Mean Duration (days) ± SD b. n = 587 n = 587

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1 Online Table 1. Length of stay in matched cohorts of patients with VA and patients without VA a MS-DRG opulation (Code) ECMO or tracheostomy with mechanical ventilation 96 hours or principal diagnosis except face, mouth, and neck with major OR (3) Mean Duration (days) ± SD b With VA Without VA n = 587 n = 587 Mechanical ventilation 30.6 ± ± 20.2 <.001 ICU 29.7 ± ± Hospital 46.0 ± ± Tracheostomy with mechanical ventilation 96 hours or principal n = 222 n = 222 diagnosis except face, mouth, and neck without major OR (4) Mechanical ventilation 30.8 ± ± 12.6 <.001 ICU 26.2 ± ± 11.6 <.001 Hospital 42.1 ± ± 16.7 <.001 Respiratory system diagnosis with ventilator support 96 hours (207) n = 226 n = 226 Mechanical ventilation 14.2 ± ± 9.5 <.001 ICU 12.7 ± ± Hospital 18.6 ± ± Septicemia or severe sepsis with mechanical ventilation 96 hours (870) n = 157 n = 157 Mechanical ventilation 17.4 ± ± 4.5 <.001 ICU 15.0 ± ± 5.6 <.001 Hospital 22.6 ± ± Infectious and parasitic diseases with OR with major complication or n = 46 n = 46 comorbidity (853) Mechanical ventilation 30.0 ± ± ICU 17.6 ± ± Hospital 36.9 ± ± Respiratory system diagnosis with ventilator support <96 hours (208) n = 39 n = 39 Mechanical ventilation 5.6 ± ± ICU 4.8 ± ± Hospital 9.3 ± ± Major small and large bowel procedure with major complication or n = 35 n = 35 comorbidity (329) Mechanical ventilation 11.7 ± ± ICU 16.9 ± ± Hospital 25.9 ± ± ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ICU, intensive care unit; MS-DRG, Medicare Severity diagnosis-related group; OR, operating room procedure; SD, standard deviation; VA, ventilator-associated pneumonia. age 1 of 5

2 a In general, there were few statistically significant differences between patients with and without VA in the seven MS-DRG categories. Specifically, there were no differences in patient or hospital characteristics for the populations with MS-DRG 3: trach w/ MV 96 h with major OR, MS-DRG 4: trach w/ MV 96 h without major OR, MS-DRG 870: sepsis w/ MV 96 h, and MS-DRG 329: bowel procedure with major complication. The population with MS-DRG 207: respiratory diagnosis w/ MV 96 h had higher rates of transfer to rehabilitation or skilled nursing facilities than patients without VA; they had lower rates of being discharged to home or mortality. The population with MS-DRG 208: respiratory diagnosis w/ MV <96 h was generally analogous except that patients with VA had higher admission rates from other health facilities and lower admission rates through the emergency room or physician referrals as well as lower transfer rates to another hospital. Also in the population with MS-DRG 208: respiratory diagnosis w/ MV <96 h, patients with VA were more likely to be males than patients without VA (59.0% vs 35.9%). In the population with MS-DRG 853: infection w/ OR and major complication, the VA population had a higher mortality rate (41.3% vs 15.2%) and lower rates of discharge to home, hospice, skilled nursing facility, or rehabilitation facility. The VA population was more heavily concentrated in the northeast (23.9% vs 4.4%) and less concentrated in the south (26.1% vs 52.2%; data not shown). b Unless otherwise stated. age 2 of 5

3 Online Table 2. Costs in a matched cohort of patients with VA and patients without VA With VA Without VA ECMO or tracheostomy with mechanical ventilation 96 hours or principal diagnosis except face, mouth, and neck with major OR (3) Hospitalization 153,625 ± 105, ,827 ± 125, Nursing time 5125 ± 25, ± 23, harmacy 21,318 ± 18,962 19,544 ± 27, Antibiotic 2677 ± ± Vancomycin 425 ± ± ropofol for sedation 953 ± ± Ventilator 6653 ± ± Ventilator in ICU 5413 ± ± Respiratory therapy 3606 ± ± Chest x-rays 2620 ± ± Tracheostomy with mechanical ventilation 96 hours or principal diagnosis except face, mouth, and neck without major OR (4) Hospitalization 112,865 ± 77,784 83,187 ± 44,590 <.001 Nursing time 3296 ± 15, ± 18, harmacy 17,995 ± 19,811 12,669 ± 11,335 <.001 Antibiotic 2443 ± ± Vancomycin 393 ± ± ropofol for sedation 1177 ± ± Ventilator 6813 ± ± 3293 <.001 Ventilator in ICU 5269 ± ± 2753 <.001 Respiratory therapy 3619 ± ± 2359 <.001 Chest x-rays 2274 ± ± 1150 <.001 Respiratory system diagnosis with ventilator support 96 hours (207) Hospitalization 46,928 ± 34,145 41,627 ± 24, Nursing time 2211 ± ± harmacy 6312 ± ± Antibiotic 1081 ± ± Vancomycin 217 ± ± ropofol for sedation 980 ± ± Ventilator 3186 ± ± Ventilator in ICU 2465 ± ± age 3 of 5

4 Online Table 2. Costs in a matched cohort of patients with VA and patients without VA With VA Without VA Respiratory therapy 1583 ± ± Chest x-rays 954 ± ± Septicemia or severe sepsis with mechanical ventilation 96 hours (870) Hospitalization 59,238 ± 58,111 44,642 ± 25, Nursing time 3275 ± 12, ± harmacy 9523 ± 10, ± Antibiotic 1738 ± ± Vancomycin 251 ± ± ropofol for sedation 819 ± ± Ventilator 3236 ± ± 1817 <.001 Ventilator in ICU 2351 ± ± Respiratory therapy 2107 ± ± Chest x-rays 987 ± ± Infectious and parasitic diseases with OR with major complication or comorbidity (853) Hospitalization 103,082 ± 91,291 66,972 ± 51, Nursing time 300 ± ± harmacy 15,650 ± 17,692 10,399 ± Antibiotic 2891 ± ± Vancomycin 332 ± ± ropofol for sedation 1177 ± ± Ventilator 5176 ± ± Ventilator in ICU 2783 ± ± Respiratory therapy 3693 ± ± Chest x-rays 1713 ± ± Respiratory system diagnosis with ventilator support <96 hours (208) Hospitalization 25,612 ± 20,324 17,593 ± Nursing time 215 ± ± harmacy 2747 ± ± Antibiotic 545 ± ± Vancomycin 151 ± ± ropofol for sedation 237 ± ± Ventilator 1240 ± ± Ventilator in ICU 905 ± ± age 4 of 5

5 Online Table 2. Costs in a matched cohort of patients with VA and patients without VA With VA Without VA Respiratory therapy 824 ± ± Chest x-rays 579 ± ± Major small and large bowel procedure with major complication or comorbidity (329) Hospitalization 90,799 ± 62,532 69,767 ± 77, Nursing time 4237 ± ± harmacy 20,441 ± 47,013 12,976 ± 22, Antibiotic 1794 ± ± Vancomycin 352 ± ± ropofol for sedation 708 ± ± Ventilator 2518 ± ± Ventilator in ICU 2457 ± ± Respiratory therapy 2038 ± ± Chest x-rays 1414 ± ± ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ICU, intensive care unit; MS-DRG, Medicare Severity diagnosis-related group; OR, operating room procedure; SD, standard deviation; VA, ventilator-associated pneumonia. age 5 of 5

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