Aflatoxin biocontrol: Management Tool to Reduce Postharvest. IITA: Bandyopadhyay, Akande, Atehnkeng, Kaptoge, Mutegi

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1 First International Congress Post-Harvest Loss Prevention Rome, 4-7 October, 2015 Aflatoxin biocontrol: Scaling-up a Preharvest Aflatoxin Management Tool to Reduce Postharvest losses IITA: Bandyopadhyay, Akande, Atehnkeng, Kaptoge, Mutegi USDA-ARS / Univ of Arizona: Cotty DPV, Senegal: Senghor

Management Tool to Reduce Postharvest losses IITA: Bandyopadhyay, Akande,

2 Aflatoxin Facts Highly toxic metabolite produced by the ubiquitous Aspergillus flavus fungus The fungus resides in soil and crop debris, infects crops and produces the toxin in the field and in stores Fungus carried from field to store Contamination possible without visible signs of the fungus Death, liver cancer, immunesuppression, stunted growth Impacts animal productivity Negatively impacts trade

stores Fungus carried from field to store Contamination possible without visible signs of the fungus

3 Samples (%) with Aflatoxin At harvest -- Nigeria Aflatoxin (ppb) Maize (n = 241) Peanut (n = 188) > > > In Farmers Store -- Kenya Pre-Harvest Problem Aflatoxin (ppb) Maize (n = 342) > > > Kenya data: CDC & Ministry of Health, 2004 Increases after Harvest

-- Kenya Pre-Harvest Problem Aflatoxin (ppb) Maize (n = 342) > 20 53 > 100

4 Multiple practices to Manage Aflatoxins Planting Harvest Consumption

5 Biocontrol Works! Hundreds of Thhosands of acres treated annually in the US! It Works in Africa Too EPA approved 2 products AF36 Afla-guard Production Room Atoxigenic Strain Manufacturing Facility Arizona Cotton Research & Protection Council (Funded and Governed by the Farmers of Arizona), Phoenix, Arizona

Room Atoxigenic Strain Manufacturing Facility Arizona Cotton Research &

6 Biocontrol Principles In nature, some strains produce a lot (toxigenic), and others no aflatoxin (atoxigenic) (Donner, Soil Biol Biochem 2009) Atoxigenic strains are already present on the crop (Atehnkeng et al., IJFM, 2008) Increase the frequency of atoxigenic strains to competitively displace toxigenic strains (Cotty & Bayman, Phytopath 1993) to reduce aflatoxin contamination Atoxigenic strains can be applied without increasing infection and without increasing the overall quantity of A. flavus on the crop or in the environment (Cotty, Phytopath 1994; Atehnkeng et al., Biological Control 2014) Aflatoxin B 1 (ng/g X 10,000) Isolates (%) in Applied Atoxigenic Strain Strains move from field to stores Multiple year & crop carry-over effect (Jaime & Cotty, Phytopath 2006) We use only native strains

, IJFM, 2008) Increase the frequency of atoxigenic strains to competitively displace toxigenic strains (Cotty & Bayman, Phytopath 1993) to reduce aflatoxin contamination Atoxigenic strains can be

7 Strain Selection Criteria In the laboratory (~5,000 strains): Does not produce aflatoxin VCG/SSR group with Wide geographic distribution No toxigenic member Defective in >2 aflatoxin & CPA genes Outcompetes toxigenic strains 8-12 native strains selected for field tests After field application: 4 native strains formulated into the final product Superior capacity to colonize, multiply and survive in soil Superior frequency of isolation from grains Superior capacity to reduce aflatoxin

native strains selected for field tests After field application: 4 native strains formulated into the final product

8 How Does aflasafe Work? Sporulation on moist soil Soil colonization 3-20 days Wind Insects grains m -2 Spores 10 kg/ha 2-3 weeks before flowering Aflasafe in 2.5 & 5 kg bags

3-20 days Wind Insects 30-33 grains m -2 Spores

9 Nigeria: Efficacy on Maize Less (%) 120 Aflatoxin (ppb) Fields (#) * 372 At Harvest Aflasafe Control After Storage *All means of aflasafe and control pairs significantly different; Student s t-test (P<0.05)

After Storage 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2009 2010 2011 2012 51 14 199 38 51 14 166 38

10 Senegal: Efficacy of aflasafe SN01 Area Sample Treatment Diourbel Nioro Harvest Storage Harvest Storage 2010 (n=40) 2011 (n=34) 2012 (n=71) Mean Aflatox (ppb) Reduct. (%) Mean Aflatox (ppb) Reduct. (%) Mean Aflatox (ppb) Treated Control Treated Control Treated Control Treated Control Reduct. (%) *All means of aflasafe treated and control pairs significantly different; Student s t-test (P<0.05) n = number of famers fields

4 2.1 6.9 86 91 Control 31.3 22.1 35.5 Treated 4.4 5.6 5.4 75 76 Control 17.6 23.1 55.7 Treated 3.5 2.8 11.5 95 94 Control 52.1 46.7 72.

11 Kenya: Efficacy of aflasafe KE ppb Deadly (3,700 ppb & 2,270 ppb) Aflatoxin (ppb) Area (fields) Control Treated Reduction (%) Hola (n = 20) Bura (n = 16) Makueni (n = 15) Hola Fields (%) Fields (%) above 10 ppb in 3 areas Treated Control *All means of aflasafe treated and control pairs significantly different; Student s t-test (P<0.05)

Hola Fields (%) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Fields (%) above 10 ppb in 3 areas 38 88 20 Treated

12 Challenges But Aflatoxin is a hidden problem Chemical analysis required Awareness is low Long incubation for expression of liver cancer Regulations either non-existent or poorly enforced Market does not usually discriminate Demonstration of product value Lack of biopesticide manufacturers The value of a technology on the shelf is as much as the cost of the space it occupies on the shelf. Must translate knowledge into usable products and practices to benefit people

Demonstration of product value Lack of biopesticide manufacturers The value of a technology on the shelf is as much

13 This Manufacturing Facility in IITA-Ibadan can supply aflasafe to treat 2 million ha annually Large-scale: capacity 5 tons/hour Product cost: $12 to $18.75/ha

14 Modular Manufacturing Facility Capacity: 7 tons/day Cost: ~US$ K Purpose: Introduction Product cost: 12 15/ha Labour intensive Kenya Senegal

15 Poultry Feeding Study Aflasafe maize feed Toxic maize feed Agriculture Mycored Europe, for Nutrition 28 May, & 2013 Health $3,200 net profit from 10,000 birds in 8 weeks

16 Innovation Platform Platform meetings with leadership and members of Poultry Association of Nigeria, feed manufacturers, maize aggregators, aflasafe farmers, vet professionals and regulators Poultry farmers to buy all aflasafe maize at a negotiated premium Agriculture ministry to fund NAFDAC to set up aflatoxin testing facilities in each state

professionals and regulators Poultry farmers to buy all aflasafe maize at a negotiated

17 G-20 AgResults Aflasafe Pull mechanism lays foundation to create sustainablity Provides incentives after demonstrating adoption Private sector driven, but focused on smallholder groups Implementers provide credit, inputs and technical services to increase yield Aflasafe purchased at cost to improve quality Maize tested for aflasafe strains; if present in large frequency, the implementers incentivized with $18.75/ton maize Implementers negotiate maize sale at premium Project provides aflatoxin awareness, training of implementers, and identifies potential market linkages Target: 260,000 tons of aflasafe maize annually by year 4

tested for aflasafe strains; if present in large frequency, the implementers incentivized with $18.

18 Integrated approach to manage aflatoxins Aggregation Aflasafe Training for pre/postharvest afla management Aflatoxin testing Inputs & training to improve productivity Market linkages Farmer groups/ value chain/finance Policy and advocacy Awareness and sensitizations

Inputs & training to improve productivity Market linkages Farmer

19 AgResults Aflasafe Pilot Average sale price over market rate: 17% Maize retained by farmers for family use: 20.3%

20 Product Development in Africa Senegal Nigeria The Gambia Rwanda Uganda Current emphasis on regional strains and regional products Burkina Faso Ghana Zambia Kenya Burundi Tanzania Malawi Mozambique Strain development in progress Products under testing in farmers fields Product ready for registration Product registered

Kenya Burundi Tanzania Malawi Mozambique Strain development in progress

21 Scaling Up & Out Senegal Nigeria: AgResults farmers to produce 260,000 tons of Aflasafe maize; Public-private partnership Senegal: Area-wide treatment in 2013 and 2014 with 16 tons; 20 tons use projected in 2015; private sector led Kenya: Government buy-in; about 230 tons procured; excellent support Critical role of PACA and RECs Kenya

22 Summary Aflatoxins in food and feed pervasive in Africa Contamination starts in the field Biological control with other practices can dramatically reduce aflatoxin contamination and improve food safety and security Efforts underway to pilot commercialization of aflatoxin biocontrol and develop regional strains The pilots need to be up-scaled and efforts to improve efficacy needs a fillip for wide-spread impact on health and trade in Africa

23 IITA Nigeria Tucson USDA/ARS IITA, USDA, & Doreo have Teamed up to Bring Aflatoxin Prevention to Africa Made Possible by Many National Partners in Ministries, Industry, and on the Farm For more information about aflatoxin biocontrol for Africa, check out:

Aflatoxins, Agriculture and Technology Solutions Available for Abating the Aflatoxin Challenge

Regional Conference on Aflatoxin Challenges in West African States, Accra, 18-20 Nov 2013 Aflatoxins, Agriculture and Technology Solutions Available for Abating the Aflatoxin Challenge Ranajit Bandyopadhyay