industry and the sector of public and private services can with wages hardly (generally, honour to exceptions!) compete with the abovementioned sectors. The university experts are for them at the current level of labour productivity the hard available "goods". 2.3 The outlook for the regional economy structure in terms of innovation potential The dark side of the economic structure of the Region Karlovy Vary is the fact that a large part of the key industries is currently undergoing with deterioration. These include in particular the traditional porcelain, glass and ceramics production, which are the fields that reached due to the very strong competition in terms of sales (especially from low-cost economies) and strong growth in costs caused by rising cost of power the very serious problems. The proof of this is in the region the currently bankrupt large companies, producing porcelain and glass. Since those industries were not so attractive to foreign investors and companies in these sectors therefore were not able to draw positives of entry of foreign owners (capital, know-how, access to markets, etc.), the "key" industry of the region finds itself in major recession, that results in (and will result) in significant impact throughout the economy of the region. In addition to traditional industries another particularity of the region is the mining of brown coal and other mineral resources. This sector is in the long term not considerable as the crucial development of the region, because the minerals as its basis will sooner or later run out (according to current assumptions in the horizon of years), and it will be necessary to transform the industry into other activities. On the other hand, mining and other related activities in the region can be for the future connected with more traditional sectors with a rich history as for example woodworking industry. For this industry there are large stocks of wood and a long tradition and experience in working with wood. The woodworking industry meant considerable environmental degradation of the region in the past. According to a number of indicators in the field of environment region belongs among strong affected areas, which is obviously not conducive to economic development. On the other hand, this "devastation" creates a region with its way unique locality. Coal mining is already in many locations phasing out and in the future will this attenuation continue. A positive effect of coal mining reduction may be the creation of the revitalization conditions for the impaired and devastated landscape. And this may be the crucial connection to activities of the subjects in the woodworking industry as well as in other fields. The common theme is the protection of the environment and landscape. One of the new directions can be the focus on recultivation and remediation of the damaged landscapes in worst affected areas. The second direction, which is offered with regard to damaged forest stands, is the orientation on the currently emerging sector of alternative fuels - the biomass and the renewable energy sources. Significant development potential also conceal the traditional industries in the region of machine industry and metalworking industries, whether in relation to the "modern" energetics, environmental protection and timber processing, or in connection with the ( now in the region nonexistent ) research of new technologies (materials physics, biotechnology, etc.). 3. Main strengths/challenges in partners regions relating to the attraction and retention of highly qualified human capital 3.1 Strengths and challenges The Region Karlovy Vary is the region with the absolutely lowest number of specialists with higher education in the CR and in terms of their relative share of the population (over 15 years) and workers in the national economy included, the region is moving steadily on the second worst place within the CR. In 21

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