OECD Communications Outlook 2011 PRELIMINARY VERSION

Transcription

1 OECD Communications Outlook 2011 PRELIMINARY VERSION

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3 OECD Communications Outlook 2011 PRELIMINARY VERSION

4 This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. Please cite this publication as: OECD (2011), OECD Communications Outlook 2011, OECD Publishing. ISBN (print) ISBN (PDF) Series/Periodical: ISSN (print) ISSN (online) The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Photo credits: Cover. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: OECD 2011 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgment of OECD as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at or the Centre français d exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@cfcopies.com.

5 FOREWORD Foreword This report, the eleventh in a biennial series, was prepared in the context of the OECD s work on the analysis of communication policy in member countries. This edition of the OECD Communications Outlook was drafted by the staff working in the OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry, including Sam Paltridge, Agustín Díaz-Pínes, Karine Perset, Pierre Montagnier, Kayoko Ido, Frédéric Bourassa, Cristina Serra-Vallejo and Alejandro Mantecón Guillén as well as John Houghton from Victoria University who drafted Chapter 6 on broadcasting and audiovisual content. They are grateful for the contribution of information by telecommunication carriers and to national delegations which responded in 2010 to an OECD questionnaire relating to industry regulation and data. The assistance of Geoff Huston from APNIC, André Lange from the European Audiovisual Observatory, Screen Digest, CISCO, Netcraft, the International Telecommunication Union, ZookNIC, Akamai and CAIDA is gratefully acknowledged where they provided data. The pricing comparisons are undertaken in co-operation with Teligen Ltd. and quarterly updates of some pricing indicators using the OECD methodology are available directly from Teligen Ltd. Many of the other indicators in this report are available in electronic format from the OECD Telecommunications Database 2011, covering the period The draft of this report was presented to the OECD Working Party on Communication and Information Services Policy at its meeting on 6-7 December The Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy subsequently recommended that the report be made available to the general public. 3

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7 50th OECD Anniversary Communication Technologies: From Luxury to Ubiquity In 2011 the OECD celebrates its 50th anniversary, and to mark the occasion this chapter looks briefly at how the communications sector has evolved over these years, how the OECD contributed to this evolution, and the issues emerging in the 21st century. In 1960, only three countries Canada, Sweden and the United States had more than one phone for every four inhabitants. For most of what would become OECD countries a year later, the figure was less than 1 for every 10 inhabitants, and less than 1 in 100 in a couple of cases. At that time, the 84 million telephones in OECD countries represented 93% of the global total. Half a century later there are 1.7 billion telephones in OECD countries and a further 4.1 billion around the world. More than two in every three people on Earth now have a mobile phone. The transformation of access to communication services during the lifetime of the OECD has been little short of extraordinary. When the Organisation was established in 1961, telephones were widely considered a luxury, and even if a business or a consumer had a line, they were expensive. Long distance or international calls were even rarer. In fact when CANTAT, the transatlantic telephone cable between Canada and Britain, was inaugurated in 1961, the event was considered so historic that the first call made was from Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker to Queen Elizabeth. In most countries, services were provided by a postal, telegraph and telephone (PTT) arm of government. Investment in these networks competed for capital with other calls on public expenditure, such as health and education. Faced with these higher priorities, governments not only under-invested, but frequently treated their monopolies of telecommunication services as a source of income that could be exploited instead of direct taxes. There were dissenting opinions, and studies showing that telecommunication networks could be associated with economic growth. It was also noted that two of the three countries with the highest penetration of telephones, Canada and the United States, had private ownership of operators and greater incentives to re-invest revenue earned from providing services. However, seeking greater efficiencies in expanding services was not always the basis of government policy and there were strong entrenched interests opposing necessary reform. In 1969 William Melody, an economist at the United States Federal Communications Commission, suggested at an OECD meeting that countries introduce competition to increase market efficiency with little support around the table. It would take over a decade and the publication in 1983 by the OECD and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) of Telecommunications for Development, for liberalisation of telecommunications markets to gain wider support. OECD AT 50

8 The report challenged thinking that had dominated in the 1960s and 1970s, exemplified by the so-called Jipp curve. The curve, derived by Siemens engineer August Jipp in 1963, shows the relationship between per capita income and telephone penetration. To paraphrase its conclusion: if countries were above the curve, they had invested too much and if they were below the curve they had invested too little in their networks. Poorer countries did not have to invest as much as richer countries in telephony; they had to wait until the per capita income increased. Presenting the curve like this does not do justice to Dr Jipp s insights, but that was how his work was used by policy makers. The OECD and ITU looked at selected countries around the world and showed that viewing telecommunications as a luxury needed to change, and that increasing the number of telephones would have significant benefits for economic and social development. The study stated that the question facing planners in most countries, and especially in the developing countries, was not so much that of deciding how much to invest, but what would be the price of under-investing. In the early 1980s, the first countries to move on liberalisation were the United States, followed closely by Japan and the United Kingdom. All three countries liberalised long distance and international telecommunication markets although monopolies largely remained for local services. At that stage, while most governments were not yet prepared to open basic services to competition they were willing to liberalise what were then called value added services. This proved critical for the development of data services and laid the foundation for demand that would eventually lead to the commercialisation of the Internet. Meanwhile, reform was gathering pace in other OECD countries but more was required. Countries with PTTs began by splitting management and operations from government departments, as well as separating the responsibilities for posts and telecommunications. Policy remained the responsibility of a Ministry, but with the introduction of competition, an independent regulator was established in countries with no tradition of private sector operators. Along with liberalisation, a growing number of countries also privatised the telecom entity that had come from the PTT as a means to attract more investment. Still, the price of an international call continued to be very high and needed to be addressed at the international level. For example, the rates telecommunication operators charged each other to complete call connections were far above cost, but could not be addressed by a national government or regulator. For the OECD the barriers to trade and travel were self-evident, though one of the first challenges was to reach a consensus that telecommunications were a traded service. Market liberalisation In the 1990s, liberalisation was extended to include local services. Here, policy makers took advantage of the convergence between telecommunication and cable television networks to introduce competition. They also recognised that mobile wireless services, which had largely been a business tool, was beginning to be increasingly adopted by consumers. In analyses like the 1996 OECD Reflections on the Benefits of Mobile Cellular Telecommunication Infrastructure Competition, the OECD argued something that seems obvious now: by ending monopolies and allowing different service providers to compete, prices would fall and technological progress would be encouraged. This turned out to be the case, and proved crucial in the development of the Internet, the greatest disruption the telecommunications world would experience in more than a century of existence. 6 OECD AT 50

9 The Internet had been an academic experiment that slowly but steadily connected more and more universities, research establishments and then companies. In many ways, it was the antithesis to the policies pursued by telecommunication operators, who were designing and building systems with their own networks at the core, determining what services could be run over these networks. New applications or equipment could only be offered after the telephone company had approved them and made any necessary changes to installations. The Internet pioneers assumed that the network would have to be dumb and not make any assumptions as to what type of traffic it was carrying or who the user was to be. This allowed anybody with the technical know-how to design a new service and to test it. Internet technology would have had much less impact if it had not been for liberalisation of the telecommunications sector first value-added services and then infrastructure. Liberalisation allowed companies to lay infrastructures that competed with existing networks and gave firms access to each other s territory. As a result, when computers and modems had become fast and cheap enough to be able to support Internet services like the World Wide Web, there was already an infrastructure in place that was able to support it and competition between the providers of these networks. The first Internet access plans had pricing that mirrored phone calls sometimes with separate clocks ticking for a range of pricing elements. Competition created more attractive packages and drove the technological developments that have brought us the always-on, broadband Internet. The effect has been so great that today 20 households with average usage generate as much traffic as the entire Internet carried in Today, anyone who wishes to publish content or offer a service can use any type of business model. This can be contrasted to some early information services that put the network owner in charge of regulating who could offer content and under what terms. Innovators can now reach large customer groups on a global scale, without having to negotiate access to walled gardens. This allowed the creation of global brands and services like Skype, Google, ebay, YouTube and countless others. One of the reasons these initiatives proved so successful is that the OECD had prepared the ground beforehand with all stakeholders. In respect to infrastructure, this included work on domain names and IP addresses, peering and transit, as well as a range of public policy issues related to Internet governance. The OECD and the Government of Canada organised a Ministerial Conference on electronic commerce in Ottawa in 1998, just a year after Amazon issued its initial public offering of stock and before most of today s biggest sites went public. Governments from the then 29 OECD countries and 11 non-members, the heads of major international organisations, industry leaders, and representatives of consumer, labour and social interests, came together to clarify their respective roles, discuss priorities, and develop plans to promote the development of global electronic commerce. At the Ottawa Ministerial, the business community acknowledged a process that had started with the recognition of telecommunications as a traded service and carried this approach to its logical conclusion with the completion of a World Trade Organisation (WTO) agreement in OECD work had significantly contributed to knowledge and understanding of the economics of telecommunication markets, thereby facilitating the successful conclusion of the WTO Agreement. OECD AT 50 7

10 Broadening the future Broadband plays a key role in supporting the growth of the Internet economy, providing the access ramps to the Internet. Policy makers have placed high priority on attaining national coverage of broadband using a range of different policies and technologies. In such an innovative, fast evolving domain, timely, comparable information on experiences and best practices is vital in moving forward, but little or no objective information existed. With this in mind, the OECD started designing indicators to track developments and gathered evidence to assist governments in benchmarking performance, leading to a recommendation on broadband development in Metrics will continue to play an important role in assessing the effectiveness of policies. In particular, the ability to benchmark national developments against similar developments in other countries can help put domestic growth and economic activity in perspective and can assist in better understanding the effects of the Internet on the economy. As the data in this Communications Outlook show, the pace in broadband growth has been exceptional. New developments resulting from the convergence of broadcasting and the Internet, the emergence of cloud computing and the eventual shift to smart infrastructures will place further pressure on existing resources. Stimulating private investment to ensure that sufficient capacity is made available and affordable will be fundamental step, though not without challenges in areas with low population densities. To meet the goal of national coverage, governments will also need to consider demand-side policies where their role can be significant given their ability to upgrade and invest in areas such as health and education services, using the Internet as a platform to boost efficiency. Smart electricity grids and smart transportation systems using high-speed Internet applications can also help in meeting policy objectives, while encouraging infrastructure investment. Today, there is widespread consensus that the openness of the Internet has been a key factor in stimulating innovation and economic growth, but there is also concern that openness is eroding the dynamism of the Internet and related economic activity. Industry initiatives and co-regulatory initiatives by industry and government have in many cases facilitated access to and use of the Internet. However heavy-handed government interventions can cause harm. For this reason, it is important to adopt common principles to help policy makers set the parameters for any action taken, and work towards building trust in the Internet economy both at national levels as well as in cross-border activity. This has to include Internet intermediaries, who have been important in bringing together and facilitating transactions between third parties on the Internet. It has become increasingly important to clarify their roles in the context of public policy, their legal responsibilities and related liability limitations a task well suited to the OECD s multi-stakeholder approach. 8 OECD AT 50

11 The Internet Age When a technology is used to characterise an era, it is either because it revolutionised production, as in the Steam Age, or because it captured the imagination, as in the Space Age. Internet does both, and has become a shorthand for describing a host of activities and applications. There is, however, much more to come. As Vint Cerf, one of its pioneers is fond of saying, 99% of applications for the Internet have yet to be invented. Some of these developments will be technical, but many of them have a strong link to policy and economics. Only in efficient markets, where businesses have flexibility and consumers are empowered, can such developments flourish. The 2008 OECD Ministerial meeting on the future of the Internet economy organised in Seoul, Korea, recognised this. The meeting looked beyond the technical issues of the Internet itself to consider the broader social and economic trends shaping the development of ICT, and how ICT in turn could improve well-being. By offering a platform for social media and facilitating mass communications, communications are playing a growing role in shaping world events. Indeed the Seoul Declaration, issued at the end of the 2008 OECD meeting, insists on the free flow of information, freedom of expression, and protection of individual liberties, as critical components of a democratic society OECD fixed telephone lines and mobile subscriptions Rest of the world's fixed telephone lines and mobile subscriptions Note: For All OECD countries except Czech Republic, Estonia and Slovenia OECD work carried out under the auspices of the Committee on Information, Computer and Communications Policies, and in particular, the Working Party on Telecommunications and Information Services has significantly contributed to knowledge and understanding of the economics of telecommunications markets, thereby facilitating the successful conclusion of the WTO Agreement. Business Statement to the Ottawa Conference, A Borderless World: Realising the Potential of Global Electronic Commerce, 8 October OECD AT 50 9

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13 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents Executive Summary Chapter 1. Main Trends Investment The outlook for growth Internet traffic growth Addressing the future Internet Transformation over broadband Note Chapter 2. Recent Communication Policy Developments Introduction Trends in competition Regulatory issues Note Chapter 3. Telecommunication Market Size Introduction Revenue trends per access path Mobile revenue Broadband Television Investment Voice traffic Employment trends Research and development Chapter 4. Network Dimensions and Development Introduction Fixed line developments Mobile developments Broadband developments Mobile broadband Broadband speeds Notes Chapter 5. Internet Infrastructure Introduction Internet hosts Web servers Secure servers

14 TABLE OF CONTENTS The domain name system Address space Networks on the Internet Peering Security Traffic on IP networks and the Internet Chapter 6. Broadcasting and Audiovisual Content From traditional networks and devices towards an era of choice Emerging trends and issues Regulatory challenges and responses Notes Chapter 7. Main Trends in Pricing Introduction Price basket methodologies Notes Chapter 8. Recent Developments in Household and Individual Communication Expenditures and Use Introduction ICT household expenditures in OECD countries The rise of mobile phones in telecommunication services expenditures The pervasiveness of mobile phones Mobile phone activities: from voice to multimedia Consumer prices recent trends in communication services Note Bibliography Chapter 9. Trade in Communication Equipment and Services Trends in communication equipment trade The major players The ICT goods group The leading communication series Trade in communication services Glossary Annex Tables List of Tables 1.1. Major public telecommunication operators and Internet service providers in the OECD area (fiscal year 2009 unless noted) Number of communications providers by country (2009) Fixed line subscriber market share of new entrants Number of preselected lines and as a percentage of analogue subscriber lines Market share of the largest mobile network operators in the OECD, Number portability: number of fixed and mobile numbers ported (in 2009) Quality of service Local loop unbundling

15 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2.8. Number of unbundled local loops Government ownership of public telecommunication network operators National treatment for foreign-controlled enterprises in telecommunications Mobile network interconnection Spectrum allocations Telecommunication revenue in the OECD area Telecommunication revenue as a percentage of GDP Telecommunication revenue ratios Mobile telecommunication revenue Cellular mobile telecommunication revenue per cellular mobile subscriber Public telecommunication investment in the OECD area Investment in cellular mobile infrastructure in the OECD area Telecommunication investment by region Public telecommunication investment as a percentage of telecommunications revenue Public telecommunication investment as a percentage of gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) Public telecommunication investment per total communication access path Public telecommunication investment per capita Cellular mobile voice traffic Cellular mobile traffic per mobile subscription per year International telecommunication traffic Telecommunications patent applications filed at the US Patent Office (USPTO) Telecommunications patent applications filed at the European Patent Office (EPO) Spectrum available for new generation mobile communication services in selected OECD countries, October Access trends in the OECD area Total communication access paths in the OECD area Total communication access paths per 100 inhabitants in the OECD area Fixed telephone access paths in the OECD area Standard analogue telecommunication access lines in the OECD area ISDN subscriber lines in the OECD area Cellular mobile subscriptions in the OECD area Cellular mobile penetration, subscriptions per 100 inhabitants G cellular mobile subscriptions in the OECD area Mobile pre-paid subscriptions Total broadband subscriptions in the OECD area Total broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants in the OECD area Availability of digital subscriber lines (DSL) in the OECD area Availability of cable modem service in the OECD area Total broadband subscriptions by access technology Observed average connection speeds, selected OECD countries, Q and Q

16 TABLE OF CONTENTS Observed average mobile connection speeds and data consumption, selected OECD countries, Q and Q Selected large IPv6 allocations Internet hosts by domain, Web servers by domain, Secure servers in OECD countries, Domain name registrations under top level domains, Domain name registrations by top-level domain Cumulative total of IPv4 address allocations by country, Routed IPv4 addresses by country, IPv4 addresses allocated to top 1% of holders, by country, Annual number of IPv6 prefixes allocated by country and by RIR, yearly basis, Annual size of IPv6 allocations (/32 s) by country and by RIR, Policy initiatives for the deployment of IPv6, Routed autonomous systems by country, Routed autonomous systems by country and type, Average routed IPv4 addresses per AS by country, Top 10 networks defined by number of peers, Attack traffic, originating countries Global IP traffic by type and by country (PB/month), (est.) IP and Internet traffic, (TB/month) Television households Average household TV viewing time Television households by platform Digital TV-DSL (IPTV) Digital television households by platform The digital switchover Hulu and YouTube video revenue profiles in the United States, July Channel availability, end Broadcaster revenues in European OECD countries Pricing structures for residential users in the OECD, OECD time series for telephone charges OECD basket of residential telephone charges, 20 calls, VAT included, August OECD basket of residential telephone charges, 60 calls, VAT included, August OECD basket of residential telephone charges, 140 calls, VAT included, August OECD basket of residential telephone charges, 420 calls, VAT included, August OECD basket of business telephone charges, 100 calls, VAT excluded, August OECD basket of business telephone charges, 260 calls, VAT excluded, August OECD basket of mobile telephone charges, 30 calls, VAT included, August

17 TABLE OF CONTENTS OECD basket of mobile telephone charges, 100 calls, VAT included, August OECD basket of mobile telephone charges, 300 calls, VAT included, August OECD basket of mobile telephone charges, 900 calls, VAT included, August OECD basket of mobile telephone charges, 40 calls pre-paid, VAT included, August OECD basket of mobile telephone charges, 400 messages, VAT included, August OECD basket of national leased line charges, monthly price, August 2010, VAT excluded Trends in leased line pricing over different distances, Changes in DSL/fibre offerings, September 2008 to Changes in cable offerings, September 2008 to Broadband pricing for residential users in the OECD area, September Communication expenditures as a share of disposable income in OECD countries, Index of average relative propensity for communication expenditures by households in OECD countries, selected years Pace of diffusion for selected goods/services in selected OECD countries Households with broadband access, Communication equipment exports, USD millions, Communication equipment imports, USD millions, Communication equipment balance, USD millions, Communication equipment total trade, USD millions, Communication equipment exports as a percentage of all goods exports, Communication equipment exports as a percentage of GDP, OECD telecommunication equipment exports and imports to/from China Trade in communication and telecommunication services, 2000, 2008 and Total OECD exports of communication equipment by category Revealed comparative advantages for communication equipment trade Total ICT total exports, Total ICT total imports, Annex Tables A.1. Average annual exchange rates A.2. Purchasing power parities A.3. Gross domestic product A.4. Total population

18 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures 1.1. Access growth in OECD regions, Communications revenue for the largest 100 global firms, Communications net income for the largest 100 global firms, Trade in telecommunication equipment and communication services for OECD countries Subscriber, revenue and investment growth, Net access path growth, Global IP traffic, IANA IPv4 address pool, Trends in public telecommunication revenue, investment and access paths, Telecommunication revenue as a percentage of GDP for total OECD, Public telecommunication revenue per communication access path, 2007 and Public telecommunication revenue per capita, 2004 and OECD share of mobile and fixed telecommunication revenues, Share of mobile revenue in total telecommunication revenue, Mobile revenue per subscriber, 2007 and 2009, USD Public telecommunications investment by region, , excluding spectrum fees Public telecommunications investment per access path, USD Public telecommunications investment per capita, USD Total fixed, mobile and broadband access paths Average annual growth rate in communication access paths, by technology, Total communication access paths per 100 inhabitants, Net growth rate of fixed telephone access paths (analogue + ISDN lines), Cellular mobile subscriptions in OECD countries Cellular mobile subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, G cellular mobile adoption, as a percentage of total subscriptions, Dial-up and broadband shares of total fixed Internet subscriptions, December Average and median advertised download speeds, September Average advertised download and upload speeds, by technology, September Fastest advertised connection offered by the incumbent and non-incumbent operator, logarithmic scale, September Broadband advertised speed ranges, all technologies, logarithmic scale, September Observed average connection speeds, selected OECD countries, Q and Q Internet hosts by type of domain, Average annual growth in Internet hosts by domain,

19 TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.3. Secure servers in the United States and in the rest of the world, 1998 and Secure servers per inhabitants, July Domain name registrations per type of top-level domain, Average annual growth in domain name registrations by domain, (%) OECD country-related cctld registrations per inhabitants, mid Shares of domain name registrations under cctlds and gtlds, world, mid Domain name registrations per inhabitants, mid Share of gtld and OECD country-related cctld domain name registrations, mid Domain name registrars market share, October IANA IPv4 address pool, Average yearly growth of allocated IPv4 addresses, by country, (year-end) Percentage of allocated IPv4 address space that is routed, year-end Routed IPv4 addresses per inhabitant, year-end Share of IPv4 addresses allocated to top 1% of holders, year-end Distribution of total IPv6 allocations by the RIRs, 2010 (year-end) Numbers of IPv6 allocations per year, top eight OECD countries, (year-end) Percentage of ASNs that announce at least 1 IPv6 prefix, (year-end) Countries with IPv6 task forces Autonomous Systems routing IPv4, IPv6 or both IPv4 and IPv6, 2010 (year-end) Share of Routed Autonomous Systems routing IPv6 (year-end) Top 10 networks defined by number of peers, Attack traffic, top originating countries, (mid-year) Originating attack traffic and routed ASs in OECD countries year-end Worldwide share of spam and malware in s, September Global IP traffic, IP traffic per region, 2010 (est.) Mobile IP traffic worldwide by region, (forecasted) Global IP traffic growth, (forecasted) Television access by distribution platform, DBS subscribers as a percentage of households with televisions, Cable subscribers as a percentage of households with televisions, IPTV subscribers as a percentage of households with televisions, Channel availability (number of channels, 2006 and 2009) Broadcaster revenue trends in European OECD countries (indexed) OECD 20 calls basket, August 2010, per month, VAT included OECD 60 calls basket, August 2010, per month, VAT included OECD 140 calls basket, August 2010, per month, VAT included OECD 420 calls basket, August 2010, per month, VAT included Time series for residential phone charges, , OECD average

20 TABLE OF CONTENTS 7.6. OECD 100 calls business basket, August 2010, per month, VAT excluded OECD 260 calls business basket, August 2010, per month, VAT excluded Time series for business telephone charges, 1990 base year, OECD average Cellular mobile traffic per subscription per year OECD 30 calls mobile basket, August 2010, per month, VAT included OECD 100 calls mobile basket, August 2010, per month, VAT included OECD 300 calls mobile basket, August 2010, per month, VAT included OECD 900 calls mobile basket, August 2010, per month, VAT included OECD 40 calls mobile prepaid basket, August 2010, per month, VAT included OECD 400 messages mobile basket, August 2010, per month, VAT included National OECD Leased lines basket, 34 mbps, August 2010, per month, VAT excluded Trends in leased line pricing over different distances, 2 Mbit/s line, Incumbent broadband price and speed changes, ADSL or fibre, September 2008-September Cable broadband price and speed changes, September 2008-September Range of broadband prices for a monthly subscription no line charge, September 2010, USD PPP Range of broadband prices for a monthly subscription including line charge, September 2010, USD PPP Range of broadband prices per megabit per second of advertised speed, no line charge, September 2010, USD PPP Range of broadband prices per megabit per second of advertised speed with line charge, September 2010, USD PPP Average monthly subscription price for speeds below 2.5 mbps, September 2010, USD PPP Average monthly subscription for speeds between 2.5 and 15 mbps, USD PPP Average monthly subscription for speeds between 15 and 30 mbps, USD PPP Average monthly subscription for speeds between 30 and 45 mbps, USD PPP Average monthly subscription for speeds above 45 mbps, USD PPP Maximum available advertised download speeds per country (Kbps) Average data caps by country (MB) Share of households ICT expenditures in OECD countries, Relative communication expenditures by households in OECD countries, Evolution of the relative propensity index of communications expenditures in selected OECD countries, Changes in the proportion of households expenditure by category in the OECD, Difference between information and communication technology expenditures in selected OECD countries,

21 TABLE OF CONTENTS 8.6. Share of ICT expenditures in the total consumption expenditures of households in Finland and France, Monthly household expenditures on communications in OECD, Monthly household expenditures on communications in selected OECD countries Households cellphone expenditures by income level and prices in the United States, Mobile wireless charges expenditures as % of total phone charges expenditures in Japan, Share of mobile phone expenditures in the telecommunication services expenditures in Canada, by level of income Share of mobile phone services expenditures in the total telecommunication services expenditures in the United Kingdom, Cellphone expenditures as a percentage of total telephone expenditures by age group in the United States, Evolution of IT services expenditures and share of mobile phone expenditures in South Korea, Individuals giving/receiving private mobile call an average day in Norway Cellphone ownership in the United States, Individuals mobile use by age categories, selected EU countries, The mobile-only population in United Kingdom and United States, The mobile-only population in France, Mobile use in the EU for selected age categories, Purposes of using a mobile phone in Korea, Purposes of using a mobile phone by age in Korea, Cellphone activities in the United States, cellphone activities in the United States for selected age categories Main use of mobile telephony in Spain, Selected mobile phone usages in France, Mobile phone users sending SMS by age in France, Average number of SMS sent weekly by age in France, Yearly average number of SMS/MMS sent by month by consumer in selected European countries Households with broadband access, 2010 or latest available year Individuals using their mobile phone to access the Internet in selected OECD countries, Internet use on mobile phones in the United Kingdom, Mobile phone wireless Internet usage by age in Korea, Access to the Internet or using cellphones in the United States, Trend of harmonized indices of consumer prices (HICP) for communication, EU Trend of indices of consumer prices for communication, United States World trade, OECD trade in ICT goods and communications equipments Index of the OECD trade in ICT goods and communications equipments