SKILLS, TEAMS AND WAGES: THE ROLE OF GENDER

Transcription

1 SKILLS, TEAMS AND WAGES: THE ROLE OF GENDER Filipa Madeira IN+ Universidade de Lisboa Joana Mendonça IN+ Universidade de Lisboa Miguel Torres Preto School of Economics University of Coimbra IN+ Universidade de Lisboa Best Paper Award IECER 2015

2 Careers of Doctoral Holders TransiLon of doctoral graduates into the private sector in certain countries has grown in recent years due to the recognilon of their value on the development of non- academic sectors such as industry, government agencies or nonprofit organizalons (Auriol, 2010). Doctorate holders look at new firm crealon as an alternalve to the exislng opportuniles in the labor market, leading to a growth in the number of start- ups generated by doctorates. There are few studies looking at doctorate business owners (Jennings & Brush, 2013). Very few studies looked at the role of gender in this recent trend, as the percentage of male- doctorate business owners is higher and the phenomenon of female- doctorate as business owner is relalvely new (Brush, De Bruin, & Welter, 2009). 2

3 New Phds in Portugal: Number of PhD degrees obtained Degrees obtained in Portugal Degrees obtained abroad Source: DGEEC 3

4 New PhDs* in 2011 (selected countries) *U.S data doctorate recipients ; Brazil data total de Vtulados no doutorado ; Other data Doctor of Philosophy. 4

5 Doctorate holders/populavon( ) Turkey Portugal Spain CroaLa Bulgaria United States Netherlands Denmark Austria (2006) Norway Finland Germany Switzerland Source: OECD (InformaLon on populalon for CroaLa and Bulgaria was taken from Wikipedia) 5

6 Doctorate holders in the university Year % DH % DH in Public UniversiVes Source: DGEEC 6

7 Self employed doctorates in the total employed (%) Source: CHD 2006/2009 OECD Note: In the 2006 series, data for Belgium and Denmark refer to 2005; In the 2009 series, data for Denmark, Finland and Poland refer to

8 Entrepreneurial teams Research suggests that the majority of new ventures are ohen founded by teams of entrepreneurs rather than by individuals (Cooper & Daily, 1997). ComposiLonal characterislcs of entrepreneurial teams affect performance (e.g Amason, Shrader, & Tompson, 2006); Chandler, Honig, & Wiklund, 2005; Chowdhury, 2005), organizalonal structure and access to financial (Beckman, Burton, & O'Reilly, 2007). Godwin et al. (2006) establishing that a mixed- sex founding team is likely to benefit female entrepreneurs, especially in male- dominated industries or cultures. Despite the emerging line of research on implicalons of gender in entrepreneurial teams, queslons regarding to the impact of a team s sex composilon associated with mixed- sex teams are yet to answer (Jennings & Brush, 2013). One of the limitalons of research on gendered entrepreneurial team is that is mainly focus on qualitalve research of some small groups of entrepreneurs (Godwin, Stevens, & Brenner, 2006; O'Connor et al., 2006). 8

9 Entrepreneurial teams There are several reasons to explore the issue of entrepreneurial teams: they are more common than research and stalslcs suggest; they are ohen more successful than single ventures; they are more likely to increase growth When crealng a business the copreneurial team chooses which workers to hire. In the case of highly qualified co- entrepreneurs, it could be assumed that more skilled entrepreneur will probably hire more skilled workers (BapLsta, Lima & Preto, 2013) To understand the interplay between entrepreneurial characterislcs and the skills of the workers hired by the entrepreneur, we have to look at the effect of educalonal level, gender and team composilon What is the effect of entrepreneurs skills, gender and team composi8on on workers wages. 9

10 Data & Method Quadros de Pessoal (QP) database from the Portuguese Ministry of Social Security. A longitudinal matched employer- employee database including informalon on all private firms, establishments, workers and business owners in the Portuguese economy. Worker informalon includes gender, tenure, schooling, job assignment, wages and working hours. The same individual informalon for business owners, except for earnings and working hours. Firm informalon includes firm sector, firm size, total sales, inilal capital and type of ownership. We use the period covering firms, 68 million workers and 36 thousands of business owner s (BO) 0.39 % of BO have a doctoral degree; % of BO have at least a college degree 10

11 Empirical Specification Log- linear wage funclon (eslmalon period: ): w i ln y i = α + X i. β + V i. δ + Z i. γ + (X i *Z i ). δ + u i, i = 1,, n Pooled regressions for two specificalons: (1): X i business owner characterisvcs (educalon, gender and team) V i worker afributes (gender, educalon and tenure); Z i firm characterisvcs (size, industry) (2): introduces interacvon terms between business owner gender, team and educalon 11

12 Worker s wages and entrepreneurs educalon, gender and team composilon

13 InteracLon of entrepreneurs educalon, team composilon and gender (OLS),

14 Summary PosiLve effect of PhD entrepreneur on wages NegaLve effect of female entrepreneur on wages NegaLve effect of teams on gender, but posilve effect of team size PosiLve effect of female entrepreneurs in teams on gender Next step: Looking at the effect of the proporlon of women in teams 14

15 Why some teams are smarter than others Wolley et al., 2010 Evidence for a CollecLve Intelligence Factor in the Performance of Human Groups Science, 330: Teams with more women outperformed teams with more men; Effect partly explained by the fact that women were beqer at mindreading than men Teams of women and men are more likely to have complementary skills, which may ullmately contribute to business venture success 15

16 SKILLS, TEAMS AND WAGES: THE ROLE OF GENDER Filipa Madeira IN+, Universidade de Lisboa Joana Mendonça IN+, Universidade de Lisboa Miguel Torres Preto School of Economics, University of Coimbra and IN+, Universidade de Lisboa