Mobile Handset Cellular Network

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1 Mobile Handset Cellular Network C. Pham Université de Pau et des Pays de l Adour Département Informatique Congduc.Pham@univ-pau.fr These slides are compiled from several sources: - Mobile Handset Cellular Network from - Florent Dupont, Univ. Lyon - Figures from Stallings s book «Wireless Communications and Neworks, 2E» - Added information by myself with sources from Wikipedia

2 Cellular Network Basics There are many types of cellular services; before delving into details, focus on basics (helps navigate the acronym soup ) Cellular network/telephony is a radio- based technology; radio waves are electromagnefc waves that antennas propagate Most signals are in the 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 1900 MHz frequency bands Cell phones operate in this frequency range (note the logarithmic scale)

3 Cellular Network Base stafons transmit to and receive from mobiles at the assigned spectrum MulFple base stafons use the same spectrum (spectral reuse) The service area of each base stafon is called a cell Each mobile terminal is typically served by the closest base stafons Handoff when terminals move

4 Base stafon 4

5 Exemple : couverture d'une zone 1 cellule OrganisaFon en 6 clusters de 4 cellules Florent Dupont Ex: Bande passante de 100 MHz 200 KHz nécessaire par canal 100MHz pour la cellule 100M / 200K = 500 canaux Gain = nombre de clusters 5 A C A C B D B D 100MHz / 4 cellules = 25 MHz par cellule 25M / 200K = 125 canaux par cellule 125 canaux *24 cellules = 3000 canaux A C A C B D B D A C A C B D B D

6 OrganisaFon cellulaire Nombre d'u8lisateurs : n = avec : W = largeur de la bande passante B = bande passante nécessaire par uflisateur N = facteur de réuflisafon spectrale = nombre de cellules par cluster m = nombre total de cellules W B x m N NoFon de qualité de service, prise en compte de la complexité, Florent Dupont 6 taille des terminaux, etc.

7 Cellular Network GeneraFons It is useful to think of cellular Network/telephony in terms of genera+ons: 0G: Briefcase- size mobile radio telephones 1G: Analog cellular telephony 2G: Digital cellular telephony 3G: High- speed digital cellular telephony (including video telephony) 4G: IP- based anyfme, anywhere voice, data, and mulfmedia telephony at faster data rates than 3G (to be deployed in )

8 RéuFlisaFon des fréquences Florent Dupont 8

9 RéuFlisaFon et interférences Canal 15 Canal 6 Canal 15 SN min = 9 db Florent Dupont 9

10 EvoluFon of Cellular Networks 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 4G CDMAone- >CDMA2000 EGDE: Enhanced Data Rates for GSM EvoluFon UMTS:Universal Mobile TelecommunicaFons System (W- CDMA)

11 The MulFple Access Problem The base stafons need to serve many mobile terminals at the same Fme (both downlink and uplink) All mobiles in the cell need to transmit to the base stafon Interference among different senders and receivers So we need mulfple access scheme

12 MulFple Access Schemes 3 orthogonal Schemes: Frequency Division MulFple Access (FDMA) Time Division MulFple Access (TDMA) Code Division MulFple Access (CDMA)

13 Frequency Division MulFple Access frequency Each mobile is assigned a separate frequency channel for the durafon of the call Sufficient guard band is required to prevent adjacent channel interference Usually, mobile terminals will have one downlink frequency band and one uplink frequency band Different cellular network protocols use different frequencies Frequency is a precious and scare resource. We are running out of it CogniFve radio

14 Time Division MulFple Access Guard Fme signal transmiped by mobile terminals at different locafons do no arrive at the base stafon at the same Fme Time is divided into slots and only one mobile terminal transmits during each slot Like during the lecture, only one can talk, but others may take the floor in turn Each user is given a specific slot. No compeffon in cellular network Unlike Carrier Sensing MulFple Access (CSMA) in WiFi

15 Code Division MulFple Access Use of orthogonal codes to separate different transmissions Each symbol of bit is transmiped as a larger number of bits using the user specific code Spreading Bandwidth occupied by the signal is much larger than the informafon transmission rate But all users use the same frequency band together Orthogonal among users

16 2G(GSM)

17 GSM AbbreviaFon for Global System for Mobile CommunicaFons (inifally Groupe Spécial Mobile) Concurrent development in USA and Europe in the 1980 s The European system was called GSM and deployed in the early 1990 s

18 GSM Services Voice, 3.1 khz Short Message Service (SMS) 1985 GSM standard that allows messages of at most 160 chars. (incl. spaces) to be sent between handsets and other stafons Over 2.4 billion people use it; mulf- billion $ industry General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) GSM upgrade that provides IP- based packet data transmission up to 114 kbps Users can simultaneously make calls and send data GPRS provides always on Internet access and the MulFmedia Messaging Service (MMS) whereby users can send rich text, audio, video messages to each other Performance degrades as number of users increase GPRS is an example of 2.5G telephony 2G service similar to 3G

19 GSM Channels Channels Downlink Uplink Physical Channel: Each Fmeslot on a carrier is referred to as a physical channel Logical Channel: Variety of informafon is transmiped between the MS and BTS. Different types of logical channels: Traffic channel Control Channel

20 GSM Frequencies Originally designed on 900MHz range, now also available on 800MHz, 1800MHz and 1900 MHz ranges. Separate Uplink and Downlink frequencies One example channel on the 1800 MHz frequency band, where RF carriers are space every 200 MHz UPLINK FREQUENCIES DOWNLINK FREQUENCIES 1710 MHz 1785 MHz 1805 MHz 1880 MHz UPLINK AND DOWNLINK FREQUENCY SEPARATED BY 95MHZ

21 MulFplexage temporel : TDMA RécepFon puis émission 3 Fme- slots après (1,7ms) pour le mobile : - évite la simultanéité des traitements - la synchronisafon elle- même est décalée Florent Dupont 21

22 MulFplexage temporel : TDMA 8 Time Slots par canal Durée d'une trame TDMA = 4.62 ms x 1/13 MHz = 577 µs (7500 périodes de Quartz de mobile) bit 270 kbps temps Florent Dupont 22

23 Canaux logiques TCH: Traffic CHannel SDCCH: Standalone Dedicated Control CHannel BCCH: Broadcast Control CHannel Florent Dupont 23

24 Frame hierarchy (1) Hyper Frame 3 Hrs 28 Min Super Frame 6.12 Sec One Super Frame Occurs when when the Speech and Control Channel restart at the same time. Multi-Frame 120 ms Multi-Frame 235 ms 1 26 Speech Control 1 51 Traffic Traffic 26 x Frames 4.61 ms 1 8 Each Frame is sub-divided into 8 time-slots 0.58 ms Preamble 3 57 bits User Speech Data 26 bits 57 bits User Speech Data 3 GuardTime Time Slot 0.58 ms Block = 456 Bits sub-blocks 57 bits each Blocked User Signal Inter-Leaved into 8 Time Slots over 8 Frames x Frames 4.61 ms, Slot-2 of each Frame is Allocated to the User

25 Frame hierarchy (2)

26 Trafic / Capacité (1/2) Canal Florent Dupont 26

27 Trafic / Capacité (2/2) Canal Canal Florent Dupont 27

28 GSM Architecture

29 GSM protocol stack

30 Mobile StaFon (MS) MS is the user s handset and has two parts Mobile Equipment Radio equipment User interface Processing capability and memory required for various tasks Call signalling EncrypFon SMS Equipment IMEI number Subscriber IdenFty Module

31 Subscriber IdenFty Module A small smart card EncrypFon codes needed to idenffy the subscriber Subscriber IMSI number Subscriber s own informafon (telephone directory) Third party applicafons (banking etc.) Can also be used in other systems besides GSM, e.g., some WLAN access points accept SIM based user authenfcafon

32 Contrôle de puissance d'émission La stafon de base contrôle de nombreux paramètres du mobile dont la puissance d'émission : minimisafon de P émis tout en conservant la QoS diminufon des interférences augmentafon de l'autonomie Florent Dupont 32

33 Base StaFon Subsystem Transcoding Rate and AdaptaFon Unit (TRAU) Performs coding between the 64kbps PCM coding used in the backbone network and the 13 kbps coding used for the Mobile StaFon (MS) Base StaFon Controller (BSC) Controls the channel (Fme slot) allocafon implemented by the BTSes Manages the handovers within BSS area Knows which mobile stafons are within the cell and informs the MSC/VLR about this Base Transceiver System (BTS) Controls several transmipers Each transmiper has 8 Fme slots, some used for signaling, on a specific frequency

34 Network and Switching Subsystem The backbone of a GSM network is a telephone network with addifonal cellular network capabilifes Mobile Switching Center (MSC) An typical telephony exchange (ISDN exchange) which supports mobile communicafons Visitor LocaFon Register (VLR) A database, part of the MSC Contains the locafon of the acfve Mobile StaFons Gateway Mobile Switching Center (GMSC) Links the system to PSTN and other operators Home LocaFon Register (HLR) Contain subscriber informafon, including authenfcafon informafon in AuthenFcaFon Center (AuC) Equipment IdenFty Register (EIR) InternaFonal Mobile StaFon Equipment IdenFty (IMEI) codes for e.g., blacklisfng stolen phones

35 Home LocaFon Register One database per operator Contains all the permanent subscriber informafon MSISDN (Mobile Subscriber ISDN number) is the telephone number of the subscriber InternaFonal Mobile Subscriber IdenFty (IMSI) is a 15 digit code used to idenffy the subscriber It incorporates a country code and operator code IMSI code is used to link the MSISDN number to the subscriber s SIM (Subscriber IdenFty Module) Charging informafon Services available to the customer Also the subscriber s present LocaFon Area Code, which refers to the MSC, which can connect to the MS.

36 Other Systems OperaFons Support System The management network for the whole GSM network Usually vendor dependent Very loosely specified in the GSM standards Value added services Voice mail Call forwarding Group calls Short Message Service Center Stores and forwards the SMS messages Like an E- mail server Required to operate the SMS services

37 LocaFon Updates The cells overlap and usually a mobile stafon can see several transceivers (BTSes) The MS monitors the idenffier for the BSC controlling the cells When the mobile stafon reaches a new BSC s area, it requests an locafon update The update is forwarded to the MSC, entered into the VLR, the old BSC is noffied and an acknowledgement is passed back

38 Handoff (Handover) When a call is in process, the changes in locafon need special processing Within a BSS, the BSC, which knows the current radio link configurafon (including feedbacks from the MS), prepares an available channel in the new BTS The MS is told to switch over to the new BTS This is called a hard handoff In a sox handoff, the MS is connected to two BTSes simultaneously

39 Mécanisme de "Handover" En veille En communica8on Mécanisme de Handover En veille 39

40 Mécanisme de "Handover" 2. Choix de la cellule cible le mobile gère une liste de candidates (5 maxi en GSM) si il reçoit un signal suffisant pour le canal pilote puissance relafve des signaux (P 2 > P 1 ) puissance relafve des signaux avec seuil (P 1 < seuil et P 2 > P 1 ) puissance relafve des signaux avec hystérésis (P 2 > P 1 +seuil) puissance relafve des signaux avec seuil et hystérésis (P 1 < seuil 1 et P 2 > P 1 +seuil 2 ) Florent Dupont 40

41 Hysteresis- based selecfon

42 Roaming When a MS enters another operators network, it can be allowed to use the services of this operator Operator to operator agreements and contracts Higher billing The MS is idenffied by the informafon in the SIM card and the idenfficafon request is forwarded to the home operator The home HLR is updated to reflect the MS s current locafon

43 GPRS GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) : transfert de données par paquet sur GSM (modulafon GMSK) vers Internet et réseaux X25 : jusqu à 171 kbit/s (suivant le codage de canal CS- 1 à CS- 4) Codage de canal Débit Utile Protection CS-1 9,05 kbit/s ++ CS-2 13,4 kbit/s + CS-3 15,6 kbit/s - CS-4 21,4 kbit/s -- (aucune protection) Facturé au débit - MMS Florent Dupont 43

44 GPRS Sur les Fmeslots d un TRX, certains sont alloués au GPRS, mais la voix a toujours la priorité UFlise la capacité libre On peut ufliser jusqu à 8 Time Slots (8 x 21.4 kbit/s + header = 171 kbit/s pour CS- 4). La transmission peut se faire indépendamment en UpLink et en DownLink mais pas forcément en simultané (suivant le Florent Dupont 44 type de mobile)

45 EDGE EDGE (Enhanced Data rate for GSM EvoluFon) ou EGPRS Le débit max du GPRS n est valable que pour des C/I importants (uflisafon du CS- 4), ce qui n est pas toujours le cas. On va donc changer de modulafon GMSK => 8- PSK. La vitesse de modulafon est la même que pour le GMSK mais permet un débit instantané 3 fois plus élevé, chaque état de modulafon transmepant l informafon relafve à 3 bits. Débits du EDGE 6 débits sont normalisés de PCS- 1 à PCS- 6 variant de 22,8 kbit/s à 69,2 kbit/s par Time Slot. Le débit max instantané sera donc de 553 kbit/s (moy # 300 kbit/s). Florent Dupont 45

46 3G, 3.5G and 4G (LTE)

47 3G Overview 3G is created by ITU- T and is called IMT- 2000

48 EvoluFon from 2G 2G IS-95 GSM- IS-136 & PDC 2.5G IS-95B HSCSD GPRS EDGE 1xRTT: 1 Fmes Radio Transmission Technology EV- DO: EvoluFon Data OpFmized EV- DV: EvoluFon Data and Voice Also called UMTS Cdma2000-1xRTT W-CDMA 3G Cdma2000-1xEV-DV/DO EDGE Cdma2000-3xRTT 3GPP2 TD-SCDMA 3GPP Evolved EDGE

49 Service Roadmap Improved performance, decreasing cost of delivery Typical average bit rates (peak rates higher) A number of mobile services are bearer independent in nature Voice & SMS GSM 9.6 kbps 3G-specific services take advantage of higher bandwidth and/or real-time QoS MMS picture / video xhtml browsing Application downloading Presence/location Push-to-talk GPRS 171 kbps Multitasking WEB browsing Corporate data access Streaming audio/video EGPRS 473 kbps Video sharing Video telephony Real-time IP multimedia and games Multicasting WCDMA 2 Mbps Broadband in wide area HSDPA 1-10 Mbps CDMA x CDMA EVDO CDMA EVDV

50 GSM EvoluFon to 3G High Speed Circuit Switched Data Dedicate up to 4 timeslots for data connection ~ 50 kbps Good for real-time applications c.w. GPRS Inefficient -> ties up resources, even when nothing sent Not as popular as GPRS (many skipping HSCSD) GSM 9.6kbps (one timeslot) GSM Data Also called CSD GSM HSCSD GPRS General Packet Radio Services Data rates up to ~ 115 kbps Max: 8 timeslots used as any one time Packet switched; resources not tied up all the time Contention based. Efficient, but variable delays GSM / GPRS core network re-used by WCDMA (3G) Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution Uses 8PSK modulation 3x improvement in data rate on short distances Can fall back to GMSK for greater distances Combine with GPRS (EGPRS) ~ 384 kbps Can also be combined with HSCSD EDGE WCDMA

51 Cellular network standards

52 Mobile telephone interfaces

53 Overview of 3G/IMT standards

54 UMTS Universal Mobile TelecommunicaFons System (UMTS) UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS or EDGE The standardizafon work for UMTS is carried out by Third GeneraFon Partnership Project (3GPP) Data rates of UMTS are: 144 kbps for rural 384 kbps for urban outdoor 2048 kbps for indoor and low range outdoor Virtual Home Environment (VHE)

55 UMTS Frequency Spectrum UMTS Band MHz and MHz for 3G transmission In the US, MHz and MHz will be used instead, as the 1900 MHz band was already used.

56 SD UMTS Architecture Mobile Station Base Station Subsystem Network Subsystem Other Networks SIM ME BTS BSC MSC/ VLR GMSC PSTN EIR HLR AUC PLMN RNS USIM ME Node B RNC SGSN GGSN Internet + UTRAN Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.

57 UMTS Network Architecture UMTS network architecture consists of three domains Core Network (CN): Provide switching, roufng and transit for user traffic UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN): Provides the air interface access method for user equipment. User Equipment (UE): Terminals work as air interface counterpart for base stafons. The various idenffes are: IMSI, TMSI, P- TMSI, TLLI, MSISDN, IMEI, IMEISV

58 UTRAN Wide band CDMA technology is selected for UTRAN air interface WCDMA TD- SCDMA Base stafons are referred to as Node- B and control equipment for Node- B is called as Radio Network Controller (RNC). FuncFons of Node- B are Air Interface Tx/Rx ModulaFon/DemodulaFon FuncFons of RNC are: Radio Resource Control Channel AllocaFon Power Control Se ngs Handover Control Ciphering SegmentaFon and reassembly

59 3.5G (HSPA) High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an amalgamafon of two mobile telephony protocols, High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), that extends and improves the performance of exisfng WCDMA protocols 3.5G introduces many new features that will enhance the UMTS technology in future. 1xEV- DV already supports most of the features that will be provided in 3.5G. These include: - AdapFve ModulaFon and Coding - Fast Scheduling - Backward compafbility with 3G - Enhanced Air Interface

60 HSPA+ Evolved HSPA (also known as: HSPA EvoluFon, HSPA +) is a wireless broadband standard defined in 3GPP release 7 and 8 of the WCDMA specificafon. Provides extensions to the exisfng HSPA definifons and is therefore backwards compafble all the way to the original Release 99 WCDMA network releases. Data rates up to 84 Mbit/s in the downlink and 10.8 Mbit/s in the uplink (per 5 MHz carrier) with mulfple input, mulfple output (2x2 MIMO) technologies and higher order modulafon (64 QAM). With Dual Cell technology, these can be doubled.

61 4G (LTE) LTE stands for Long Term EvoluFon Next GeneraFon mobile broadband technology Promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps Based on UMTS 3G technology OpFmized for All- IP traffic

62 Advantages of LTE

63 Comparison of LTE Speed

64 Major LTE Radio Technogies Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division MulFplexing (OFDM) for downlink Uses Single Carrier Frequency Division MulFple Access (SC- FDMA) for uplink Uses MulF- input MulF- output(mimo) for enhanced throughput Reduced power consumpfon Higher RF power amplifier efficiency (less bapery power used by handsets)

65 LTE Architecture

66 LTE vs UMTS FuncFonal changes compared to the current UMTS architecture

67 Case Study Mobility: A Double- Edged Sword for HSPA Networks Fung Po Tso, City University of Hong Kong Jin Teng, Ohio State University Weijia Jia, City University of Hong Kong Dong Xuan, Ohio State University ACM Mobihoc 10

68 Context Evolved hardware technologies + Improved network bandwidth = Entertainment apps on mobile MobiHoc '10

69 Context When you are NOT mobile, you use MobiHoc '10

70 Context When you are mobile, you use MobiHoc '10

71 Context Millions of passengers per day! MobiHoc '10

72 Context HSPA Node B HSPA Node B Can HSPA provide the same level of service to mobile users on public transport? pictures source: Wikipedia MobiHoc '10

73 Outline Measurement Methodology General Impact of Mobility Mobility Impact on Bandwidth Sharing Mobility Impact in TransiFonal Region Conclusion MobiHoc '10

74 Measurement Routes Type Average Speed Highest Speed Characteris8cs Trains 40 kmh 100 kmh Surface ground Subways 30 kmh 80 kmh Underground Self- driving Vehicles & Buses 50 & 30 kmh 80 kmh Surface ground Ferries 80 kmh 90 kmh Sea, Surface ground MobiHoc '10

75 Measurement Route Over 100 km in 3 months MobiHoc '10 75

76 Measurement Setup Two Servers: Lab & Data Center Three types of evaluafons: download only; upload only; simultaneous download & upload. MobiHoc '10

77 General Impact of Mobility A large spread of HSDPA bit rates and signal quality MobiHoc '10

78 Context Common View: Mobility is irrelevant, if not detrimental, to the fairness in HSPA bandwidth sharing among users ObservaFon: The bandwidth sharing pracfce in stafonary HSPA environments is unfair. In contrast, mobility surprisingly improves fairness of bandwidth sharing (fairer). MobiHoc '10

79 Bandwidth Sharing among Users Mobility actually improves the fairness of bandwidth sharing among users MobiHoc '10

80 Bandwidth Sharing among Users UE can hardly keep its dominancy under rapid change of radio environment. Mobile nodes may see beper signal quality at new locafons Cell to cell based scheduling algorithm prevent unfairness from propagafng MobiHoc '10

81 Context Common View: Mobility affects all flows equally. And TCP flows suffer more than UDP ones ObservaFon: TCP flows unexpectedly see much beper performance during mobility than UDP flows. MobiHoc '10

82 Bandwidth Sharing among Traffic Flows TCP flows see beper performance during mobility MobiHoc '10

83 Bandwidth Sharing among Traffic Flows TCP traffic is much constrained and adapfve to the channel condifon, while UDP traffic keeps pumping almost the same amount of data regardless of the channel condifon MobiHoc '10

84 Context Common View: Handoffs are triggered in the transi+onal region between cells and always result in a beper wireless connec+on ObservaFon: Nearly 30% of all handoffs, selecfon of a base stafon with poorer signal quality can be witnessed MobiHoc '10

85 Mobility Impact in TransiFonal Regions throughput oxen drops sharply, and somefmes, as high as 90% during handoff period. MobiHoc '10

86 Mobility Impact in TransiFonal Regions Ec/Io of the new base stafons are stafsfcally beper than the original base stafons by 10dBm. But almost 30% of all the handoffs do not end up with a beper base stafons MobiHoc '10

87 Conclusion Mobility is a double edged sword Degrades HSPA services, e.g. throughput Improves fairness in bandwidth allocafon among users and traffic flows CommunicaFon characterisfcs in HSPA transifonal regions are very complicated MobiHoc '10

88 Acknowledgement Part of the slides are adapted from the slides of Posco Tso, Harish Vishwanath, Erran Li and JusFno Lorenco, Saro Velrajan and TCL India

89 Comparison of Mobile Internet Access methods

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