IBM Tivoli Security Compliance Manager

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1 Front cover Deployment Guide Series: IBM Tivoli Security Compliance Manager Business context and legal compliance discussion Best practices in a banking customer scenario Complete deployment guide with hands-on Axel Buecker Hendrik H. Fulda Dieter Riexinger ibm.com/redbooks

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3 International Technical Support Organization Deployment Guide Series: IBM Tivoli Security Compliance Manager August 2005 SG

4 Note: Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in Notices on page vii. First Edition (August 2005) This edition applies to Version 5, Release 1, Modification 0 of IBM Tivoli Security Compliance Manager (product number 5724-F82). Copyright International Business Machines Corporation All rights reserved. Note to U.S. Government Users Restricted Rights -- Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp.

5 Contents Notices vii Trademarks viii Preface ix The team that wrote this redbook ix Become a published author xi Comments welcome xi Part 1. Architecture and design Chapter 1. Business context for security compliance management Introduction to compliance management Why compliance management? Determining the how: influencing factors General challenges Conclusion Chapter 2. Tivoli Security Compliance Manager design and structure Logical component architecture Data collection components Compliance evaluation components Compliance report components Security Compliance Manager server Administration components Physical component architecture Communication port usage Deployment on physical nodes Security Compliance Manager walkthrough Chapter 3. Architecting a Security Compliance Management solution Solution architectures, design, and methodologies Design process Typical context of Security Compliance Manager solutions Phased project approach Placing components in network zones Deployment of Security Compliance Manager clients Delegated administration Implementation of Security Compliance Manager policies Integration with access control management systems Copyright IBM Corp All rights reserved. iii

6 3.2.8 Integration with Tivoli Risk Manager Business processes and compliance management A generic security compliance management business process Security Compliance Manager business process support Automated security compliance management Part 2. Customer environment Chapter 4. Armando Brothers Banking Corp Company profile Current IT architecture Existing security infrastructure Existing middleware infrastructure Current security policies and standards Emerging problems Strategic objectives Critical success factors for strategy implementation Resulting business requirements Requirements on project execution ROI study and results Chapter 5. Security Compliance Manager design Functional requirements Phase I: Establishing a baseline Phase II: Extend coverage Design objectives General and infrastructure objectives Platform specific security concepts Implementation architecture Physical components User roles and responsibilities Project organization Chapter 6. Technical implementation Deployment phase I Planning and installing the server DB2 maintenance tasks Deploying clients Installing the reporting server Configuring operational reports Deployment phase II Tivoli Access Manager integration Tivoli Risk Manager integration Collector development iv Deployment Guide Series: IBM Tivoli Security Compliance Manager

7 6.2.4 Report development Conclusion Part 3. Appendixes Appendix A. Developing a custom collector Required method getreleasenumber() Required method getcompatibleos() Required method getdescription() Required method getparameters() Required method gettables() Required method executev2() Appendix B. Introducing the Security Vulnerability Index So what is the IBM Global Services Vulnerability Index? How does it work? Appendix C. Additional material Locating the Web material Using the Web material How to use the Web material Glossary Related publications IBM Redbooks Other publications Online resources How to get IBM Redbooks Help from IBM Index Contents v

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9 Notices This information was developed for products and services offered in the U.S.A. IBM may not offer the products, services, or features discussed in this document in other countries. Consult your local IBM representative for information on the products and services currently available in your area. Any reference to an IBM product, program, or service is not intended to state or imply that only that IBM product, program, or service may be used. Any functionally equivalent product, program, or service that does not infringe any IBM intellectual property right may be used instead. However, it is the user's responsibility to evaluate and verify the operation of any non-ibm product, program, or service. IBM may have patents or pending patent applications covering subject matter described in this document. The furnishing of this document does not give you any license to these patents. You can send license inquiries, in writing, to: IBM Director of Licensing, IBM Corporation, North Castle Drive Armonk, NY U.S.A. The following paragraph does not apply to the United Kingdom or any other country where such provisions are inconsistent with local law: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION PROVIDES THIS PUBLICATION "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Some states do not allow disclaimer of express or implied warranties in certain transactions, therefore, this statement may not apply to you. This information could include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. Changes are periodically made to the information herein; these changes will be incorporated in new editions of the publication. IBM may make improvements and/or changes in the product(s) and/or the program(s) described in this publication at any time without notice. Any references in this information to non-ibm Web sites are provided for convenience only and do not in any manner serve as an endorsement of those Web sites. The materials at those Web sites are not part of the materials for this IBM product and use of those Web sites is at your own risk. IBM may use or distribute any of the information you supply in any way it believes appropriate without incurring any obligation to you. Information concerning non-ibm products was obtained from the suppliers of those products, their published announcements or other publicly available sources. IBM has not tested those products and cannot confirm the accuracy of performance, compatibility or any other claims related to non-ibm products. Questions on the capabilities of non-ibm products should be addressed to the suppliers of those products. This information contains examples of data and reports used in daily business operations. To illustrate them as completely as possible, the examples include the names of individuals, companies, brands, and products. All of these names are fictitious and any similarity to the names and addresses used by an actual business enterprise is entirely coincidental. COPYRIGHT LICENSE: This information contains sample application programs in source language, which illustrates programming techniques on various operating platforms. You may copy, modify, and distribute these sample programs in any form without payment to IBM, for the purposes of developing, using, marketing or distributing application programs conforming to the application programming interface for the operating platform for which the sample programs are written. These examples have not been thoroughly tested under all conditions. IBM, therefore, cannot guarantee or imply reliability, serviceability, or function of these programs. You may copy, modify, and distribute these sample programs in any form without payment to IBM for the purposes of developing, using, marketing, or distributing application programs conforming to IBM's application programming interfaces. Copyright IBM Corp All rights reserved. vii

10 Trademarks The following terms are trademarks of the International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both: AIX 5L AIX DB2 Universal Database DB2 Eserver IBM ibm.com Redbooks Tivoli Enterprise Tivoli Enterprise Console Tivoli Eserver Redbooks (logo) The following terms are trademarks of other companies: Crystal Reports, and Crystal Enterprise are trademarks or registered trademarks of Business Objects SA or its affiliated companies in the United States and other countries Java, JDBC, JVM, Solaris, Sun, and all Java-based trademarks are trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States, other countries, or both. Excel, Microsoft, Natural, Windows NT, Windows, and the Windows logo are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both. UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group in the United States and other countries. Linux is a trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States, other countries, or both. Other company, product, and service names may be trademarks or service marks of others. viii Deployment Guide Series: IBM Tivoli Security Compliance Manager

11 Preface The process that ensures that the security policies and standards of a company are adhered to is called compliance management. It requires the ability to report on the current compliance status of the security controls of any installed system and to react to any observed deviations. Most businesses today heavily rely on their IT systems, and damage incurred to their critical systems through downtime can force a company out of business. It is a good business practice to minimize the risk to IT systems in proportion to their importance to the business. The factors that influence how much compliance you need can be based on economical, technological, regulatory, or legal reasons. This IBM Redbook discusses the business context for security compliance management. It introduces the logical and physical components of Tivoli s solution offering. We explain the planning steps and describe how to deploy IBM Tivoli Security Compliance Manager (ITSCM) Version 5.1 in a banking environment and how to integrate it with IBM Tivoli Access Manager and IBM Tivoli Risk Manager. The team that wrote this redbook This redbook was produced by a team of specialists from around the world working at the International Technical Support Organization, Austin Center. Copyright IBM Corp All rights reserved. ix

12 Figure 1 From left: Dieter, Axel, and Hendrik Axel Buecker is a Certified Consulting Software IT Specialist at the International Technical Support Organization, Austin Center. He writes extensively and teaches IBM classes worldwide on areas of Software Security Architecture and Network Computing Technologies. He holds a degree in Computer Science from the University of Bremen, Germany. He has 18 years of experience in a variety of areas related to Workstation and Systems Management, Network Computing, and e-business Solutions. Before joining the ITSO in March 2000, Axel worked for IBM in Germany as a Senior IT Specialist in Software Security Architecture. Hendrik H. Fulda is a certified IT Strategy Consultant and currently holds a position as Managing Consultant in IBM Strategic Outsourcing. Having performed several engagements identifying information security risks and applying processes and technology to improve security, Hendrik has a strong background in Information Security and Security Architecture. He has published on the topic of e-business security and is a frequent speaker at industry conferences around Europe. Hendrik is a teacher of the IBM Method for Architecting Secure Solutions and holds an ISACA.org credential as a Certified Information Security Manager. Hendrik joined IBM in 1998 and lives in Hamburg, Germany. x Deployment Guide Series: IBM Tivoli Security Compliance Manager

13 Dieter Riexinger is a Certified IT Security Architect in IBM Germany. He holds a degree in Computer Science from the University of Mannheim, Germany. He has more than 13 years of experience mainly in Networking and IT Security disciplines. His areas of expertise include User Management, IBM Tivoli Access Manager, and IBM Tivoli Security Compliance Manager. Dieter has managed various design and architecture engagements for complex IT infrastructures. Thanks to the following people for their contributions to this project: Wade Wallace International Technical Support Organization, Austin Center Mike Garrison, Tom Ballard, Lakshmi Thiruvengada, James Galvin, John Giammanco IBM US Become a published author Join us for a two- to six-week residency program! Help write an IBM Redbook dealing with specific products or solutions, while getting hands-on experience with leading-edge technologies. You'll team with IBM technical professionals, Business Partners, and customers. Your efforts will help increase product acceptance and customer satisfaction. As a bonus, you'll develop a network of contacts in IBM development labs, and increase your productivity and marketability. Discover more about the residency program, browse the residency index, and apply online at: ibm.com/redbooks/residencies.html Comments welcome Your comments are important to us! We want our Redbooks to be as helpful as possible. Send us your comments about this or other Redbooks in one of the following ways: Use the online Contact us review redbook form found at: ibm.com/redbooks Send your comments in an to: redbook@us.ibm.com Preface xi

14 Mail your comments to: IBM Corporation, International Technical Support Organization Dept. JN9B Building 003 Internal Zip Burnet Road Austin, Texas xii Deployment Guide Series: IBM Tivoli Security Compliance Manager

15 Part 1 Part 1 Architecture and design In this part, we discuss the overall business context of the IBM Tivoli Security Compliance Manager. We then describe how to technically architect the overall solution into an existing environment, and introduce the logical and physical components. Copyright IBM Corp All rights reserved. 1

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17 1 Chapter 1. Business context for security compliance management In this chapter, we discuss the business context for security compliance management of IT systems. After a short definition of security compliance management, we describe the factors that influence why and how compliance management should be conducted in a given business context. Further, we explain the general business requirements for a security compliance management solution. Copyright IBM Corp All rights reserved. 3

18 1.1 Introduction to compliance management The process that ensures that the security, regulatory, and operational policies of a company are adhered to is called compliance management. It requires the ability to report on the current compliance status of security controls of any installed system and to react to any observed deviations. Security controls exist on a technical, process, and organizational level: An organizational level security control can be a concept like separation of duties, for example, ensuring that someone changing something is not the same person controlling the business need and proper execution of the change. This type of security control may require an organizational setup where those two employees report to different managers. A process level security control can be a concept like the four eyes principle, where a specific authorization requires two signatures (or passwords) to be presented before a transaction can be completed. As a result, this process step would always require two employees to be available for execution. A simple technical security control can be a required length for a password or specific permissions that are defined for accessing an operating system resource or business data. Operating systems and applications provide configuration settings that allow the administrator to specify minimum password lengths so that the system itself will enforce this control. A more complex technical security control can be the requirement to run an anti-virus service (with up to date virus definition files, of course!) on a computer system or a correctly configured portfilter. While it can be hard to have process level or organizational level security controls checked automatically (by a computer), technical security controls can be automatically monitored, as this only requires collecting configuration parameters (for example, minimum password length) and comparing these with predefined desired values. IT security compliance management is about ensuring that the defined settings (in a security policy or standard) are implemented correctly and consistently on all the installed IT systems. Because in practice there can be reasons why a specific configuration setting cannot be enforced in the desired way on a number of systems of each type (usually due to an application either explicitly requiring the parameter to be set differently or because it is simply not working otherwise) a significant part of compliance management is handling exceptions to the defined security policy or standard. 4 Deployment Guide Series: IBM Tivoli Security Compliance Manager

19 1.2 Why compliance management? Most businesses today heavily rely on their IT systems, and damage incurred to their critical systems through downtime can force a company out of business. It is a good business practice to minimize the risk to IT systems in proportion to their importance to the business. Through regulation (for example, Basel II 1 in the banking sector), the excellence of risk management for IT systems, which is part of the operational risk complex, even has an impact on the competitive advantage of banks because it can affect the interest rates a bank can offer its customers. Because the configuration of security relevant settings in an operating system has a direct impact on the resilience of the system against attacks, viruses, worms, or computer criminals, ensuring that these settings are always at the desired level directly lowers the risk to the system. No large enterprise (and, often, not even small enterprises), in order to protect their business investment, would publicly admit that they fell victim to a virus or worm incident, although even with relatively high level of security measures in place no one can be absolutely safe. And because these incidents cannot (and therefore should not!) be ruled out, you should present as little a target as reasonably possible. Reasonably here being relative to the values to protect and the amount of threats in the environment. Note: In some places, companies are legally required to publicly disclose all incidents. Further, checking the security controls of managed systems ensures that a system does not degrade in its security controls posture due to changes on the system after it has been installed. For example, changes made while resolving a problem, while installing or upgrading a new application or middleware, or due to an attacker changing the configuration to hide his tracks or to compromise the system. 1 Basel II: International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards: a Revised Framework, June 2004 (more information can be found at Chapter 1. Business context for security compliance management 5

20 Being compliant versus being in control If you have ever been audited (or audited someone), you probably know that there is a difference between being: In compliance: All your systems and processes are operated and delivered according to the security policies and standards (and you have evidence for that). In control: You know what is in compliance and what is not, you know why, and you have a plan of action. Now, what is more important? Being in control is. Because you could be in compliance by accident. Further, if you are compliant, but not in control, chances are high that you will not stay compliant for very long. If you are in control, you will end up being compliant eventually. Or at least you will have it on record why you are not compliant. And if you are not compliant and not in control, gaining control should be your primary goal. 1.3 Determining the how: influencing factors While having security compliance management in place is generally a good security practice, there are several factors that influence if and how compliance management is implemented in a specific environment. Let us take a look at the main dimensions of compliance management. Frequency of checks How often is a compliance check being done? This does not only define how often the configuration data is collected from the systems, but also the frequency in which system administrators are called upon to fix or investigate identified deviations. Number and selection of controls Which and how many controls are checked? Are only operating system level controls checked or are application level controls checked as well? Which operating systems, middleware, and business applications need to be supported? Follow up time frame How fast do you have to fix reported deviations in the security configuration? 6 Deployment Guide Series: IBM Tivoli Security Compliance Manager

21 Organizational and process checkpoints There is a particular need for separation of duties, for example, when the employee checking the configuration must not be the administrator of the system, and for process requirements, especially in the area of exception management and escalation if deviations are encountered or not corrected in time. The factors that define how much compliance management, as defined by the dimensions above, has to be done are influenced by the threats in the external environment of a company. Let us summarize the external environment factors. Economy In which industry is the business operating? Is corporate espionage an issue? Does the company use outsourcing services? How dependent is the business on its IT systems? Regulatory/legal compliance In which countries and in which industry is the business operating? Which regulatory requirements exist that have an influence on required operational risk and the level of IT security? What level of scrutiny is executed by the regulators? It is useful to keep in mind that an IT security compliance management system can provide a lot of evidence for executed control. Technology The main reason why IT security compliance management is a good security practice today and should even be considered a mandatory task when using IT systems at all is that businesses usually cannot afford successful attacks against their IT infrastructure. The threats against IT systems have become so advanced that one does not even have to have enemies to become subject to an attack, because many attacks are done automatically by worms and viruses. Even if critical systems are not directly compromised, a single infected system in a company network will negatively affect other systems and incur costs for the clean up. Next, let us look at the internal environment factors of a company. Business and IT processes The value and amount of (business) information processed defines the level of security the processing system requires. And because security is always about the weakest link, related infrastructure systems need to be protected reasonably too. Organization The size and setup of the organization, for example, defines the speed of the reaction to deviations from the desired security level. Further, it will have a Chapter 1. Business context for security compliance management 7

22 significant impact on the requirements on an IT security compliance management solution, such as the administration approach. Technology/existing IT environment Obviously, the existing IT environment defines the scope of the operating system, middleware, and business applications that need to be supported by any IT security compliance management solution. In mature businesses, these influencing factors have shaped the existing security policies and standards as well as work practices or procedures: Security Policy Non platform specific or high level security requirements Security Standards Platform specific controls (for example, configuration settings) Practices/Procedures Platform specific or non-specific descriptions on how to implement the security controls, for example, process steps, required documentation templates, and so on Further, these may have resulted in the IT department defining or creating the following tools to consistently implement the given standards and practices: Standard image/build Pre-configured installation image of an operating system with the correct settings applied. Checklists Configuration or system activation checklists for configuration settings or tasks that cannot be predefined using an image. Checklists usually exist for all sorts of IT assets, from physical servers and clients with their respective operating system builds, to applications and complex environment configurations. 8 Deployment Guide Series: IBM Tivoli Security Compliance Manager

23 1.4 General challenges Now, even if the goal for security compliance is clear, defined by precise policies and standards (which often do not exist or are worded in broad, technically vague terms), the task of compliance management of a larger number of systems bears the following major challenges in addition to the requirements resulting from the factors discussed above. Maintenance of compliance over time Even in a stable environment, systems are constantly changed because patches must be applied, updates must be installed or additional packages require a change in configuration of the underlying operating environment. Complex environments Few businesses can claim that their environment is homogenous and centralized. Heterogeneous, geographically distributed systems in large numbers is the norm, with not only systems from multiple vendors, but also running several different versions of operating systems at the same time. 1.5 Conclusion As a result of the influencing factors discussed above, a security compliance management solution must provide a flexible framework that can be configured and customized to the specific business in question. However, requirements for compliance management often result in functional or non-functional requirements for the technical solution and for the processes and organization behind the solution. Let us look at a few examples. A high frequency of compliance checks reduces the window of opportunity for a potential attack/incident because the time frame that a vulnerability exists because of a control deviation is reduced. If the solution and the process to notify the system administrator is not automated properly, a lot of effort may be wasted in checking the reports that are generated in fast order. A centrally maintained system for gathering and processing the compliance data lowers the cost of maintenance when compared to a distributed system. However, it should be ensured that (the distributed) system administrators have direct access to the data of their systems to easily control the status of their system, for example, after a change. The need to request the information from a central team would be a burden on the central team and discourage the system administrator from proactive checks. Chapter 1. Business context for security compliance management 9

24 As a consequence, the compliance management solution must allow for fine grained access control definitions so that system administrators are limited to the data on their systems only. While the ability to collect data on as many controls on as many platforms as possible sounds like the number one priority for a compliance management system, it should not be underestimated how important the reporting capabilities can be, especially if reports on the compliance status are required for legal/regulatory and audit purposes. Perhaps most important, it is necessary to realize that business as usual for compliance management systems is the management of exceptions from the defined standards (for example, because of conflicts with applications). Therefore, effective and efficient exception management should be on the top of the list of requirements for a compliance management solution. At the end of the day, security is about the weakest link and, because of this, it is more important to have a consistent (if small) set of security controls in place on all the operated systems in a company, controlled through a reliable process in a reasonable time frame, than monitoring a hundred controls on a few systems in headquarters whenever someone feels like it. 10 Deployment Guide Series: IBM Tivoli Security Compliance Manager

25 2 Chapter 2. Tivoli Security Compliance Manager design and structure IBM Tivoli Security Compliance Manager is IBM s security policy compliance management product that acts as an early warning system by identifying security vulnerabilities and security policy violations for small, medium, and large businesses. Tivoli Security Compliance Manager helps organizations define consistent security policies and monitor compliance of these defined security policies. This chapter provides you with an understanding of the following topics: The high level logical component architecture for IBM Tivoli Security Compliance Manager The physical component architecture A complete Tivoli Security Compliance Manager walkthrough, from client registration to re-establishing compliance of a managed system. Copyright IBM Corp All rights reserved. 11

26 2.1 Logical component architecture The logical components of IBM Tivoli Security Compliance Manager may be grouped in five different areas of responsibility, with the Security Compliance Manager server being the central component, as depicted in Figure 2-1 on page 13. The areas are: Data collection components that build a framework for collecting security relevant configuration data from connected systems, such as operating systems, middleware components, applications, and so on. Administration components consisting of a graphical user interface and a command line interface are used to manage the Security Compliance Manager components. Compliance reporting components deliver different kinds of configurable reports for audit purposes and correcting deviations. Compliance evaluation components consisting of Security Compliance Manager snapshots and policies verify security compliance centrally. Both components are stored and maintained in the central database in order to ease the process of policy maintenance. The Security Compliance Manager server is the central component of a Security Compliance Manager infrastructure. Among the responsibilities of the server are: Manages when the security compliance data is collected and which clients collect what kind of data using the data collection components. Determines what security compliance data is collected, and how to interpret the data using the compliance management components. Stores the security compliance data received from the clients and provides the available data to users through the administration console and administration commands. Provides security violation details as a basis for the compliance report components. The following sections describe the components of the five layers in more detail. 12 Deployment Guide Series: IBM Tivoli Security Compliance Manager

27 Compliance Report Components ITSCM Report ITSCM Operational Report ITSCM Admin GUI ITSCM Snapshots Administration Components ITSCM Server ITSCM Database Compliance Evaluation Components ITSCM Admin CLI Windows Registry ITSCM Client ITSCM ITSCM ITSCM Collector Collector Collector ITSCM Proxy ITSCM Client ITSCM ITSCM Collector Collector ITSCM Policies Configuration File Router Executable Firewall Data Collection Components Figure 2-1 IBM Tivoli Security Compliance Manager logical component architecture Data collection components The data collection components are mainly responsible for collecting compliance data according to a schedule provided by the Security Compliance Manager server. One of the data collection components (the client) needs to be initially deployed to the systems that are to be monitored, either manually or by any other established means of software distribution in your environment. From that moment on, all components are centrally maintained using the Security Compliance Manager server management functions. Chapter 2. Tivoli Security Compliance Manager design and structure 13

28 The data collection components are: Client Collector Proxy relay Security Compliance Manager client The client is Java language-based software that runs on systems to be monitored for security compliance. By default, the client runs as a daemon with root authority on UNIX systems, or as a service under the local system account on Microsoft Windows systems. The client provides the runtime environment for collectors deployed to the system and handles communication with the server. The type of client determines how communications are initiated between the server and the client. There are two types of clients: a push client and a pull client. A push client can establish a Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) connection to the server and send data. A pull client must wait until the server establishes a persistent SSL connection with the client before data can be sent. Defining a client as a push client, which is the default, permits communication with the server to be established by either the client or the server. In some network environments, however, inbound connections to the server are not permitted. In these cases, defining the client as a pull client forces the server to initiate the communication with the client. Pull clients are generally needed when the server is located behind a firewall. Client-server communication on page 15 provides a detailed description of the concept of push/pull clients. Security Compliance Manager clients and client groups A client group is a container used to group one or more clients together. Clients can be members of one or more client groups. A client group itself can be a member of one or more client groups, though care should be used when nesting groups because of the way inheritance works, which is described in Group inheritance on page 14. A client must be a member of a client group in order for a policy to be applied to the client. A policy can be assigned only to a client group. Individual collectors can be assigned to both clients and client groups. Objects added to a client group are inherited by all members of the group. The client group concept supports organizing large numbers of clients into categories representing operating system types, security policies, physical location, business objectives, or any other logical grouping. You can manage the control of groups using client group access permissions. Each user can be assigned specific permissions to control and manage specific client groups. Group inheritance Adding policies and collectors to client groups is a powerful feature because of group inheritance. Every client that is a member of the client group, or a member of a subgroup of the client group, inherits the collectors and policies added to the group. Adding a collector to a client group adds a collector instance, with the 14 Deployment Guide Series: IBM Tivoli Security Compliance Manager

29 same schedule and parameters, to every client that is a member of the client group or a member of any nested group. Similarly, adding a policy to a client group adds collector instances for every collector used in the policy to every client that is a member of the client group or a member of any nested group. The schedule and parameters for each collector instance are set in the policy and the same values are used for each client. You can take advantage of this collector inheritance by adding policies and individual collectors to a small set of groups, rather than adding them to large numbers of individual clients. Inheritance permits a large number of clients to run the same set of collectors using the same parameters at the same scheduled times. When a policy or a collector is removed from a client group, all related collector instances and any collected data are removed from all the clients in the client group and all the clients in any nested subgroups. Similarly, removing a client from a client group results in the collector instances, and any collected data that was collected as a result of a policy or collector added at the group level, to be removed as well. Client-server communication Clients can be categorized into one of three types. Table 2-1 describes the client types. Table 2-1 Security Compliance Manager client types Client type Push client Pull client Description The push client permits communication with the server to be initiated by either the client or the server. Usually, the push client establishes an SSL connection to the server and sends data or asks for updates. The server only establishes a connection if an administrator forces an action to be performed on the client using the administration tools. Push is the default method to connect clients, as it requires less resources on the server. A pull client must wait until the server establishes a persistent SSL connection with the client before data can be sent. There are two situations requiring pull clients: The pull method allows clients to connect to a server, which is located behind a firewall that denies incoming connections. Clients located behind a Security Compliance Manager proxy relay need to be configured as pull clients. The pull mode operation uses more resources on the server. Chapter 2. Tivoli Security Compliance Manager design and structure 15

30 Client type DHCP push client Description A DHCP push client has a dynamic IP address that permits communication with the server to be initiated by either the client or the server. This option is used for systems that frequently change their host name or IP address. The general communication for the DHCP push client works just like the regular push client; the difference is the DHCP push client establishes the SSL connection. After a connection between the client and the server has been made, either can send data to the other. Clients contact the server at periodic intervals called a heartbeat, which is every 10 minutes by default, to check for updates. During this heartbeat, the client receives any new or updated collectors from the server, along with any new or updated collector schedules and parameters. The client component software itself can be sent by the server and the client updates itself and restarts. This client/server heartbeat can be initiated from the administration console using the soft reset request function, bringing a client into sync without explicitly waiting for the heartbeat. Data gathered by the collectors that have run on the client is queued for delivery to the server on a more frequent basis, which is every minute, by default. Each client is uniquely identified to the server using a client identification (CLI_ID) number. Securing the Security Compliance Manager client The client is designed to provide a maximum level of security. It provides the following security features: Temper resistance The Security Compliance Manager client is designed as a self-contained component. Each client contains its own Java Virtual Machine (JVM ). For all operating system platforms other than HP-UX and NetWare, the JVM is automatically installed under the Security Compliance Manager client's base install directory. The JVM for HP-UX has to be added after the Security Compliance Manager installation. Access to the client files requires root access rights on the system in order to prevent misuse. This is extremely important if the client is installed on critical systems like firewalls. Secure communication The client establishes communication links with the Security Compliance Manager server based on the server s SSL certificate and IP address. Any other communication requests are denied. This assures that only the authorized Security Compliance Manager server is able to perform configuration requests like collector deployment or schedule changes. The server presents its SSL certificate during the first communication with the 16 Deployment Guide Series: IBM Tivoli Security Compliance Manager

31 client (first contact trust). This certificate is used to verify the server s unique identity and to encrypt all traffic within the Tivoli Security Compliance Manager environment. Collector A collector is a Java language-based software module, packaged as a Java Archive (JAR) file, that collects specific information from a client system. A collector is designed to have a short execution time and to be non-invasive. The collector may use different methods for collecting data depending on the compliance data to be gathered: Reading the content of one or more files on the client system. Running an operating system command or utility and examining the output. Running an executable program packaged as part of the collector JAR file and examining the output. Reading information from the registry on Microsoft Windows systems. Remotely logging in to another system and gather data. This method allows you to collect security compliance data from systems that do not support Java applications. Figure 2-2 on page 18 depicts the concept of Security Compliance Manager collectors. The first time a collector is deployed to a client, the JAR file for the collector is sent from the server to the client, along with the collector schedule and any associated parameters (1). Multiple instances of a collector can be deployed to a client. Subsequent instances of the collector share the same JAR file, but run on their own schedule and with their own parameters. Each instance of a collector is uniquely identified by a collector instance number (INSTANCE_ID). According to its schedule, the collector starts to read security compliance data from its corresponding data source, for example, the Windows Registry (2). Data collected by each collector instance is queued by the client and delivered to the server on a periodic basis, by default every minute (3). Delivery of collected data is determined by two configurable settings in the client.pref file: flush.interval (the default is 60 seconds) and flush.threshold (the default is 100 messages). The collected data is not stored on disk, but kept in memory until the connection to the server is established. The server stores the information received from the client into one or more tables in the database. The data in the database table is uniquely identified by the client identification number (CLI_ID) and the collector instance number (INSTANCE_ID) (4). When a collector instance is removed from a client, any data associated with that instance of the collector is removed from the database tables by the server. Chapter 2. Tivoli Security Compliance Manager design and structure 17

32 1 ITSCM Client win.any.local_group.jar 3 ITSCM Server 4 2 Windows Registry ITSCM Database CLI_ID INSTANCE_ID LOCAL_GROUP USERID LOGDATE Administrators Axel :44: Guests Hendrik :44: Guests Dieter :44:17.0 Figure 2-2 Security compliance data stored in collector-specific database tables Securing the collector system The Security Compliance Manager collector system provides security features to prevent unauthorized manipulation of deployed collectors and the deployment of collectors that are not appropriate for a particular environment. Figure 2-3 on page 19 shows the signatures that are requested by a Security Compliance Manager client before it accepts any collectors: IBM (origin) certificate (IBM) The IBM collector certificate is included with Security Compliance Manager. This certificate is used by both the client and the server to verify that collectors were provided as part of an official IBM product. The IBM private key is not supplied with the product. This behavior is configurable in the Security tab of the Security Compliance Manager administration console. The IBM certificate prevents unauthorized third-party or malicious collectors from being used. Alternatively, you can use your own certificate for signing collectors. Collector authorization certificate The authorization root certificate is generated at installation time and protected by the server password. It is used to create authorization certificates (AC). Authorization certificates are used to digitally sign collectors that can be registered on the server. The authorization certificate allows constraints to be placed on the administrators by restricting the collectors they can load to a known set of collectors. Clients use certificates created with the authorization root certificate to verify that the collectors they receive were sent from the server. This certificate limits the collectors that an administrator can load to a designated subset and prevents the administrator from using IBM signed collectors that are not appropriate for a particular deployment. 18 Deployment Guide Series: IBM Tivoli Security Compliance Manager

33 collector Unsigned collectors ITSCM Client denied accepted Collectors signed with IBM certificate IBM collector Collectors signed with IBM and authorization certificates IBM collector AC Figure 2-3 Required collector certificate Proxy relay The IBM Tivoli Security Compliance Manager proxy relay provides a solution for the scenario of a server separated from destination clients by one or more intermediary networks because of firewall policies or address space concerns. The goal of the proxy relay is to permit the server to successfully connect to and communicate with each destination client system. Figure 2-4 on page 20 illustrates that any Security Compliance Manager client may be used as a proxy relay if a special collector called com.ibm.jac.server.jacproxy.jar is added to the Security Compliance Manager client using the Security Compliance Manager administration tools. The proxy relay collector permits a client to act as an intermediary, or proxy, between the server and a number of clients behind a firewall. The collector does not collect data in the usual sense, but does gather statistics on the clients using the proxy relay and the amount of data being transferred. Chapter 2. Tivoli Security Compliance Manager design and structure 19

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