An Introduction To Error Propagation: Derivation, Meaning and Examples C Y

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "An Introduction To Error Propagation: Derivation, Meaning and Examples C Y"

Transcription

1 SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY LAUSANNE EIDGENÖSSISCHE TECHNISCHE HOCHSCHULE LAUSANNE POLITECNICO FEDERALE DI LOSANNA DÉPARTEMENT DE MICROTECHNIQUE INSTITUT DE SYSTÈMES ROBOTIQUE Autoomous Systems Lab Prof. Dr. Rolad Segwart A Itroducto To Error Propagato: Dervato, Meag ad Examples T of Equato F X C X F X C Y Ka Olver Arras Techcal Report Nº EPFL-ASL-TR-98-0 R3 of the Autoomous Systems Lab, Isttute of Robotc Systems, Swss Federal Isttute of Techology Lausae (EPFL) September 998

2 Cotets. Itroducto Error Propagato: From the Begg A Frst Expectato Whe s the Approxmato a Good Oe? The Almost Geeral Case: Approxmatg the Dstrbuto of Y f( X, X,, X ) Addedum to Chapter Gettg Really Geeral: Addg Z g( X, X,, X ) Dervatg the Fal Matrx Form Examples Probablstc Le Extracto From Nosy D Rage Data Kalma Flter Based Moble Robot Localzato: The Measuremet Model Exercses Lterature Appedx A Fdg the Le Parameters r ad α the Weghted Least Square Sese Appedx B Dervg the Covarace Matrx for r ad α B. Practcal Cosderatos

3 . Itroducto Ths report attempts to shed lght oto the equato C Y T F X C X F X, () where C X s a, C Y a p p covarace matrx ad F X some matrx of dmeso p. I estmato applcatos lke Kalma flterg or probablstc feature extracto we frequetly ecouter the patter F X C X F X. May texts lterature troduce ths equato wth- T out further explaato. But relatoshp (), called the error propagato law, ca be explctely derved ad uderstood, beg mportat for a compreheso of ts uderlyg approxmatve character. Here, we wat to brdge the gap betwee these texts ad the ovce to the world of ucertaty modelg ad propagato. Applcatos of () are e.g. error propagato model-based vso, Kalma flterg, relablty or probablstc systems aalyss geeral.. Error Propagato: From the Begg We wll frst forget the matrx form of () ad chage to a dfferet perspectve. Error propagato s the problem of fdg the dstrbuto of a fucto of radom varables. Ofte we have mathematcal models of the system of terest (the output as a fucto of the put ad the system compoets) ad we kow somethg about the dstrbuto of the put ad the compoets. X System Y Fgure : The smplest case: oe put radom varable ( N ), ad oe output radom varable ( P ). The, we desre to kow the dstrbuto of the output, that s the dstrbuto fucto of Y whe Y f( X) where f (). s some kow fucto ad the dstrbuto fucto of the radom varable X s kow. If f (). s a olear fucto, the probablty dstrbuto fucto of Y, p Y ( y), becomes quckly very complex, partcularly whe there s more tha oe put varable. Although a geeral method of soluto exsts (see [BREI70] Chapter 6-6), ts complexty ca be demostrated already for smple problems. A approxmato of p Y ( y) s therefore desrable. The approxmato cossts the propagato of oly the frst two statstcal momets, that s the mea µ Y ad the secod (cetral) momet σ Y, the varace. These momets do ot geeral descrbe the dstrbuto of Y. However f Y s assumed to be ormally dstrbuted they do. We do ot cosder pathologcal fuctos f (). where Y s ot a radom varable however, they exst That s smply oe of the favorable propertes of the ormal dstrbuto.

4 . A Frst Expectato Look at fgure where the smple case wth oe put ad oe output s llustrated. Suppose that X s ormally dstrbuted wth mea µ ad stadard devato X σ X. Now we would lke Y µ y + σ y f( X) µ y µ y σ y µ x σ x µ x µ x + σ x X Fgure : Oe-dmesoal case of a olear error propagato problem to kow how the 68% probablty terval [ µ X σ X, µ X + σ X ] s propagated through the system f ().. Frst of all, from fgure t ca be see that f the shaded terval would be mapped oto the y -axs by the orgal fucto ts shape would be somewhat dstorted ad the resultg dstrbuto would be asymmetrc, certaly ot Gaussa aymore. Whe approxmatg f( X) by a frst-order Taylor seres expaso about the pot X µ X, Y f ( µ X ) + f X µ X ( X ), () we obta the lear relatoshp show fgure ad wth that a ormal dstrbuto for p Y ( y). Now we ca determe ts parameters µ Y ad σ Y. µ Y f ( µ X ), (3) σ Y f σ X X µ X. (4) Fally the expectato s rsed that the remader of ths text we wll aga bump to some geeralzed form of equato (3) ad (4). At ths pot, we should ot forget that the output dstrbuto, represeted by µ Y ad σ Y, s a approxmato of some ukow truth. Ths truth s mpertetly olear, o-ormal ad asymmetrc, thus hbtg ay exact closed form aalyss most cases. We are the supposed to ask the questo: µ X Remember that the stadard devato σ s by defto the dstace betwee the most probable value, µ, ad the curve s turg pots. Aother useful property of the ormal dstrbuto, worth to be remembered: Gaussa stays Gaussa uder lear trasformatos. 3

5 . Whe s the Approxmato a Good Oe? Some textbooks wrte equatos (3) ad (4) as equaltes. But f the left had sdes deote the parameters of the output dstrbuto whch s, by assumpto, ormal, we ca wrte them as equaltes. The frst two momets of the true (but ukow) output dstrbuto let s call them µ ad are deftely dfferet from these values 0 σ 0. Hece µ 0 µ Y σ 0 σ Y It s evdet that f f (). s lear we ca wrte (5) ad (6) as equaltes. However the followg factors affect approxmato qualty of µ Y ad σ Y by the actual values y ad s y. µ Y y σ Y s y Thus they apply for both cases; whe f (). s lear ad whe t s olear. The guess x : I geeral we do ot kow the expected value µ X. I ths case, ts best (ad oly avalable) guess s the actual value of X, for example the curret measuremet x. We the dfferetate f( X) at the pot X x hopg that x s close to E[ X] such that y s ot too far from E[ Y]. Extet of olearty of f (). : Equatos (3) ad (4) are good approxmatos as log as the frst-order Taylor seres s a good approxmato whch s the case f f (). s ot too far from lear wth the rego that s wth oe stadard devato of the mea [BREI70]. Some people eve ask f (). to be close to lear wth a ± σ -terval. The olearty of f (). ad the devato of x from E[ X] have a combed effect o σ Y. If both factors are of hgh magtude, the slope at X x ca dffer strogly ad the resultg approxmato of σ Y ca be poor. At the other had, f already oe of the them s small, or eve both, we ca expect s y to be close to σ Y. The guess s x : There are several possbltes to model the put ucertaty. The model could corporate some ad hoc assumptos o σ X or t mght rely o a emprcally gaed relatoshp to µ X. Sometmes t s possble to have a physcally based model provdg true ucertaty formato for each realzato of X. By systematcally followg all sources of perturbato durg the emergece of x, such a model has the desrable property that t accouts for all mportat factors whch fluece the outcome x ad s x. I ay case, the actual value s x remas a guess of σ X whch s hopefully close to σ X. But there s also reaso for optmsm. The codtos suggested by Fgure are exaggerated. Mostly, σ X s very small wth respect to the rage of X. Ths makes () a approxmato of suffcet qualty may practcal problems. (5) (6) (7) (8) Remember that the expected value ad the varace (ad all other momets) have a geeral defto,.e. are depedet whether the dstrbuto fuctos exhbts some ce propertes lke symmetry. They are also vald for arbtrarly shaped dstrbutos ad always quatfy the most probable value ad ts spread. It mght be possble that some olear but ce-codtoed cases the approxmato effects of oormalty ad the other factors compesate each other yeldg a very good approxmato. Nevertheless, the opposte mght also be true. 4

6 .3 The Almost Geeral Case: Approxmatg the Dstrbuto of Y f( X, X,, X ) The ext step towards equato () s aga a practcal approxmato based o a frst-order Taylor seres expaso, ths tme for a multple-put system. Cosder X X X 3 System Y X Fgure 3: Error propagato a mult-put sgle-output system: N, P. Y f( X, X,, X ) where the X s are put radom varables ad Y s represeted by ts frst-order Taylor seres expaso about the pot µ, µ,, µ Equato (9) s of the form Y f ( µ, µ,, µ ) + f ( µ. (9), µ,, µ ) [ X µ ] Y a 0 + a ( X µ ) wth a 0 f ( µ, µ,, µ ), (0) a f ( µ, µ,, µ ). () As chapter., the approxmato s lear. The dstrbuto of Y s therefore Gaussa ad we have to determe µ Y ad σ Y. µ Y E[ Y] E[ a 0 + a ( X µ )] () E[ a 0 ] + E[ a X ] E[ a µ ] (3) a 0 + a E[ X ] a E [ µ ] (4) a 0 + a µ a µ (5) a 0 (6) µ Y f ( µ, µ,, µ ) (7) σ Y E[ ( Y µ Y ) ] E[ ( a ( X µ )) ] (8) E[ a ( X µ ) a j ( X j µ j )] (9) j E[ a ( X µ ) + a a j ( X µ )( X j µ j )] (0) j 5

7 a E[ ( X µ ) ] + a a j E[ ( X µ )( X µ j )] () a σ + a a j σ j () j σ f Y σ f f + σj j j (3) The vector µ, µ,, µ has bee omtted. If the X s are depedet the covarace σ j dsappears, ad the resultg approxmated varace s σ f Y σ. (4) Ths s the momet to valdate our expectato from chapter. for the oe-dmesoal case. Equato (7) correspods drectly wth (3) whereas (3) somewhat cotas equato (4)..3. Addedum to Chapter. I order to close the dscusso o factors affectg approxmato qualty, we have to cosder brefly two aspects whch play a role f there s more tha oe put. Idepedece of the puts: Equato (4) s a good approxmato f the stated assumpto of depedece of all s s vald. X It s fally to be metoed that, eve f the put dstrbutos are ot strctly Gaussa, the assumpto of the output beg ormal s ofte reasoable. Ths follows from the cetral lmt theorem whe the s somehow addtvely costtute the output Y. X j.4 Gettg Really Geeral: Addg Z g( X, X,, X ) Ofte there s ot just a sgle Y whch depeds o the X s but there are more system outputs, that s, more radom varables lke Y. Suppose our system has a addtoal output Z wth Z g( X, X,, X ). X X X 3 X System Y Z Fgure 4: Error propagato a mult-put mult-output system: N, P Obvously µ Z ad σ Z ca exactly be derved as show before. The addtoal aspect whch s troduced by Z s the questo of the statstcal depedece of Y ad Z whch s expressed by ther covarace σ YZ E[ ( Y µ Y )( Z µ Z )]. Let s see where we arrve whe substtutg Y ad Z by ther frst-order Taylor seres expaso (9). 6

8 σ YZ E[ ( Y µ Y )( Z µ Z )] (5) E[ Y Z] E[ Y]E[ Z] (6) E f µ Y + [ X (7) µ ] g µ Z + [ X µ ] µ Y µ Z f g f g E µ Y µ Z + µ Z [ X (8) µ ] + µ Y [ X µ ] + [ X µ ] [ X µ ] µ Y µ Z f f E [ µ Y µ Z ] + µ Z E µ + µ Y E + E X f g [ X j µ ][ X j µ j ] f µ Y µ Z µ Z E X f [ ] µ Z E µ g [ ] µ Y E X g + + [ ] µ Y + E µ Y µ Z g X g µ f g [ X µ ] f g + [ X j µ ][ X j µ j ] µ Y µ Z j E [ µ ] (9) (30) σ YZ X f g (3) E ( X µ ) f g [ ] + E [( X j µ )( X j µ j )] j f g f g σ (3) + σ j X j j j If ad are depedet, the secod term, holdg ther covarace, dsappears. Addg more output radom varables brgs o ew aspects. I the remader of ths text we shall cosder P wthout loss of geeralty. 3. Dervatg the Fal Matrx Form Now we are ready to retur to equato (). We wll ow see that we oly have to reformulate equatos (3) ad (3) order to obta the tal matrx form. We recall the gradet operator wth respect to the -dmesoal vector X X. (33) f ( X ) s a p -dmesoal vector-valued fucto f ( X ) f ( X ) f ( X ) f p ( X ) T. The Jacoba F X s defed as the traspose of the gradet of f ( X ), whereas the gradet s the outer product of ad f ( X ) X T F X X f ( X ) T T f ( X ) ( X ) f f f f f (34) F X has dmeso ths case, p geeral. We troduce the symmetrc put covarace matrx C X whch cotas all varaces ad covaraces of the put radom varables X, X,, X. If the X s are depedet all σ j wth j dsappear ad C X s dagoal. 7

9 σ X σ X X σ X X C X σ X X σ X : : : σ X X σ X X σ X σ X X (35) We further troduce the symmetrc output covarace matrx C Y ( p p geeral wth outputs Y, Y,, Y p ) C Y σ Y σ Y Y σ Y σ Y Y (36) Now we ca statly form equato () C Y F X C X F X T (37) σ Y σ Y Y σ Y Y σ Y f f f f σ X σ X X σ X X σ X X σ X σ X X : : : σ X X σ X X σ X f f : : f f (38) f σx f σx f + + σx X X f + + σx X X f f σx X + + σx X f f σx X + + σx X f f : : f f (39) Looks ce. But what has t to do wth chapter? To aswer ths questo we evaluate the frst elemet, the varace of : σ Y σ Y Y f f f f f f f f f f σ X + σx X + + σx X X + σx X + σ X + + σx X X f f f f f + + σx X X + σx X + + σ X (40) f f f σ X + σx X j j j (4) If we ow retroduce the otato of chapter.3, that s, f ( X ) f( X), Y Y, ad σ X σ, we see that (4) equals exactly equato (3). Assumg the reader beg a otorous skeptc, we wll also look at the off-dagoal elemet σ Y Y, the covarace of Y ad Z: f σ Y Y f f f f f f f f f f f σx + σx X + + σx X X + σx X + σx + + σx X X f f f f f + + σx X X + σx X + + X f σx (4) 8

10 f f f f σx + (43) σx X j j j Aga, by substtutg f ( X ) by f( X), f ( X ) by g( X) ad σ X by σ, equato (43) correspod exactly to the prevously derved equato (3) for σ YZ. We were obvously able, havg started from a smple oe-dmesoal error propagato problem, to derve the error propagato law C Y T F X C X F X. Puttg the results together yelded ts wdely used matrx form (). Now we ca also uderstad the formal terpretato of fgure 5. The put ucertaty... T C Y F X C X F X...ad approxmatvely mapped to the output....s popagated through the system f(.)... Fgure 5: Iterpretato of the error propagato law ts matrx form 4. Examples 4. Probablstc Le Extracto From Nosy D Rage Data Model-based vso where geometrc prmtves are the sought mage features s a good example for ucertaty propagato. Suppose the segmetato problem has already bee solved, that s, the set of ler pots wth respect to the model s kow. Suppose further that the regresso equatos for the model ft to the pots have a closed-form soluto whch s the case whe fttg straght les. Ad suppose fally, that the measuremet ucertates of the data pots are kow as well. The we ca drectly apply the error propagato law order to get the output ucertates of the le parameters. x (r, q ) r d α Fgure 6: Estmatg a le the least squares sese. The model parameters r (legth of the perpedcular) ad α (ts agle to the abscssa) descrbe uquely a le. 9

11 Suppose measuremet pots polar coordates x ( ρ, θ ) are gve ad modeled as radom varables X ( P, Q ) wth,,. Each pot s depedetly affected by Gaussa ose both coordates. P ~ N( ρ, σ ρ ) (44) Q ~ N( θ, σ θ ) (45) E[ P P j ] E[ P ]E[ P j ], j,, (46) E[ Q Q j ] E[ Q ]E[ Q j ], j,, (47) E[ P Q j ] E[ P ]E[ Q j ], j,, (48) Now we wat to fd the le x cosα + y sα r 0 where x ρcos( θ) ad y ρs( θ) yeldg ρcosθcosα + ρsθsα r 0 ad wth that, the le model ρcos( θ α) r 0. (49) Ths model mmzes the orthogoal dstaces from the pots to the le. It s mportat to ote that fttg models to data some least square sese yelds ot a satsfyg geometrc soluto geeral. It s crucal to kow whch error s mmzed by the ft equatos. A good llustrato s the paper of [GAND94] where several algorthms for fttg crcles ad ellpses are preseted whch mmze algebrac ad geometrc dstaces. The geometrc varety of solutos for the same set of pots demostrate the mportace of ths kowledge f geometrc meagful results are requred. The orthogoal dstace d of a pot ( ρ, θ ) to the le s just ρ cos( θ α) r d. (50) Let S be the (uweghted) sum of squared errors. The model parameters ( α, r) S d ( ρ cos( θ α) r) are ow foud by solvg the olear equato system (5) 0. (5) Suppose further that for each pot a varace modellg the ucertaty radal ad agular drecto s gve a pror or ca be measured. Ths varace wll be used to determe a weght for each sgle pot, e.g. w The, equato (5) becomes S 0 S w σ σ. (53) S w d w ( ρ cos( θ α) r). (54) The ssue of determg a adequate weght whe σ (ad perhaps some addtoal formato) s gve s complex geeral ad beyod the scope of ths text. See [CARR88] for a careful treatmet. 0

12 It ca be show (see Appedx A) that the soluto of (5) the weghted least square sese s α w ρ sθ w w j ρ ρ j cosθ sθ j w --ata w ρ cosθ w w j ρ ρ j cos( θ + θ j ) w (55) r w ρ cos( θ α) (56) w Now we would lke to kow how the ucertates of the measuremets propagate through the system (55), (56). See fgure 7. X X X 3 X Model Ft A R Fgure 7: Whe extractg les from osy measuremet pots X, the model ft module produces le parameter estmates, modeled as radom varables A, R. It s the terestg to kow the varablty of these parameters as a fucto of the ose at the put sde. Ths s where we smply apply equato (). We are lookg for the matrx output covarace σ AR σ C A AR σ AR σ R, (57) gve the put covarace matrx C C P 0 dag( σ ρ ) 0 X 0 C Q 0 dag( σ θ ) (58) ad the system relatoshps (55) ad (56). The by calculatg the Jacoba P F P P PQ P P P Q Q Q Q Q Q (59) We follow here the otato of [DRAP88] ad dstgush a weghted least squares problem f C X s dagoal (put errors are mutually depedet) ad a geeralzed least squares problem f C X s o-dagoal.

13 we ca statly form the error propagato equato (60) yeldg the sought. C AR C AR T F PQ C X F PQ (60) Appedx A s cocered about the step-by-step dervato of the ft equatos (55) ad (56), whereas Appedx B equato (60) s oce more derved. Uder the assumpto of eglgble agular ucertates, mplemetable expressos for the elemets of C AR are determed, also a step-by-step maer. 4. Kalma Flter Based Moble Robot Localzato: The Measuremet Model The measuremet model a Kalma flter estmato problem s aother place where we ecouter the error propagato law. The reader s assumed to be more or less famlar wth the cotext of moble robot localzato, Kalma flterg ad the otato used [BAR93] or [LEON9]. I order to reduce the ubouded growth of odometry errors the robot s supposed to update ts pose by some sort of exteral referecg. Ths s acheved by matchg predcted evromet features wth observed oes ad estmatg the vehcle pose some sese wth the set of matched features. The predcto s provded by a a pror map whch cotas the posto of all evromet features global map coordates. I order to establsh correct correspodece of observed ad stored features, the robot predcts the posto of all curretly vsble features the sesor frame. Ths s doe by the measuremet model ẑ( k + k) h( xˆ ( k + k) ) + wk ( + ). (6) The measuremet model gets the predcted robot pose xˆ ( k + k) as put ad asks the map whch features are vsble at the curret locato ad where they are supposed to appear whe startg the observato. The map evaluates all vsble features ad returs ther trasformed postos the vector ẑ( k + k). The measuremet model s therefore a world-to-robot-tosesor frame trasformato. However, due to osystematc odometry errors, the robot posto s ucerta ad due to mperfect sesors, the observato s ucerta. The former s represeted by the (predcted) state covarace matrx Pk ( + k) ad the latter by the sesor ose model wk ( + ) N ( 0, Rk ( + ) ). They are assumed to be depedet. Sesg ucertaty Rk ( + ) affects the observato drectly, whereas vehcle posto ucertaty Pk ( + k) whch s gve world map coordates wll propagate through the frame trasformatos world-to-robot-to-sesor h ()., learzed about the predcto xˆ ( k + k). The the observato s made ad the matchg of predcted ad observed features ca be performed the sesor frame yeldg the set of matched features. The remag posto ucertaty of the matched features gve all observatos up to ad cludg tme k, Sk ( + ) cov[ z( k + ) Z k ], (6) Note that h (). s assumed to be tellget, that s, t cotas both, the mappg xˆ ( k + k) m j (wth m j as the posto vector of feature umber j ) ad the world-to-sesor frame trasformato of all vsble m j for the curret predcto xˆ ( k + k). Ths s cotrast to e.g. [LEON9], where solely the frame trasformato s doe by h( xˆ ( k + k), m j ) ad the mappg xˆ ( k + k) m j s somewhere else.

14 s the supermposed ucertaty of observato ad the propagated oe from the robot pose, Sk ( + ) Sk ( + ) hpk ( + k) h + Rk ( + ). (63) s also called measuremet predcto covarace or ovato covarace. 5. Exercses As stated the troducto, the report has educatoal purposes ad accompaes a lecture o autoomous systems the mcroegeerg departemet at EPFL. Thus, the audece of ths report are people ot yet too famlarzed wth the feld of ucertaty treatmet. Some propostos for exercses are gve: Let them do the dervato of µ Y (equatos () to (7)) ad σ Y (equatos (8) to (3)) gve a few rules for the expected value. Let them do the dervato of σ YZ (equatos (5) to (3)) or, the cotext of example, equatos (93) to (0) of Appedx B for σ AR. Some rules for the expected value ad double sums mght be helpful. Let them make a llustrato of each factor affectg approxmato qualty dscussed chapter. wth drawgs lke fgure. If least squares estmato a more geeral sese s the ssue, dervatg the ft equatos for a regresso problem s qute structve. The stadard case, lear the model parameters, ad wth ucertates oly oe varable s much smpler tha the dervato of example Appedx A. Addtoally the output covarace matrx ca be determed wth (). 3

15 Lterature [BREI70] [GAND94] [DRAP88] [CARR88] [BAR93] [LEON9] [ARRAS97] A.M. Brepohl, Probablstc Systems Aalyss: A Itroducto to Probablstc Models, Decsos, ad Applcatos of Radom Processes, Joh Wley & Sos, 970. W. Gader, G. H. Golub, R. Strebel, Least-Squares Fttg of Crcles ad Ellpses, BIT, vol. 34, o. 4, p , Dec N.R. Draper, H. Smth, Appled Regresso Aalyss, 3rd edto, Joh Wley & Sos, 988. R. J. Carroll, D. Ruppert, Trasformato ad Weghtg Regresso, Chapma ad Hall, 988. Y. Bar-Shalom, X.-R. L, Estmato ad Trackg: Prcples, Techques, ad Software, Artech House, 993. J.J. Leoard, H.F. Durrat-Whyte, Drected Soar Sesg for Moble Robot Navgato, Kluwer Academc Publshers, 99. K.O. Arras, R.Y. Segwart, Feature Extracto ad Scee Iterpretato for Map- Based Navgato ad Map Buldg, Proceedgs of SPIE, Moble Robotcs XII, Vol. 30, p. 4-53,

16 Appedx A: Fdg the Le Parameters r ad α the Weghted Least Square Sese Cosder the olear equato system S 0 (64) S 0 (65) where S s the weghted sum of squared errors S w ( ρ cosθ cosα + ρ sθ sα r). (66) We start solvg the system (64), (65) by workg out parameter r. S 0 w ( ρ cosθ cosα + ρ sθ sα r) ( ) (67) w ρ ( cosθ cosα + sθ sα) + w r (68) w ρ cos( θ α) + r w (69) rw w ρ cos( θ α) (70) w ρ r cos( θ α) (7) w Parameter α s slghtly more complcated. We troduce the followg otato cosθ c sθ s. (7) S w ( ρ c cosα + ρ s sα r) ( ρ c (73) cosα + ρ s sα r) w ρ c cosα + ρ s sα w j ρ j cos( θ j α) ρ (74) c sα + ρ s cosα r w j w ρ c cosα + ρ s sα w j ρ j cos( θ j α) ρ s (75) cosα ρ c sα w j ρ j s( θ j α) w j w j w ρ c s cos α ρ c cosα sα ρ c cosα w j ρ j s( θ j α) + ρ s cosα sα w j ρ s c s α ρ w s sαw j ρ j j s( θ j α) w w j ρ j j cos( θ j α) ρ s cosα w w j ρ j j cos( θ j α) ρ s cosα ( w j ) w j ρ j cos( θ j α) w j ρ j s( θ j α) w ρ c s cos α s ( α) ρ cosα sα( c s ) w j ρ ρ j c cosα s( θ j α) w w j ρ j ρ j s sα s( θ j α) w w j ρ j ρ j s cosα cos( θ j α) w w j ρ j ρ j c sα cos( θ j α) ( w j ) w j w k ρ j ρ k cos( θ j α) s( θ k α) j k w j (76) (77) 5

17 cosα w ρ c s cosα sα w ρ c w w w j ρ ρ j ( c cosα + s sα) ( s j cosα c j sα) cosα w ρ s sα w ρ c w w w j ρ ρ j [ c s j cos α c c j sα cosα + s s j sα cosα s c j s α c s j cos α + c c j sα cosα s s j sα cosα + s c j s α s c j cos α s s j sα cosα + c c j sα cosα + c s j s α ] cosαw ρ s sαw ρ c w w w j ρ ρ j ( s c j cos α s s j sα cosα + c c j sα cosα + c s j s α) cosαw ρ s sαw ρ c w w w j ρ ρ j [ sα cosα( c c j s s j ) + c s j s α s c j cos α] cosαw ρ s sαw ρ c sα cosα w w w j ρ ρ j c + j s + αw w w j ρ ρ j c s j cos α w w w j ρ ρ j s c j cosα w ρ s sα w ρ c sα w w j ρ ρ j c + j (78) (79) (80) (8) (8) (83) cosα w ρ s w w j ρ ρ j c s j sα w (84) ρ c w w j ρ ρ j c + j From (84) we ca obta the result for α or taα respectvely w w w j ρ ρ j [ c cosα( s j cosα c j sα) s sα( s j cosα c j sα) + s cosα( c j cosα + s j sα) + c sα( c j cosα + s j sα) ] w w w w j ρ ρ j c s j ( cos α s α) w w sα cosα w w w j ρ ρ j c s j w ρ s w w w j ρ ρ j c + j w ρ c (85) taα w w w j ρ ρ j cosθ s θ j w ρ sθ w w w j ρ ρ cos( j θ + θ ) j w ρ cosθ Equato (86) cotas double sums whch may ot be fully evaluated. Due to the symmetry of trgoometrc fuctos the correspodg off-dagoal elemets ca be added ad thus smplfes calculato. For the fal result (87), the four-quadrat arc taget has bee take. Ths soluto, (7) ad (87), geerates sometmes ( α, r) -pars wth egatve r values. They must be detected order to chage the sg of r ad to add π to the correspodg α. All α-values le the the terval π < α 3π. (86) w α --ata w w j ρ ρ s( j θ + θ ) j w < j w w + ( j)w ρ sθ w w w j ρ ρ cos( j θ + θ ) j ( w < j w w + j)w ρ cosθ (87) 6

18 Appedx B: Dervg the Covarace Matrx for r ad α The model parameter α ad r are just half the battle. Besdes these estmates of the mea posto of the le we would also lke to have a measure for ts ucertaty. Accordg to the error propagato law (), a approxmato of the output ucertaty, represeted by C AR, s subsequetly determed. At the put sde, mutually depedet ucertates radal drecto oly are assumed. The put radom vector X T [ P T Q T ] cossts of the radom vector P [ P, P,, P ] T [ Q, Q,, Q ] T deotg the varables of the measured rad, ad the radom vector Q holdg the correspodg agular varates. The put covarace matrx s therefore of the form C X C C P 0 dag( σ ρ ) 0 X 0 C Q 0 0. (88) We represet both output radom varables A, R by ther frst-order Taylor seres expaso about the mea µ T T T [ µ ρ µ θ ]. The vector µ has dmeso ad s composed of the two mea vectors µ ρ [ µ ρ, µ ρ,, µ ρ ] T ad µ θ [ µ θ, µ θ,, µ θ ] T. A αµ ( ) + [ P P µ ρ ] + X µ R r ( µ ) + [ P P µ ρ ] + X µ Q Q Q X µ [ µ θ ] Q X µ [ µ θ ] (89) (90) The relatoshps r (). ad α. () correspod to the results of Appedx A, equatos (7) ad (87). Referrg to the dscusso of chapter., we do ot kow µ advace ad ts best avalable guess s the actual value of the measuremets vector µ. It has bee show that uder the assumpto of depedece of P ad Q, the followg holds σ A σ R σ P ρ + σ P ρ + σ Q θ σ Q θ (9) (9) uder the abovemetoed assumpto of egl- We further wat to kow the covarace gble agular ucertates: σ AR COV[ A, R] E[ A R] E[ A]E[ R] (93) E α + [ P µ (94) P ρ ] r + P [ P µ ρ ] αr E αr + r [ P µ (95) P ρ ] + α P [ P µ ρ ] + [ P µ P ρ ] P [ P µ ρ ] αr P E[ αr] + re P µ ρ + αe P P P P µ ρ 7

19 + E [ P P P µ ρ ][ P j µ ρ ] j αr (96) αr r P ( α)e P + [ ] r P E [ µ ρ ] + α P E [ P ] α P ()E r [ µ ρ ] + E j [ P P P µ ρ ][ P j µ ρ ] + j [ P P P µ ρ ] αr (97) E ( P (98) P P P j P µ P P j j µ P + µ P µ P ) + E j [ P P P µ ρ ] j E[ P (99) P P P j P µ P P j j µ P + µ P µ P ] + j E[ ( P P P µ ρ ) ] j E[ P (00) P P P j P µ P P j j µ P + µ P µ P ] + j σ P P ρ P j P j Sce ad are depedet, the expected value of the bracketed expresso dsappears. Hece σ AR σ P P ρ (0) If, however, the put ucertaty model provdes o-eglgble agular varaces, t s easy to show that uder the depedecy assumpto of P ad Q the expresso keepg track of Q ca be smply added to yeld σ AR σ P P ρ + σ Q Q θ. (0) As demostrated chapter 3, the results (9), (9) ad (0) ca also be obtaed the more compact but less tutve form of equato (). Let F PQ P Q F P F Q P Q P P P P P P Q Q Q Q Q Q (03) the composed p Jacoba matrx cotag all partal dervates of the model parameters wth respect to the put radom varables about the guess µ. The, the sought covarace matrx ca be rewrtte as C AR C AR T F PQ C X F PQ. (04) Uder the codtos whch lead to equato (0), the rght had sde ca be decomposed yeldg T T C AR F P C P F P + F Q C Q F Q (05) 8

20 B. Practcal Cosderatos We determe mplemetable expressos for the elemets of covarace matrx C AR. Uder the assumpto of eglgble agular ucertates, cocrete expressos of σ A, σ R ad σ AR wll be derved. We must furthermore keep md that our problem mght be a real tme problem, requrg a effcet mplemetato. Expresso are therefore sought whch mmze the umer of floatg pot operatos, e.g. by reuse of already computed subexpressos. Although calculatg wth weghts does ot add much dffculty, we wll omt them ths chapter. For the sake of brevty we troduce the followg otato wth N α --ata D --- N (06) -- P, (07) P j cosq s Q j P sq D -- P. (08) P cos( j Q + Q ) j P cosq We wll use the result that the parameters α (equato (87)) ad r (equato (7)) ca also be wrtte Cartesa form, where x ρ cosθ ad y ρ sθ : α, (09) -- ( y y )( x x ) ata ( y y ) ( x x ) r xcosα + y sα. (0) They use the meas x x y y. () From equatos (9), (9) ad (0) we see that the covarace matrx s defed whe both partal dervates of the parameters wth respect to P are gve. Let us start wth the dervate of α. D N D N N D N D P P P P + N D D -- P D + N The partal dervates of the umerator ad the deomator wth respect to obtaed as follows: P () ca be N P -- P (3) P j P k cosq j sq k { P P j sq j } P sq + -- P { P c s + P c P s + P c P 3 s 3 + P c P 4 s P c P s + P c s + P c P 3 s 3 + P c P 4 s P 3 c 3 P s + P 3 c 3 P s + P 3c3 s 3 + P 3 c 3 P 4 s 4 + } (4) See [ARRAS97] for the results wth weghts. Performace comparso results of three dfferet ways to determe α ad r are also brefly gve. 9

21 -- P { P j cosq j P sq } + P P Q s { Q j j P s Q (5) -- ( sq P j cosq j + cosq P j sq j ) P sq (6) -- ( sq x + cosq y) P sq (7) ( xsq + ycosq P sq ) (8) The mea values x ad y are those of equato (). D -- P (9) P P j P k cos( Q + Q j ) { P P j cosq j } P cosq + -- { P P c + + P P c + + P P 3 c P P 4 c P P c + + P c + + P P 3 c P P 4 c P 3 P c P 3 P c P 3c P 3 P 4 c } (0) -- { P P j P cos( Q + Q j )} + { P P P j cos( Q j + Q )} P cosq () -- { P P j P cos( Q + Q j )} P cosq () -- P j cos( Q + Q j ) P cosq (3) -- P j cosq cosq j -- P j sq sq j P cosq (4) -- cosq P j cosq j -- sq P j sq j P cosq (5) -- cosq x -- sq y P cosq (6) ( xcosq ysq P cosq ) (7) Substtutg to equato () gves D N N D P -- P (8) P D + N ( xcosq -- ysq P cosq )N ( xsq + ycosq P sq )D (9) D + N N( xcosq ysq P cosq ) D( xsq + ycosq P sq ) (30) D + N It remas the dervate of r : P -- P (3) P j cos( Q j α) -- (3) { P P j cos( Q j α) } 0

STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF LEAST SQUARES ESTIMATORS. x, where. = y - ˆ " 1

STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF LEAST SQUARES ESTIMATORS. x, where. = y - ˆ  1 STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF LEAST SQUARES ESTIMATORS Recall Assumpto E(Y x) η 0 + η x (lear codtoal mea fucto) Data (x, y ), (x 2, y 2 ),, (x, y ) Least squares estmator ˆ E (Y x) ˆ " 0 + ˆ " x, where ˆ

More information

Chapter Eight. f : R R

Chapter Eight. f : R R Chapter Eght f : R R 8. Itroducto We shall ow tur our atteto to the very mportat specal case of fuctos that are real, or scalar, valued. These are sometmes called scalar felds. I the very, but mportat,

More information

Simple Linear Regression

Simple Linear Regression Smple Lear Regresso Regresso equato a equato that descrbes the average relatoshp betwee a respose (depedet) ad a eplaator (depedet) varable. 6 8 Slope-tercept equato for a le m b (,6) slope. (,) 6 6 8

More information

APPENDIX III THE ENVELOPE PROPERTY

APPENDIX III THE ENVELOPE PROPERTY Apped III APPENDIX III THE ENVELOPE PROPERTY Optmzato mposes a very strog structure o the problem cosdered Ths s the reaso why eoclasscal ecoomcs whch assumes optmzg behavour has bee the most successful

More information

IDENTIFICATION OF THE DYNAMICS OF THE GOOGLE S RANKING ALGORITHM. A. Khaki Sedigh, Mehdi Roudaki

IDENTIFICATION OF THE DYNAMICS OF THE GOOGLE S RANKING ALGORITHM. A. Khaki Sedigh, Mehdi Roudaki IDENIFICAION OF HE DYNAMICS OF HE GOOGLE S RANKING ALGORIHM A. Khak Sedgh, Mehd Roudak Cotrol Dvso, Departmet of Electrcal Egeerg, K.N.oos Uversty of echology P. O. Box: 16315-1355, ehra, Ira sedgh@eetd.ktu.ac.r,

More information

6.7 Network analysis. 6.7.1 Introduction. References - Network analysis. Topological analysis

6.7 Network analysis. 6.7.1 Introduction. References - Network analysis. Topological analysis 6.7 Network aalyss Le data that explctly store topologcal formato are called etwork data. Besdes spatal operatos, several methods of spatal aalyss are applcable to etwork data. Fgure: Network data Refereces

More information

The simple linear Regression Model

The simple linear Regression Model The smple lear Regresso Model Correlato coeffcet s o-parametrc ad just dcates that two varables are assocated wth oe aother, but t does ot gve a deas of the kd of relatoshp. Regresso models help vestgatg

More information

ANOVA Notes Page 1. Analysis of Variance for a One-Way Classification of Data

ANOVA Notes Page 1. Analysis of Variance for a One-Way Classification of Data ANOVA Notes Page Aalss of Varace for a Oe-Wa Classfcato of Data Cosder a sgle factor or treatmet doe at levels (e, there are,, 3, dfferet varatos o the prescrbed treatmet) Wth a gve treatmet level there

More information

Statistical Pattern Recognition (CE-725) Department of Computer Engineering Sharif University of Technology

Statistical Pattern Recognition (CE-725) Department of Computer Engineering Sharif University of Technology I The Name of God, The Compassoate, The ercful Name: Problems' eys Studet ID#:. Statstcal Patter Recogto (CE-725) Departmet of Computer Egeerg Sharf Uversty of Techology Fal Exam Soluto - Sprg 202 (50

More information

The Digital Signature Scheme MQQ-SIG

The Digital Signature Scheme MQQ-SIG The Dgtal Sgature Scheme MQQ-SIG Itellectual Property Statemet ad Techcal Descrpto Frst publshed: 10 October 2010, Last update: 20 December 2010 Dalo Glgorosk 1 ad Rue Stesmo Ødegård 2 ad Rue Erled Jese

More information

SHAPIRO-WILK TEST FOR NORMALITY WITH KNOWN MEAN

SHAPIRO-WILK TEST FOR NORMALITY WITH KNOWN MEAN SHAPIRO-WILK TEST FOR NORMALITY WITH KNOWN MEAN Wojcech Zelńsk Departmet of Ecoometrcs ad Statstcs Warsaw Uversty of Lfe Sceces Nowoursyowska 66, -787 Warszawa e-mal: wojtekzelsk@statystykafo Zofa Hausz,

More information

On Error Detection with Block Codes

On Error Detection with Block Codes BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES CYBERNETICS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES Volume 9, No 3 Sofa 2009 O Error Detecto wth Block Codes Rostza Doduekova Chalmers Uversty of Techology ad the Uversty of Gotheburg,

More information

The Gompertz-Makeham distribution. Fredrik Norström. Supervisor: Yuri Belyaev

The Gompertz-Makeham distribution. Fredrik Norström. Supervisor: Yuri Belyaev The Gompertz-Makeham dstrbuto by Fredrk Norström Master s thess Mathematcal Statstcs, Umeå Uversty, 997 Supervsor: Yur Belyaev Abstract Ths work s about the Gompertz-Makeham dstrbuto. The dstrbuto has

More information

of the relationship between time and the value of money.

of the relationship between time and the value of money. TIME AND THE VALUE OF MONEY Most agrbusess maagers are famlar wth the terms compoudg, dscoutg, auty, ad captalzato. That s, most agrbusess maagers have a tutve uderstadg that each term mples some relatoshp

More information

Average Price Ratios

Average Price Ratios Average Prce Ratos Morgstar Methodology Paper August 3, 2005 2005 Morgstar, Ic. All rghts reserved. The formato ths documet s the property of Morgstar, Ic. Reproducto or trascrpto by ay meas, whole or

More information

Settlement Prediction by Spatial-temporal Random Process

Settlement Prediction by Spatial-temporal Random Process Safety, Relablty ad Rs of Structures, Ifrastructures ad Egeerg Systems Furuta, Fragopol & Shozua (eds Taylor & Fracs Group, Lodo, ISBN 978---77- Settlemet Predcto by Spatal-temporal Radom Process P. Rugbaapha

More information

Optimal multi-degree reduction of Bézier curves with constraints of endpoints continuity

Optimal multi-degree reduction of Bézier curves with constraints of endpoints continuity Computer Aded Geometrc Desg 19 (2002 365 377 wwwelsevercom/locate/comad Optmal mult-degree reducto of Bézer curves wth costrats of edpots cotuty Guo-Dog Che, Guo-J Wag State Key Laboratory of CAD&CG, Isttute

More information

Abraham Zaks. Technion I.I.T. Haifa ISRAEL. and. University of Haifa, Haifa ISRAEL. Abstract

Abraham Zaks. Technion I.I.T. Haifa ISRAEL. and. University of Haifa, Haifa ISRAEL. Abstract Preset Value of Autes Uder Radom Rates of Iterest By Abraham Zas Techo I.I.T. Hafa ISRAEL ad Uversty of Hafa, Hafa ISRAEL Abstract Some attempts were made to evaluate the future value (FV) of the expected

More information

Curve Fitting and Solution of Equation

Curve Fitting and Solution of Equation UNIT V Curve Fttg ad Soluto of Equato 5. CURVE FITTING I ma braches of appled mathematcs ad egeerg sceces we come across epermets ad problems, whch volve two varables. For eample, t s kow that the speed

More information

An Approach to Evaluating the Computer Network Security with Hesitant Fuzzy Information

An Approach to Evaluating the Computer Network Security with Hesitant Fuzzy Information A Approach to Evaluatg the Computer Network Securty wth Hestat Fuzzy Iformato Jafeg Dog A Approach to Evaluatg the Computer Network Securty wth Hestat Fuzzy Iformato Jafeg Dog, Frst ad Correspodg Author

More information

ECONOMIC CHOICE OF OPTIMUM FEEDER CABLE CONSIDERING RISK ANALYSIS. University of Brasilia (UnB) and The Brazilian Regulatory Agency (ANEEL), Brazil

ECONOMIC CHOICE OF OPTIMUM FEEDER CABLE CONSIDERING RISK ANALYSIS. University of Brasilia (UnB) and The Brazilian Regulatory Agency (ANEEL), Brazil ECONOMIC CHOICE OF OPTIMUM FEEDER CABE CONSIDERING RISK ANAYSIS I Camargo, F Fgueredo, M De Olvera Uversty of Brasla (UB) ad The Brazla Regulatory Agecy (ANEE), Brazl The choce of the approprate cable

More information

Credibility Premium Calculation in Motor Third-Party Liability Insurance

Credibility Premium Calculation in Motor Third-Party Liability Insurance Advaces Mathematcal ad Computatoal Methods Credblty remum Calculato Motor Thrd-arty Lablty Isurace BOHA LIA, JAA KUBAOVÁ epartmet of Mathematcs ad Quattatve Methods Uversty of ardubce Studetská 95, 53

More information

T = 1/freq, T = 2/freq, T = i/freq, T = n (number of cash flows = freq n) are :

T = 1/freq, T = 2/freq, T = i/freq, T = n (number of cash flows = freq n) are : Bullets bods Let s descrbe frst a fxed rate bod wthout amortzg a more geeral way : Let s ote : C the aual fxed rate t s a percetage N the otoal freq ( 2 4 ) the umber of coupo per year R the redempto of

More information

Online Appendix: Measured Aggregate Gains from International Trade

Online Appendix: Measured Aggregate Gains from International Trade Ole Appedx: Measured Aggregate Gas from Iteratoal Trade Arel Burste UCLA ad NBER Javer Cravo Uversty of Mchga March 3, 2014 I ths ole appedx we derve addtoal results dscussed the paper. I the frst secto,

More information

n. We know that the sum of squares of p independent standard normal variables has a chi square distribution with p degrees of freedom.

n. We know that the sum of squares of p independent standard normal variables has a chi square distribution with p degrees of freedom. UMEÅ UNIVERSITET Matematsk-statstska sttutoe Multvarat dataaalys för tekologer MSTB0 PA TENTAMEN 004-0-9 LÖSNINGSFÖRSLAG TILL TENTAMEN I MATEMATISK STATISTIK Multvarat dataaalys för tekologer B, 5 poäg.

More information

Applications of Support Vector Machine Based on Boolean Kernel to Spam Filtering

Applications of Support Vector Machine Based on Boolean Kernel to Spam Filtering Moder Appled Scece October, 2009 Applcatos of Support Vector Mache Based o Boolea Kerel to Spam Flterg Shugag Lu & Keb Cu School of Computer scece ad techology, North Cha Electrc Power Uversty Hebe 071003,

More information

The analysis of annuities relies on the formula for geometric sums: r k = rn+1 1 r 1. (2.1) k=0

The analysis of annuities relies on the formula for geometric sums: r k = rn+1 1 r 1. (2.1) k=0 Chapter 2 Autes ad loas A auty s a sequece of paymets wth fxed frequecy. The term auty orgally referred to aual paymets (hece the ame), but t s ow also used for paymets wth ay frequecy. Autes appear may

More information

Numerical Methods with MS Excel

Numerical Methods with MS Excel TMME, vol4, o.1, p.84 Numercal Methods wth MS Excel M. El-Gebely & B. Yushau 1 Departmet of Mathematcal Sceces Kg Fahd Uversty of Petroleum & Merals. Dhahra, Saud Araba. Abstract: I ths ote we show how

More information

Fractal-Structured Karatsuba`s Algorithm for Binary Field Multiplication: FK

Fractal-Structured Karatsuba`s Algorithm for Binary Field Multiplication: FK Fractal-Structured Karatsuba`s Algorthm for Bary Feld Multplcato: FK *The authors are worg at the Isttute of Mathematcs The Academy of Sceces of DPR Korea. **Address : U Jog dstrct Kwahadog Number Pyogyag

More information

Models for Selecting an ERP System with Intuitionistic Trapezoidal Fuzzy Information

Models for Selecting an ERP System with Intuitionistic Trapezoidal Fuzzy Information JOURNAL OF SOFWARE, VOL 5, NO 3, MARCH 00 75 Models for Selectg a ERP System wth Itutostc rapezodal Fuzzy Iformato Guwu We, Ru L Departmet of Ecoomcs ad Maagemet, Chogqg Uversty of Arts ad Sceces, Yogchua,

More information

Forecasting Trend and Stock Price with Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter Data Fusion

Forecasting Trend and Stock Price with Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter Data Fusion 2011 Iteratoal Coferece o Ecoomcs ad Face Research IPEDR vol.4 (2011 (2011 IACSIT Press, Sgapore Forecastg Tred ad Stoc Prce wth Adaptve Exteded alma Flter Data Fuso Betollah Abar Moghaddam Faculty of

More information

Preprocess a planar map S. Given a query point p, report the face of S containing p. Goal: O(n)-size data structure that enables O(log n) query time.

Preprocess a planar map S. Given a query point p, report the face of S containing p. Goal: O(n)-size data structure that enables O(log n) query time. Computatoal Geometry Chapter 6 Pot Locato 1 Problem Defto Preprocess a plaar map S. Gve a query pot p, report the face of S cotag p. S Goal: O()-sze data structure that eables O(log ) query tme. C p E

More information

CHAPTER 2. Time Value of Money 6-1

CHAPTER 2. Time Value of Money 6-1 CHAPTER 2 Tme Value of Moey 6- Tme Value of Moey (TVM) Tme Les Future value & Preset value Rates of retur Autes & Perpetutes Ueve cash Flow Streams Amortzato 6-2 Tme les 0 2 3 % CF 0 CF CF 2 CF 3 Show

More information

Reinsurance and the distribution of term insurance claims

Reinsurance and the distribution of term insurance claims Resurace ad the dstrbuto of term surace clams By Rchard Bruyel FIAA, FNZSA Preseted to the NZ Socety of Actuares Coferece Queestow - November 006 1 1 Itroducto Ths paper vestgates the effect of resurace

More information

Chapter 3. AMORTIZATION OF LOAN. SINKING FUNDS R =

Chapter 3. AMORTIZATION OF LOAN. SINKING FUNDS R = Chapter 3. AMORTIZATION OF LOAN. SINKING FUNDS Objectves of the Topc: Beg able to formalse ad solve practcal ad mathematcal problems, whch the subjects of loa amortsato ad maagemet of cumulatve fuds are

More information

Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) 53:134 Structural Desg II Load ad Resstace Factor Desg (LRFD) Specfcatos ad Buldg Codes: Structural steel desg of buldgs the US s prcpally based o the specfcatos of the Amerca Isttute of Steel Costructo

More information

Regression Analysis. 1. Introduction

Regression Analysis. 1. Introduction . Itroducto Regresso aalyss s a statstcal methodology that utlzes the relato betwee two or more quattatve varables so that oe varable ca be predcted from the other, or others. Ths methodology s wdely used

More information

Security Analysis of RAPP: An RFID Authentication Protocol based on Permutation

Security Analysis of RAPP: An RFID Authentication Protocol based on Permutation Securty Aalyss of RAPP: A RFID Authetcato Protocol based o Permutato Wag Shao-hu,,, Ha Zhje,, Lu Sujua,, Che Da-we, {College of Computer, Najg Uversty of Posts ad Telecommucatos, Najg 004, Cha Jagsu Hgh

More information

1. The Time Value of Money

1. The Time Value of Money Corporate Face [00-0345]. The Tme Value of Moey. Compoudg ad Dscoutg Captalzato (compoudg, fdg future values) s a process of movg a value forward tme. It yelds the future value gve the relevat compoudg

More information

A New Bayesian Network Method for Computing Bottom Event's Structural Importance Degree using Jointree

A New Bayesian Network Method for Computing Bottom Event's Structural Importance Degree using Jointree , pp.277-288 http://dx.do.org/10.14257/juesst.2015.8.1.25 A New Bayesa Network Method for Computg Bottom Evet's Structural Importace Degree usg Jotree Wag Yao ad Su Q School of Aeroautcs, Northwester Polytechcal

More information

ADAPTATION OF SHAPIRO-WILK TEST TO THE CASE OF KNOWN MEAN

ADAPTATION OF SHAPIRO-WILK TEST TO THE CASE OF KNOWN MEAN Colloquum Bometrcum 4 ADAPTATION OF SHAPIRO-WILK TEST TO THE CASE OF KNOWN MEAN Zofa Hausz, Joaa Tarasńska Departmet of Appled Mathematcs ad Computer Scece Uversty of Lfe Sceces Lubl Akademcka 3, -95 Lubl

More information

CH. V ME256 STATICS Center of Gravity, Centroid, and Moment of Inertia CENTER OF GRAVITY AND CENTROID

CH. V ME256 STATICS Center of Gravity, Centroid, and Moment of Inertia CENTER OF GRAVITY AND CENTROID CH. ME56 STTICS Ceter of Gravt, Cetrod, ad Momet of Ierta CENTE OF GITY ND CENTOID 5. CENTE OF GITY ND CENTE OF MSS FO SYSTEM OF PTICES Ceter of Gravt. The ceter of gravt G s a pot whch locates the resultat

More information

Speeding up k-means Clustering by Bootstrap Averaging

Speeding up k-means Clustering by Bootstrap Averaging Speedg up -meas Clusterg by Bootstrap Averagg Ia Davdso ad Ashw Satyaarayaa Computer Scece Dept, SUNY Albay, NY, USA,. {davdso, ashw}@cs.albay.edu Abstract K-meas clusterg s oe of the most popular clusterg

More information

DECISION MAKING WITH THE OWA OPERATOR IN SPORT MANAGEMENT

DECISION MAKING WITH THE OWA OPERATOR IN SPORT MANAGEMENT ESTYLF08, Cuecas Meras (Meres - Lagreo), 7-9 de Septembre de 2008 DECISION MAKING WITH THE OWA OPERATOR IN SPORT MANAGEMENT José M. Mergó Aa M. Gl-Lafuete Departmet of Busess Admstrato, Uversty of Barceloa

More information

Bayesian Network Representation

Bayesian Network Representation Readgs: K&F 3., 3.2, 3.3, 3.4. Bayesa Network Represetato Lecture 2 Mar 30, 20 CSE 55, Statstcal Methods, Sprg 20 Istructor: Su-I Lee Uversty of Washgto, Seattle Last tme & today Last tme Probablty theory

More information

Performance Attribution. Methodology Overview

Performance Attribution. Methodology Overview erformace Attrbuto Methodology Overvew Faba SUAREZ March 2004 erformace Attrbuto Methodology 1.1 Itroducto erformace Attrbuto s a set of techques that performace aalysts use to expla why a portfolo's performace

More information

Beta. A Statistical Analysis of a Stock s Volatility. Courtney Wahlstrom. Iowa State University, Master of School Mathematics. Creative Component

Beta. A Statistical Analysis of a Stock s Volatility. Courtney Wahlstrom. Iowa State University, Master of School Mathematics. Creative Component Beta A Statstcal Aalyss of a Stock s Volatlty Courtey Wahlstrom Iowa State Uversty, Master of School Mathematcs Creatve Compoet Fall 008 Amy Froelch, Major Professor Heather Bolles, Commttee Member Travs

More information

The Analysis of Development of Insurance Contract Premiums of General Liability Insurance in the Business Insurance Risk

The Analysis of Development of Insurance Contract Premiums of General Liability Insurance in the Business Insurance Risk The Aalyss of Developmet of Isurace Cotract Premums of Geeral Lablty Isurace the Busess Isurace Rsk the Frame of the Czech Isurace Market 1998 011 Scetfc Coferece Jue, 10. - 14. 013 Pavla Kubová Departmet

More information

where p is the centroid of the neighbors of p. Consider the eigenvector problem

where p is the centroid of the neighbors of p. Consider the eigenvector problem Vrtual avgato of teror structures by ldar Yogja X a, Xaolg L a, Ye Dua a, Norbert Maerz b a Uversty of Mssour at Columba b Mssour Uversty of Scece ad Techology ABSTRACT I ths project, we propose to develop

More information

An Effectiveness of Integrated Portfolio in Bancassurance

An Effectiveness of Integrated Portfolio in Bancassurance A Effectveess of Itegrated Portfolo Bacassurace Taea Karya Research Ceter for Facal Egeerg Isttute of Ecoomc Research Kyoto versty Sayouu Kyoto 606-850 Japa arya@eryoto-uacp Itroducto As s well ow the

More information

Taylor & Francis, Ltd. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Experimental Education.

Taylor & Francis, Ltd. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Experimental Education. The Statstcal Iterpretato of Degrees of Freedom Author(s): Wllam J. Mooa Source: The Joural of Expermetal Educato, Vol. 21, No. 3 (Mar., 1953), pp. 259264 Publshed by: Taylor & Fracs, Ltd. Stable URL:

More information

Maintenance Scheduling of Distribution System with Optimal Economy and Reliability

Maintenance Scheduling of Distribution System with Optimal Economy and Reliability Egeerg, 203, 5, 4-8 http://dx.do.org/0.4236/eg.203.59b003 Publshed Ole September 203 (http://www.scrp.org/joural/eg) Mateace Schedulg of Dstrbuto System wth Optmal Ecoomy ad Relablty Syua Hog, Hafeg L,

More information

Banking (Early Repayment of Housing Loans) Order, 5762 2002 1

Banking (Early Repayment of Housing Loans) Order, 5762 2002 1 akg (Early Repaymet of Housg Loas) Order, 5762 2002 y vrtue of the power vested me uder Secto 3 of the akg Ordace 94 (hereafter, the Ordace ), followg cosultato wth the Commttee, ad wth the approval of

More information

Robust Realtime Face Recognition And Tracking System

Robust Realtime Face Recognition And Tracking System JCS& Vol. 9 No. October 9 Robust Realtme Face Recogto Ad rackg System Ka Che,Le Ju Zhao East Cha Uversty of Scece ad echology Emal:asa85@hotmal.com Abstract here s some very mportat meag the study of realtme

More information

Optimal replacement and overhaul decisions with imperfect maintenance and warranty contracts

Optimal replacement and overhaul decisions with imperfect maintenance and warranty contracts Optmal replacemet ad overhaul decsos wth mperfect mateace ad warraty cotracts R. Pascual Departmet of Mechacal Egeerg, Uversdad de Chle, Caslla 2777, Satago, Chle Phoe: +56-2-6784591 Fax:+56-2-689657 rpascual@g.uchle.cl

More information

STOCHASTIC approximation algorithms have several

STOCHASTIC approximation algorithms have several IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY, VOL 60, NO 10, OCTOBER 2014 6609 Trackg a Markov-Modulated Statoary Degree Dstrbuto of a Dyamc Radom Graph Mazyar Hamd, Vkram Krshamurthy, Fellow, IEEE, ad George

More information

Projection model for Computer Network Security Evaluation with interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy information. Qingxiang Li

Projection model for Computer Network Security Evaluation with interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy information. Qingxiang Li Iteratoal Joural of Scece Vol No7 05 ISSN: 83-4890 Proecto model for Computer Network Securty Evaluato wth terval-valued tutostc fuzzy formato Qgxag L School of Software Egeerg Chogqg Uversty of rts ad

More information

A Study of Unrelated Parallel-Machine Scheduling with Deteriorating Maintenance Activities to Minimize the Total Completion Time

A Study of Unrelated Parallel-Machine Scheduling with Deteriorating Maintenance Activities to Minimize the Total Completion Time Joural of Na Ka, Vol. 0, No., pp.5-9 (20) 5 A Study of Urelated Parallel-Mache Schedulg wth Deteroratg Mateace Actvtes to Mze the Total Copleto Te Suh-Jeq Yag, Ja-Yuar Guo, Hs-Tao Lee Departet of Idustral

More information

Classic Problems at a Glance using the TVM Solver

Classic Problems at a Glance using the TVM Solver C H A P T E R 2 Classc Problems at a Glace usg the TVM Solver The table below llustrates the most commo types of classc face problems. The formulas are gve for each calculato. A bref troducto to usg the

More information

10.5 Future Value and Present Value of a General Annuity Due

10.5 Future Value and Present Value of a General Annuity Due Chapter 10 Autes 371 5. Thomas leases a car worth $4,000 at.99% compouded mothly. He agrees to make 36 lease paymets of $330 each at the begg of every moth. What s the buyout prce (resdual value of the

More information

A Bayesian Networks in Intrusion Detection Systems

A Bayesian Networks in Intrusion Detection Systems Joural of Computer Scece 3 (5: 59-65, 007 ISSN 549-3636 007 Scece Publcatos A Bayesa Networs Itruso Detecto Systems M. Mehd, S. Zar, A. Aou ad M. Besebt Electrocs Departmet, Uversty of Blda, Algera Abstract:

More information

Near Neighbor Distribution in Sets of Fractal Nature

Near Neighbor Distribution in Sets of Fractal Nature Iteratoal Joural of Computer Iformato Systems ad Idustral Maagemet Applcatos. ISS 250-7988 Volume 5 (202) 3 pp. 59-66 MIR Labs, www.mrlabs.et/jcsm/dex.html ear eghbor Dstrbuto Sets of Fractal ature Marcel

More information

Study on prediction of network security situation based on fuzzy neutral network

Study on prediction of network security situation based on fuzzy neutral network Avalable ole www.ocpr.com Joural of Chemcal ad Pharmaceutcal Research, 04, 6(6):00-06 Research Artcle ISS : 0975-7384 CODE(USA) : JCPRC5 Study o predcto of etwork securty stuato based o fuzzy eutral etwork

More information

Dynamic Two-phase Truncated Rayleigh Model for Release Date Prediction of Software

Dynamic Two-phase Truncated Rayleigh Model for Release Date Prediction of Software J. Software Egeerg & Applcatos 3 63-69 do:.436/jsea..367 Publshed Ole Jue (http://www.scrp.org/joural/jsea) Dyamc Two-phase Trucated Raylegh Model for Release Date Predcto of Software Lafe Qa Qgchua Yao

More information

CIS603 - Artificial Intelligence. Logistic regression. (some material adopted from notes by M. Hauskrecht) CIS603 - AI. Supervised learning

CIS603 - Artificial Intelligence. Logistic regression. (some material adopted from notes by M. Hauskrecht) CIS603 - AI. Supervised learning CIS63 - Artfcal Itellgece Logstc regresso Vasleos Megalookoomou some materal adopted from otes b M. Hauskrecht Supervsed learg Data: D { d d.. d} a set of eamples d < > s put vector ad s desred output

More information

Conversion of Non-Linear Strength Envelopes into Generalized Hoek-Brown Envelopes

Conversion of Non-Linear Strength Envelopes into Generalized Hoek-Brown Envelopes Covero of No-Lear Stregth Evelope to Geeralzed Hoek-Brow Evelope Itroducto The power curve crtero commoly ued lmt-equlbrum lope tablty aaly to defe a o-lear tregth evelope (relatohp betwee hear tre, τ,

More information

2009-2015 Michael J. Rosenfeld, draft version 1.7 (under construction). draft November 5, 2015

2009-2015 Michael J. Rosenfeld, draft version 1.7 (under construction). draft November 5, 2015 009-015 Mchael J. Rosefeld, draft verso 1.7 (uder costructo). draft November 5, 015 Notes o the Mea, the Stadard Devato, ad the Stadard Error. Practcal Appled Statstcs for Socologsts. A troductory word

More information

CSSE463: Image Recognition Day 27

CSSE463: Image Recognition Day 27 CSSE463: Image Recogto Da 27 Ths week Toda: Alcatos of PCA Suda ght: roject las ad relm work due Questos? Prcal Comoets Aalss weght grth c ( )( ) ( )( ( )( ) ) heght sze Gve a set of samles, fd the drecto(s)

More information

DETERMINISTIC AND STOCHASTIC MODELLING OF TECHNICAL RESERVES IN SHORT-TERM INSURANCE CONTRACTS

DETERMINISTIC AND STOCHASTIC MODELLING OF TECHNICAL RESERVES IN SHORT-TERM INSURANCE CONTRACTS DETERMINISTI AND STOHASTI MODELLING OF TEHNIAL RESERVES IN SHORT-TERM INSURANE ONTRATS Patrck G O Weke School of Mathematcs, Uversty of Narob, Keya Emal: pweke@uobacke ABSTART lams reservg for geeral surace

More information

USEFULNESS OF BOOTSTRAPPING IN PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT

USEFULNESS OF BOOTSTRAPPING IN PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT USEFULNESS OF BOOTSTRAPPING IN PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT Radovaov Bors Faculty of Ecoomcs Subotca Segedsk put 9-11 Subotca 24000 E-mal: radovaovb@ef.us.ac.rs Marckć Aleksadra Faculty of Ecoomcs Subotca Segedsk

More information

Integrating Production Scheduling and Maintenance: Practical Implications

Integrating Production Scheduling and Maintenance: Practical Implications Proceedgs of the 2012 Iteratoal Coferece o Idustral Egeerg ad Operatos Maagemet Istabul, Turkey, uly 3 6, 2012 Itegratg Producto Schedulg ad Mateace: Practcal Implcatos Lath A. Hadd ad Umar M. Al-Turk

More information

Green Master based on MapReduce Cluster

Green Master based on MapReduce Cluster Gree Master based o MapReduce Cluster Mg-Zh Wu, Yu-Chag L, We-Tsog Lee, Yu-Su L, Fog-Hao Lu Dept of Electrcal Egeerg Tamkag Uversty, Tawa, ROC Dept of Electrcal Egeerg Tamkag Uversty, Tawa, ROC Dept of

More information

A Real-time Visual Tracking System in the Robot Soccer Domain

A Real-time Visual Tracking System in the Robot Soccer Domain Proceedgs of EUEL obotcs-, Salford, Eglad, th - th Aprl A eal-tme Vsual Trackg System the obot Soccer Doma Bo L, Edward Smth, Huosheg Hu, Lbor Spacek Departmet of Computer Scece, Uversty of Essex, Wvehoe

More information

Statistical Intrusion Detector with Instance-Based Learning

Statistical Intrusion Detector with Instance-Based Learning Iformatca 5 (00) xxx yyy Statstcal Itruso Detector wth Istace-Based Learg Iva Verdo, Boja Nova Faulteta za eletroteho raualštvo Uverza v Marboru Smetaova 7, 000 Marbor, Sloveja va.verdo@sol.et eywords:

More information

Common p-belief: The General Case

Common p-belief: The General Case GAMES AND ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR 8, 738 997 ARTICLE NO. GA97053 Commo p-belef: The Geeral Case Atsush Kaj* ad Stephe Morrs Departmet of Ecoomcs, Uersty of Pesylaa Receved February, 995 We develop belef operators

More information

M. Salahi, F. Mehrdoust, F. Piri. CVaR Robust Mean-CVaR Portfolio Optimization

M. Salahi, F. Mehrdoust, F. Piri. CVaR Robust Mean-CVaR Portfolio Optimization M. Salah, F. Mehrdoust, F. Pr Uversty of Gula, Rasht, Ira CVaR Robust Mea-CVaR Portfolo Optmzato Abstract: Oe of the most mportat problems faced by every vestor s asset allocato. A vestor durg makg vestmet

More information

α 2 α 1 β 1 ANTISYMMETRIC WAVEFUNCTIONS: SLATER DETERMINANTS (08/24/14)

α 2 α 1 β 1 ANTISYMMETRIC WAVEFUNCTIONS: SLATER DETERMINANTS (08/24/14) ANTISYMMETRI WAVEFUNTIONS: SLATER DETERMINANTS (08/4/4) Wavefuctos that descrbe more tha oe electro must have two characterstc propertes. Frst, scll electros are detcal partcles, the electros coordates

More information

ANNEX 77 FINANCE MANAGEMENT. (Working material) Chief Actuary Prof. Gaida Pettere BTA INSURANCE COMPANY SE

ANNEX 77 FINANCE MANAGEMENT. (Working material) Chief Actuary Prof. Gaida Pettere BTA INSURANCE COMPANY SE ANNEX 77 FINANCE MANAGEMENT (Workg materal) Chef Actuary Prof. Gada Pettere BTA INSURANCE COMPANY SE 1 FUNDAMENTALS of INVESTMENT I THEORY OF INTEREST RATES 1.1 ACCUMULATION Iterest may be regarded as

More information

The impact of service-oriented architecture on the scheduling algorithm in cloud computing

The impact of service-oriented architecture on the scheduling algorithm in cloud computing Iteratoal Research Joural of Appled ad Basc Sceces 2015 Avalable ole at www.rjabs.com ISSN 2251-838X / Vol, 9 (3): 387-392 Scece Explorer Publcatos The mpact of servce-oreted archtecture o the schedulg

More information

Lecture 7. Norms and Condition Numbers

Lecture 7. Norms and Condition Numbers Lecture 7 Norms ad Codto Numbers To dscuss the errors umerca probems vovg vectors, t s usefu to empo orms. Vector Norm O a vector space V, a orm s a fucto from V to the set of o-egatve reas that obes three

More information

Analysis of one-dimensional consolidation of soft soils with non-darcian flow caused by non-newtonian liquid

Analysis of one-dimensional consolidation of soft soils with non-darcian flow caused by non-newtonian liquid Joural of Rock Mechacs ad Geotechcal Egeerg., 4 (3): 5 57 Aalyss of oe-dmesoal cosoldato of soft sols wth o-darca flow caused by o-newtoa lqud Kaghe Xe, Chuaxu L, *, Xgwag Lu 3, Yul Wag Isttute of Geotechcal

More information

A particle swarm optimization to vehicle routing problem with fuzzy demands

A particle swarm optimization to vehicle routing problem with fuzzy demands A partcle swarm optmzato to vehcle routg problem wth fuzzy demads Yag Peg, Ye-me Qa A partcle swarm optmzato to vehcle routg problem wth fuzzy demads Yag Peg 1,Ye-me Qa 1 School of computer ad formato

More information

We present a new approach to pricing American-style derivatives that is applicable to any Markovian setting

We present a new approach to pricing American-style derivatives that is applicable to any Markovian setting MANAGEMENT SCIENCE Vol. 52, No., Jauary 26, pp. 95 ss 25-99 ess 526-55 6 52 95 forms do.287/msc.5.447 26 INFORMS Prcg Amerca-Style Dervatves wth Europea Call Optos Scott B. Laprse BAE Systems, Advaced

More information

Constrained Cubic Spline Interpolation for Chemical Engineering Applications

Constrained Cubic Spline Interpolation for Chemical Engineering Applications Costraed Cubc Sple Iterpolato or Chemcal Egeerg Applcatos b CJC Kruger Summar Cubc sple terpolato s a useul techque to terpolate betwee kow data pots due to ts stable ad smooth characterstcs. Uortuatel

More information

Loss Distribution Generation in Credit Portfolio Modeling

Loss Distribution Generation in Credit Portfolio Modeling Loss Dstrbuto Geerato Credt Portfolo Modelg Igor Jouravlev, MMF, Walde Uversty, USA Ruth A. Maurer, Ph.D., Professor Emertus of Mathematcal ad Computer Sceces, Colorado School of Mes, USA Key words: Loss

More information

Preparation of Calibration Curves

Preparation of Calibration Curves Preparato of Calbrato Curves A Gude to Best Practce September 3 Cotact Pot: Lz Prchard Tel: 8943 7553 Prepared by: Vck Barwck Approved by: Date: The work descrbed ths report was supported uder cotract

More information

Compressive Sensing over Strongly Connected Digraph and Its Application in Traffic Monitoring

Compressive Sensing over Strongly Connected Digraph and Its Application in Traffic Monitoring Compressve Sesg over Strogly Coected Dgraph ad Its Applcato Traffc Motorg Xao Q, Yogca Wag, Yuexua Wag, Lwe Xu Isttute for Iterdscplary Iformato Sceces, Tsghua Uversty, Bejg, Cha {qxao3, kyo.c}@gmal.com,

More information

RQM: A new rate-based active queue management algorithm

RQM: A new rate-based active queue management algorithm : A ew rate-based actve queue maagemet algorthm Jeff Edmods, Suprakash Datta, Patrck Dymod, Kashf Al Computer Scece ad Egeerg Departmet, York Uversty, Toroto, Caada Abstract I ths paper, we propose a ew

More information

How To Value An Annuity

How To Value An Annuity Future Value of a Auty After payg all your blls, you have $200 left each payday (at the ed of each moth) that you wll put to savgs order to save up a dow paymet for a house. If you vest ths moey at 5%

More information

Chapter 3 0.06 = 3000 ( 1.015 ( 1 ) Present Value of an Annuity. Section 4 Present Value of an Annuity; Amortization

Chapter 3 0.06 = 3000 ( 1.015 ( 1 ) Present Value of an Annuity. Section 4 Present Value of an Annuity; Amortization Chapter 3 Mathematcs of Face Secto 4 Preset Value of a Auty; Amortzato Preset Value of a Auty I ths secto, we wll address the problem of determg the amout that should be deposted to a accout ow at a gve

More information

CHAPTER 13. Simple Linear Regression LEARNING OBJECTIVES. USING STATISTICS @ Sunflowers Apparel

CHAPTER 13. Simple Linear Regression LEARNING OBJECTIVES. USING STATISTICS @ Sunflowers Apparel CHAPTER 3 Smple Lear Regresso USING STATISTICS @ Suflowers Apparel 3 TYPES OF REGRESSION MODELS 3 DETERMINING THE SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION EQUATION The Least-Squares Method Vsual Exploratos: Explorg Smple

More information

A Hybrid Data-Model Fusion Approach to Calibrate a Flush Air Data Sensing System

A Hybrid Data-Model Fusion Approach to Calibrate a Flush Air Data Sensing System AIAA Ifotech@Aerospace - Aprl, Atlata, Georga AIAA -3347 A Hybrd Data-Model Fuso Approach to Calbrate a Flush Ar Data Sesg System Akur Srvastava Rce Uversty, Housto, Texas, 775 Adrew J. Meade Rce Uversty,

More information

Capacitated Production Planning and Inventory Control when Demand is Unpredictable for Most Items: The No B/C Strategy

Capacitated Production Planning and Inventory Control when Demand is Unpredictable for Most Items: The No B/C Strategy SCHOOL OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING CORNELL UNIVERSITY ITHACA, NY 4853-380 TECHNICAL REPORT Jue 200 Capactated Producto Plag ad Ivetory Cotrol whe Demad s Upredctable

More information

Network dimensioning for elastic traffic based on flow-level QoS

Network dimensioning for elastic traffic based on flow-level QoS Network dmesog for elastc traffc based o flow-level QoS 1(10) Network dmesog for elastc traffc based o flow-level QoS Pas Lassla ad Jorma Vrtamo Networkg Laboratory Helsk Uversty of Techology Itroducto

More information

Relaxation Methods for Iterative Solution to Linear Systems of Equations

Relaxation Methods for Iterative Solution to Linear Systems of Equations Relaxato Methods for Iteratve Soluto to Lear Systems of Equatos Gerald Recktewald Portlad State Uversty Mechacal Egeerg Departmet gerry@me.pdx.edu Prmary Topcs Basc Cocepts Statoary Methods a.k.a. Relaxato

More information

A Parallel Transmission Remote Backup System

A Parallel Transmission Remote Backup System 2012 2d Iteratoal Coferece o Idustral Techology ad Maagemet (ICITM 2012) IPCSIT vol 49 (2012) (2012) IACSIT Press, Sgapore DOI: 107763/IPCSIT2012V495 2 A Parallel Trasmsso Remote Backup System Che Yu College

More information

Construction of a system scanning the movement of human upper limbs

Construction of a system scanning the movement of human upper limbs Scetfc Jourals Martme Uversty of Szczec Zeszyty Naukowe Akadema Morska w Szczece 1, 3(14) z. 1 pp. 75 8 1, 3(14) z. 1 s. 75 8 Costructo of a system scag the movemet of huma upper lmbs Kaml Stateczy West

More information

A probabilistic part-of-speech tagger for Swedish

A probabilistic part-of-speech tagger for Swedish A probablstc part-of-speech tagger for Swedsh eter Nlsso Departmet of Computer Scece Uversty of Lud Lud, Swede dat00pe@ludat.lth.se Abstract Ths paper presets a project for mplemetg ad evaluatg a probablstc

More information

Methods and Data Analysis

Methods and Data Analysis Fudametal Numercal Methods ad Data Aalyss by George W. Colls, II George W. Colls, II Table of Cotets Lst of Fgures...v Lst of Tables... Preface... Notes to the Iteret Edto...v. Itroducto ad Fudametal Cocepts....

More information

RESEARCH ON PERFORMANCE MODELING OF TRANSACTIONAL CLOUD APPLICATIONS

RESEARCH ON PERFORMANCE MODELING OF TRANSACTIONAL CLOUD APPLICATIONS Joural of Theoretcal ad Appled Iformato Techology 3 st October 22. Vol. 44 No.2 25-22 JATIT & LLS. All rghts reserved. ISSN: 992-8645 www.jatt.org E-ISSN: 87-395 RESEARCH ON PERFORMANCE MODELING OF TRANSACTIONAL

More information