** Pressure represents energy when a. pressure difference is available.

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1 4 * ** Pressure represents energy when a pressure difference is available.

2 Potential Energy Datum

3 Potential Energy Datum

4 Pressure Energy

5 Pressure Energy

6 Kinetic Energy

7 Kinetic Energy

8 Kinetic Energy Dividing each side of the equation by weight (mg) yields:

9 Velocity Head Calculation When water moves, kinetic energy (also termed velocity head), is calculated by the relationship: (equation 1) h v = V 2 / 2g, where h v is velocity head V is water velocity g is the gravitational constant 32.2 feet per second squared.

10 Example: calculation of velocity head as flow approaches a weir If water velocity at point B is 4 fps, then velocity head at point B is calculated as: h v = V 2 / 2g (equation 1) = (4 fps) 2 /(2 x 32.2 ft/s 2 ) = 16/64.4 (do units check?) = 0.25 feet A velocity head of 0.25 feet means that the water surface will drop 0.25 feet from A to B, assuming that velocity at A is nearly zero.

11 Energy Forms Summary Symbol Form of Energy Units z Potential Head Length h Pressure Head Length V 2 /2g Velocity Head Length

12

13 Weir Flow

14 Weir Flow Free Discharge

15 Weir Flow Free Discharge

16 Equation 2: Q=C w L(H + Weir Flow Free Discharge V o 2g 2 ) 3/2 Where: C w = Weir Coefficient (handbook) L = Weir Length H= Head across weir V o2 /2g = Velocity Head Sharp crested weir

17 Submerged Weirs

18 Weir Flow Submerged Discharge Q submerged = Q/Q 1 x Q unsubmerged

19 Example: Submerged Weir If H 1 =1 ft and H 2 =.33 ft, then H 2 /H 1 =.33 If H 2 /H 1 =.33, then Q/Q 1 = 0.85 (chart) Then Q submerged = 0.85 x Q unsubmerged, with Q unsubmerged from equation 2

20 Orifice Flow Free Discharge

21 Orifice Flow Free Discharge

22 Orifice Flow Free Discharge DH

23 Orifice Flow Contraction Coefficients

24 (Circular) Orifice Flow Free Discharge C d = C c C v Q = AV = C d A o (2gDH) 0.5

25 Orifice Flow Submerged Discharge

26 Orifice Flow Submerged Discharge

27 Orifice Flow Submerged Discharge

28 Orifice Flow Submerged Discharge

29 Orifice Flow Submerged Discharge

30 (Circular) Orifice Flow Submerged Discharge C d = C c C v Q = AV = C d A o (2gDH) 0.5

31 Example: Orifice Flow Equation The entire fishway flow passes through two 18 x 24 orifices with a 0.75 foot difference in water surface elevation. The forebay velocity is 0.1 ft/s. Calculate the orifice flow rate.

32 Priest Rapids FB Control Orifices

33 Example: calculation of orifice flow First, calculate the velocity head (equation 2): h v = / (2 x 32.2) = ft Using equation 4: Q = 0.61 x A x [2g(H+ h v )] ½ Q = 0.61 x 18/12 ft x 24/12 ft x [2 x 32.2 x (9/ ) ft] ½ = 0.61 x 1.5 x 2 x 6.95 = 12.7 cfs, Or, Q = 25.4 cfs for both orifices Note that the calculated velocity head is negligible (slow forebay velocity) Note that the coefficient of 0.61 is only for a rectangular orifice. For further guidance on various orifice coefficients for a variety of shapes, see Water Measurement Manual, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado, 1981.

34 Open Channel Flow

35 Open Channel Flow R h = A/P = Manning s Roughness Coefficient (find using Google)

36 Handy Conversions 1 cubic feet per second = gallons per minute 1 gallon per minute = 1440 gallons per day 1 cubic meter per second = cubic feet per second 1 cubic foot per second = 2 acre feet per day 1 acre foot per day = cubic feet per second 1 cubic feet = 7.48 gallons 1 cubic foot of water = 62.4 pounds 1 gallon of water = 8.34 pounds 1 foot per second = meters per second degrees F 32 x 5/9 = degrees Celsius 1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds 1 foot per second = kilometers per hour = miles per hour = 16.4 miles per day Or e mail me at Bryan.Nordlund@noaa.gov for a handy conversions freeware

37 Modeling Tools Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Models Scaled Physical Models

38 Hydraulic Modeling

39 Hydraulic Modeling

40 Numerical Modeling

41 Numerical Modeling

42 The End

43 Upstream Passage Fishways 1

44 What I m going to talk about Fishway nomenclature Fishway components Entrances Fishway styles Flow control Exits 2

45 Fishway components Tailwater Entrance Entrance pool Transportation channel Auxiliary water system Fish ladder Flow control Exit Forebay 3

46 Forebay Trashracks Dam Low Flow Entrance 3 x5 Attraction Jet Tailwater High Flow Entrance 4 x5 Aux Water Diffuser 4

47 Fishway Entrances Getting fish into the fishway is 90% of the design challenge NFI = NFO Design flow range At location of barrier at all flows Tailrace scale entrance approach conditions distraction Entrance hydraulic and lighting conditions 5

48 Powerhouse Crowning Spillway 6

49 Hell s Canyon Fraser River 7

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