The pressure screen a tool for the modern fibre alchemist

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1 Th pssu sn tool o th mon i lhmist MICHELLE SLOANE 1, PAUL KIBBLEWHITE, MARK RIDDELL 3 AND SUE WILLIAMS 4 1 Sintist Ensis Ppo, Pinipl Sintist Ensis Woo Qulity, 3 Sintist Ensis Woo Qulity, 4 Rsh Oi Ensis Ppo, Pivt Bg 300, Rotou, NZ SUMMARY Singl stg sning o it pin hmil pulp using oth hol n slott sns yil i stms o sttistilly iing qulity. Extm onitions pou pt tions tht w htistilly shot, smll, thinn-wll, mo ollps, o low osnss n nss n whih ontin mo ins omp with osponing jts. Hnsht vlutions povi uth quliition o tiontion outoms. Fom n n us psptiv, tiontion lly hs th potntil to impov th homognity o it pin kt n/o llow poution o gs with iing i quimnts om singl pulp sou. Whil intition in vg oss-stionl imnsions ws ppnt, only limit shits in ovll popultion istiutions w osv - in ontst to thos s on lngth. Multipl-stg sning my ilitt nhn sption on th sis o pmts oth thn lngth. Sttistil nlysis show th tivnss o sning option to omint y hw sltion n tht opting pmts limit to in-tuning. No signiint hw/opting inttions w osv o th omintions us in this stuy. INTRODUCTION Mivl lhmy sought to tnsom "somthing ommon" into "somthing spil - usully visulis s tuning s mtls lik l into gol. Toy s ppmk sks to hiv simil tnsomtion with is, y onvting low qulity vn wst i into vlu- w mtil tt suit to th pupos t hn. Pssu sn tiontion givs th mon "i lhmist" powul tool to o just this, ting nw oppotunitis to tivly utilis wi ng o i sous. Eiint tiontion o it pin kt is oing to lngth (s monstt y Bu MNtt lssiition o Kjni i lngth istiutions) is ptil with xisting thnology (1). Howv, th pility to tiont on th sis o oth iti is lso sil. Fo xmpl, th sggtion o thik wll ltwoo-typ i is l tgt sin this tion is known to timntl to mny spts o sht qulity (). Figu 1 shows th ltiv imnsionl shps o lywoo n ltwoo it pin is. Both i typs n hv simil lngth n osnss, ut thi thik wlls (ltiv to thi i imt) mk th ltwoo is mo iiult to ollps within th pp sht n likly to us su smoothnss n oning polms. Thy my lso xpt to xhiit gt lngthwis stinss n low lxiility. Lngth EW Lngth LW Cosnss EW Cosnss LW Flxiility EW?? Flxiility LW Collps EW >> Collps LW Figu 1: Elywoo n ltwoo i onigutions (shmtis t O Rilly t l (3)). Although sption y sning is omint y i lngth, i lxiility is lso known to ontolling to. Fi low visulistion stuis (4) vl tht uing sning is n th sn su pp to lign plll with stmlins. In o to pss though n ptu i is tho qui to tun though 90 o hing th own stm g o th ptu. It ws osv tht is with lngths gt thn twi th ptu tn to h th own stm g o hl th i h nt th ptu n tht ptn ws thn inlun y thi lxiility (5). Sti is tn to ott out th pivot povi y th own stm g n tn to -nt th jts low. In ontst, lxil is w sn to ol on th pivot point, uing th lui g o th min hnnl low n llowing th i to wn though th ptu. Givn th ins in lxiility twn lywoo n ltwoo it pin is, sption o ths two i typs my possil. Howv, it is knowlg tht lxiility stimt initly y wy o i oss stionl imnsions n ollps my i om th hyoynmi i lxiility ssoit with pulp sluy sn sption. Th pimy ous o this stuy ws to htis n povi sttistil onimtion o th tivnss o singl stg sn options with g to ng o i pmts n intltionships inluing oss-stionl i imnsions. Th xtnt to whih iing sn quipmnt n opting onitions inlun o ontol th sption poss, n th inttions tho, ws lso xmin y mploying ppopit sttistil mthoology. EXPERIMENTAL Rw Mtil Blh, y-lp it pin kt pulp om woo o mium si nsity ( kg/m³) ws otin om th Kwu mill, Ct Holt Hvy Pulp & Pp. Rpulping ws i out in Bloit 6m 3 75kW Shk hypulp ollow y ilution to 1.5% stok onnttion. Sn Equipmnt n Option Sning tils w onut utilising n y o sn/oto-sign omintions n opting onitions. Bskt signs inlu six smooth su () ill hol skts (1.0mm, 1.0mm, 1.40mm, 1.60mm,.00mm, n.40mm ). Contou o poil () su skts inlu ill skt with 1.40mm hols, mill slot skt (0.3mm with slots) n two Ahlwi wgwi skts with 0.15mm slots xtning ov th nti hight o th skt. Th Ahlstom otos, si lswh (1), Appit

2 w us: Vuum oil (VF), LR n Bump (BP). Bskt spiitions, togth with th skt/oto stups tht w mploy summis in Tl 1. Sning ws pom t 1.5% stok onnttion n 60 C, ov ng o volumti jt ts (R v, %), oto sps (xpss s oto tip sp, V oto, 13-5 m/s) n ptu vloitis (V p, m/s). Th wgwi in slot skts w opt t pitis ompl to th hol skts n tho t high ptu vloitis givn thi smll opn. Tl 1. Dsign spiitions o th sn-oto omintions. Bskt Roto BP VF LR 1.00mm * * 1.0mm * * 1.40mm * * 1.60mm * *.00mm * *.40mm * * 1.40mm * 1.40mm * * 0.3mm slot * * AWB0.15mm slot * * AWC0.15mm slot * * Fi, Pulp n Pp Chtistion A ng o msumnts ws onut on, pt n jt smpls to vlut sn pomn. Ths inlu: stok onnttion; Bu MNtt i lngth lssiition ollowing Tppi stn mtho T33om- [10 ±0.05 g o.. pulp, msh sizs 10, 14, 30, 50 n 100]; nss ollowing AS s-; lngth-wight vg i lngth, osnss n lngth istiution using Kjni FS00 i nlys, ollowing Tppi mtho T71 pm-91; hnsht pption n tsting ollowing AS/NZS s-9. Fi imnsions w msu on is m in Spu's sin oing to th mtho si y Kilwhit n Bily (6). Figu shows gnlis i oss stion shp n th tms us to si its imnsions. Fi with n s init. Fi wll thiknss is lult om i wll n ntlin pimt. Th pout o with n thiknss is g s i siz whil th tio with/thiknss n us s n inito o i ollps. With Thiknss Wll Figu : Coss-stion igm o i i n wtt om hnsht (7). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1. Etivnss o Sn Option Apt n jt i stm pouts w htis to ssss th tivnss o sn option. Fi popty tgts w not in pio to th tils sin th intntion ws to tmin th xtnt o sption possil utilising singl stg stups. Ftiontion outoms summis in Tls n 3. Ths show th gn mns inopoting ll t om ll uns togth with stn vitions. Minimum n mximum popty vlus o (), pt () n jt () stms shown n init th ng o sption possil with smooth () n poil () su sns i.. thy intiy th xtms whih my xtt om th stok. Sttistil signiin twn mns is lso inlu in th tls - i p vlus < 0.05, ins twn th stms signiint t th 5% lvl. Th t o smooth n poil sns hv n goup sptly, s pvious wok () hs shown signiint in in hviou twn th two. Rsults o som o th mo ptinnt pmts lso illustt in igu omt in whih th pmts (xpss s soluts) plott ginst un nums long th x-xis. In th igus, minimum n mximum vlus o th popty in onn highlight ol n th un showing th gtst intition twn th tions is lso init y n ow. Th ssoit hw, opting onitions n mss split qui to hiv ths i xtms n optimum tiontion points tult in th Appnix. 1.1 Pulp Qulity Fo gni pulp qulity pmts (Tl ), pssu sn tiontion pou stms tht w sttistilly int om on noth n in mny ss om th stok lso. Sption ws ily hivl on th sis o lngth, th xtnt o whih is shown in Figu 3 n Tl o ll sn uns. Un voul sning onitions, it ws possil to otin pt i popultions with vg lngths s low s 1.44mm n jt i lngths ppohing.70mm om pulp o vg i lngth.6mm. Ths ins onsi xtm o singl stg sning. Suh lngth ng oul llow th poution o multipl gs om on pulp lin; typil i lngths o ommilly vill it pin mkt kt pulps in th o o 1.mm NZUltlow.0mm NZLow.4mm NZMium.60mm NZHigh (9). Although not shown, mk shits osv in ovll lngth popultions lso monstt th pility o impoving pout uniomity. Cosnss is lso usul in htising th ppmking poptis o woo is; o xmpl, it is us to uth lssiy th ommil mkt kt pulps mntion ov (9). Although not s ponoun s with i lngth, th w sttistilly signiint ins in vg i osnss twn th pt n jt tions, ut only with th smooth su hol skt signs (Tl ). Appit

3 Lngth wight i lngth, mm Not: s ppnix o hw/onitions to hiv min, mx vlus n Δ. Figu 3: Rngs o lngth o pts() n jts() pou using smooth () n poil () su skts. Rsults psnt thus init it is possil to hiv i sption in ltion to oth lngth n osnss. This is sil o it pin hmil pulps o th sons isuss li (gt homognity n sption into xtms) n to lis th potntil to mnutu nw pp gs with optiml qulity. As n xmpl, pp sht stutus utilising ltntiv tions in multipl plis povi oppotunitis to utilis th thnology to vntg. Howv, th positiv ltionship twn lngth n osnss lis o noml it pin pulps s oppos to lonl mtils (10) mks it iiult to intit twn tiontion whih might s on osnss n osnss ins hiv y vitu o lngth tiontion. Fo this son, lims o osnss sption in th littu shoul tt with som g o sptiism unlss lngth n osnss shown to inpnnt o on noth o th mthos opt spiilly intit twn th two,.g. msumnt o oth pmts simultnously. Sotwoo hmil pulps, suh s th pulp un stuy, low in ins (<10%) pio to ting ut vn ths n still hv n impt on ing n tntion i onntt though possing. Duing sning, th ins pot pntilly to th pts (Tl ). This is not unxpt givn thi siz (< 0.0mm) ltiv to sn ptus (i.. hol imts typilly > 1.00mm). Th ility to pou ins-nih kt pulp pt tions though sning gims oul nit pouts tht qui nhn smoothnss n pintility.g. woo pinting pps. Altntivly, spting kt ins s spt stm n -intouing thm into sht stutus in ontoll mnn my lso o vlu. Th t o ins on stok ing, s ssss y Cnin stn nss (CSF), is lso shown in Tl. Fins, oupl with shot i, pou low nss pts omp to stok n osponing jt tions. Dins in nss twn pts n jts w typilly out 100mL. Avg nss o th pts, oun 600mL, is simil to tht o typil unin hwoo pulp. Rining o this stok to typilly 400 CSF will qui low ngy input thn i whol stok w us whih my yil uth vntg poviing qut i vlopmnt is still hiv. Th high jts nss my o my not voul, pning upon n us; o luing pulp, o xmpl, th movl o th ins oul xpt to niil. Tl. Mn vlus n signiin lvls o (), pt () n jt () i n pulp poptis. Pmt Hw Ftion Mn σ Rng P vlu (lvl o 95% lvl) Min Mx LWL, mm < < <.0001 < <.0001 < <.0001 <.0001 Cosnss, mg/m Pins, % < < <.0001 < <.0001 < <.0001 <.0001 CSF, ml < < <.0001 < < < Appit

4 1. Fi oss stion imnsions In n ttmpt to gin uth unstning o th tos (sony to lngth) whih inlun th i sption poss, th oss stionl imnsions o, pt n jt i popultions w xmin. A summy o sults is psnt in Tl 3. Fi with n thiknss imnsions (s in in Figu ) shown gphilly o ll i stms o ll uns in Figu 4() n (), sptivly. As n sn th thik is tn to pot pntilly to th jts whil with-lt tns lss istint. This in is liv to n tt o th ylp pulp us. Th ying poss ollpss th i, uing thiknss, ut with lss t on with. As onsqun, th ng in with tns to smll thn th osponing ng in thiknss. Th l onnttion o thik is in th jt stms suggsts tht this pmt my ply signiint ol in th sning mhnism. As not li o i lngth, mo xtm thiknss sptions ou with sns omp with sns, s shown y thi minimum n mximum ng t. Fi lxiility in th wt stt n in om i ollps, whih in tun is ssss om oss stionl msumnts o is om i hnshts. Th oss stionl spt tio (with/thiknss) is n pt msu o i ollps. Fi with, um () Fi thiknss, um Not: s ppnix o hw/onitions to hiv min, mx vlus n Δ. Figu 4: Rngs o with () n thiknss () o pts() n jts() pou using smooth () n poil () su skts. Th mo ollps ntu o lywoo is omp with th thik-wll ltwoo is ls to th inn tht sning hviou o ths two i typs woul i, vouing ptn o th mo ollps n hn lxil lywoo. Howv, it is lso impotnt to lis tht y ollps will not nssily uplit ollps in th wt stt, no lt itly to hyoynmi longituinl lxiility whih hs tmining ol in th pssg o is though sn ptus. Wklin (11), o xmpl, psnts Tl 3. Mn vlus n signiin lvls o i oss stion imnsions. Pmt Hw Ftion Mn σ Rng P vlu (lvl o 95% lvl Min Mx Fi ollps (with/thiknss) Fi pimt (μm) < < Wll thiknss (μm) < < Fi siz (with thiknss, μm ) < < Wll (μm ) < () Appit 006-6

5 s o th onvs o th ommonly hl li, iv om onsition o th xil moulus o lstiity n momnt o inti n ssuming ll wll lstiity mins onstnt. H poposs tht lywoo is will, in t, sti thn ltwoo is, whih mitigts ginst thi pntil ptn i will tin whilst sning. Sustntition o ith viw woul qui tu msu o hyoynmi i lxiility. Dspit ths onns, i ollps ws onsi s pt o th nlysis. Mn vlus init tht th w signiint ins in th ollps (with/thiknss) o spt is, with pts isplying mo ollps thn osponing jts (Tl 3). Howv, looking t th iniviul ngs o ll o th uns, (Figu 5()) it is ovious tht o th mjoity o ss only mot ins in ollps xist twn th tions. This my not supising, sin th pulp msu ws ylp with is ly in ollps stt. Fi wll thiknss woul xpt to ontiut to sning hviou, i o no oth son, thn u to its t on i lxiility. Rsults show signiint ins in wll thiknss twn pt n jt tions (Tl 3), pts ing thinn wll thn jts. Th ins shown in Figu 5() o ll uns. Howv, s with oth pmts, th w only limit shits in wll thiknss istiutions spit this l intition twn mn vlus o th tions. This suggsts th liklihoo o n inttion with o vn pnn on oth pmts.g. lngth. Unotuntly, oss stionl n lngth msumnts w not m on th sm is so possil inttions nnot stlish. WDT () Wll thiknss, um Not: s ppnix o hw/onitions to hiv min, mx vlus n Δ. Figu 5: Rngs o i ollps () n ll wll thiknss () o pts() n jts() pou using smooth () n poil () su skts. Fi oss-stionl wll ws lso msu n is popotionl to i osnss s msu y Kjni FS00 (7). Fis with lg wll ssum to lss lxil n o low ollps potntil n longituinl lxiility. Howv, i siz lso ns to onsi whn lssiying is oing to wll sin th omintion o lg imt/thin wlls in lywoo is n smll imt/thik wlls in () ltwoo is n sult in th two i typs hving simil wll s (Figu 6). Figu 6: Shmti o lywoo n ltwoo is (11). Anlysis o tiontion sults s on wll on gin show l intition twn pts n jts with is o gt wll onntt into th jts (Figu 7()). Tns with i siz (with thiknss) ollow thos stlish o wll thiknss n (Figus 7()) with is o lg oss stion tning to pot to th jts stm. Wll, um () Fi siz (WxT) Not: s ppnix o hw/onitions to hiv min, mx vlus n Δ. Figu 7: Rngs o i wll () n i siz () o pts() n jts() pou using smooth () n poil () su skts. It pps tht oss stionl imnsions involv in th sning poss; howv it is iiult to stin wll-in i popultions u to thi intpnn. 1.3 Hnsht poptis Chtistion o th vious pout stms inlu lssil hnsht vlutions. Hnsht poptis w onsistnt with th htistis o th vious is ompising th sht. Without xption sht nsity n on stngth poptis w gt o th pts thn o th jts. Th high stngth o th pts n ttiut to th htistis not li; th is shot, smll, thinn-wll n o low osnss. All ths tos, togth with th ins ins ontnt pomot oning. Th mo los ntu o th pts pp stutu sulting om ins ins ontnt, is monstt y thi high i sistn omp with jts. () Appit

6 . Inlun o Sn Equipmnt & Opting Conitions on Sning - Anlysis o Vin ANOVA nlysis ws pom, () to intiy th min ts o hw (skt n oto) sign n opting onitions (oto sp n ptu vloity) on sn pomn n () to tmin signiint inttions, i ny, twn thm (i.. i ny on omintion o hw opt in ptiul mnn us spii spons). This nlysis inlu t o smooth hol sns only. Figus n 9 show th t o sn skt n oto sign on sn pomn msus o jts n pts sptivly. In oth igus, sn pomn msus psnt on th x xis ginst t on th y xis whih psnts nomlis lst squ mn o pt o jt t points sptivly, o ll skt n oto hw omintions in th t. Hw ts signiint t th 0.05 lvl i th in twn mns is gt thn 6 points (i.. ov th ott lin). Eh hw stup is intii y o.g. HS1.BP (HS=hols, smooth su; 1.=hol imt; BP= Bump oto (LR=LR oto) n ltt.g. ()..1 Min Ets - Hw Rjt tions Aptu siz n oto typ h signiint t on th sning phnomnon, jt thikning, ommonly xpss s jt thikning to (RTF) whih is th tio o th jts onsistny to tht o th. Rjt thikning sults om wt ing l to pss mo ily though th sn ptus thn n th i omponnt; thikning inss th tnny o sn to plug. Th g o jt thikning lso lgly tmins th mss jt t (RM) n o this son simil ltivitis twn th hw nkings w osv o oth ths pmts. Fo hol skts us in onjuntion with th ump oto, s in hol siz om.00mm (stup ) to 1.0mm (stup ) sult in gt lvls o jt thikning (RTF) n, y ssoition, high mss jt ts (RM). Ins thikning ws lso osv with smll hol sizs whn using LR otos. In oth th 1.40mm n 1.60mm hol skts, th mo tuulnt mixing ought out y th tion o th LR oto u thikning signiintly whn omp to th lvls ouing with th Bump oto. Sn hw lso h signiint t on jt i tion qulity. In tms o Kjni i lngth (LWL), tns w onsistnt with hngs in mss jt t, ought out y thikning with th vious hw stups. Fo xmpl, smll-hol skts tht isply high lvls o thikning gv low vg jt i lngth sin mo o th shot i ws tin. Convsly, un onitions o u thikning s with lg hol skts o th LR oto stups, mo o th shot i ws ivt to th pts sulting in th jt tion oming mo pu i.. long i. With g to ppmking outoms, ll jt mtil ws gnlly simil in nsity n stngth. Stuntis lst squ mns ng RTF Rjts RM LWL Cosnss Pins CSF Fiwith Fithiknss Fiwll thiknss Fiollps Popty Fiwll Fisiz Hw = hols1.0mmø/bp = hols1.40mmø/bp = hols1.40mmø/lr = hols1.60mmø/bp = hols1.60mmø/lr = hols.00mmø/bp Figu : Ets o hw on jt tions. Apt tions Th ts o hw w gnlly mo ponoun with th pt tion. Smll ptus n th us o th Bump oto pou sttistilly signiintly shot i tions o low nss. Th ws no signiint in twn hw typs o pt tion Kjni i osnss o oss stionl imnsions. Fi lngth (LWL) ws sttistilly int twn th LR oto with th 1.60mm hol sn n th Bump oto with th 1.0mm hol sn. Th 1.60mm hol sn omintion h ly n intii s hving low sltivity. Hnsht nsity n on poptis ollow th sm nking s shot i ontnt (not shown), whih woul xpt to pomot oning. Suntis lst squ mns ng Hw 14 = hols1.0mmø/bp = hols1.40mmø/bp = hols1.40mmø/lr 1 = hols1.60mmø/bp = hols1.60mmø/lr 10 = hols.00mmø/bp Apts RTF RM LWL Cosnss Pins CSF Fiwith Fithiknss Fiwll thiknss Fiollps Popty Figu 9: Ets o hw on pts.. Min ts - Optionl Th possil ts o opting onitions (i.. omintions o low n high ptu vloity n oto sp) on sn pomn w onsi o pts n jts. On gin, th t psnt in Figus 10 n 11 nomlis lst squ mns o jts n pts sptivly, o ll skt n oto hw omintions. Opting onitions hv signiint Fiwll Fisiz Dnsity Dnsity Tnsil Tnsil Bust Bust T T Stt Stt Appit

7 t t th 0.05 lvl i th in twn mns xs 4 points (i.. ov th ott lin). Eh opting omintion is intii y ptu vloity/oto sp (oth m/s) n osponing ltt (-). Rsults show opting vils to hv lss impt on sn hviou n outoms thn i hngs in sn hw. Rjts tions On gin, mss jt t n jt thikning lly ollow h oth: oth signiintly high with low oto sp. Th is lso tn with ins ptu vloity tows low mss jt t (RM). Ins oto sp hs l impt on jts i lngth u to nhn ptn o shot is with gt mixing. Vitions in opting onitions m littl in in tms o ppmking poptis o in oss stionl imnsions o th jts. Apts Ftions Optionl hngs t w signiint ins in th vious pt stoks. Th low sltivity ssoit with high ptu vloity n oto sp sult in sttistilly high pts nss (CSF), low Kjni ins (Pins) n stngth omp with th outoms o ltntiv opting onitions..3 Signiint inttions Th nlysis lso sought to intiy signiint inttions, i ny, twn hw n opting onitions using smooth hol sns. This thniqu is us to intiy systmti sponss n thy ssist with poss sign options to liv si outoms. Hw omintions inlu: HS1.BP, HS1.4BP, HS1.4LR, HS1.6BP, HS1.6LR, HS.0BP, un opting onitions (V p /V oto ): 0.4/5, 0.6/13, 0.6/5, 1./5 (s in li). Rsults initilly suggst som limit inttions, ut whn sujt to los sutiny, ths pov ttiutl to outlying t points th thn ing viil inttions. Stuntis lst squ mns ng RTF Rjts RM LWL Cosnss Pins CSF Fiwith Fithiknss Fiwll thiknss Fiollps Popty Fiwll Fisiz Dnsity Conitions = 0.4Vp/5m/s = 0.6Vp/13m/s = 0.6Vp/5m/s = 1.Vp/5m/s Figu 10: Ets o optionl tos on jt tions. Tnsil Bust T Stt Stuntis lst squ mns ng RTF Apts RM LWL Cosnss Pins CSF Fiwith Fithiknss Fiwll thiknss Fiollps Popty Fiwll Fisiz Dnsity Conitions = 0.4Vp/5m/s = 0.6Vp/13m/s = 0.6Vp/5m/s = 1.Vp/5m/s Figu 11: Ets o optionl tos on pt tions. CONCLUSIONS It hs n shown tht pssu sns n povi pt n jt stms o sttistilly iing qulity. Gnlly, it ws oun tht smooth hol sns oul hiv mo xtm sptions with gt ng (minimum/mximum) in i poptis thn ws possil with poil su sns. Un voul onitions pt is w, on vg, shot, smll, thinnwll n o low osnss n nss n ompis mo ins omp to osponing jts. Apt is lso tn to mo ollps thn jts. Whil th is vin to suppot ol o i lxiility in tmining tiontion hviou, it is onlu om th osvtions in this stuy tht this is ltivly mino n tht i lngth is ovwhlmingly ominnt. It is sumis tht th osv hngs in oss-stionl imnsions u to unmntl ltionships twn ths n i lngth, whih vis oing to thi lotion in th t (.g. slwoo/owoo) (10), th thn u to ny it inlun on tiontion hviou. I, howv, uth vin o th ol o lxiility is si, som om o it msumnt t i lvl will n s th thotil ppoh hs not povi l ltionships with oss stionl t. Th inttion with i lngth ns uth onsition to vlop omplt unstning, whih woul qui thniqu (.g. onol miosopy) pl o msuing oth oss stionl imnsions n lngth o th sm is. Although it is onlu tht i lngth is th ov-iing to in singl stg sning, i i popultions o uniom lngth w onntt though multipl stgs, poptis oth thn lngth,.g. lxiility, might xpt to xt gt inlun on lt tiontion stgs. Hnsht vlutions povi uth quliition o th outoms o tiontion. Whil not itly shing light on th mhnisms, it is impotnt to ssss th qulity impt om n n us psptiv. Rsults om this stion o th wok show th potntil o tiontion oth to impov th homognity o kt pulp m om it pin n suppot th poution Tnsil Bust T Stt Appit

8 om singl pulp sou o ltntiv gs quiing int i poptis. Fom th sttistil nlysis, ptu siz, su poil n oto typ omint th xtnt o tiontion hivl, whil th inlun o opting pmts ws limit to in-tuning o th poss. It m ppnt tht mss jt t stongly ontoll th g o sption o ny givn omintion o onitions n hw. This is lly monstt in Figu 1(), whih shows tiontion outoms in tms o i lngth s untion o mss jt t o singl stg sning. Fo th stok in qustion this n us to pit th mss jt t qui to ttin ptiul i lngths in th tions. Ths sults uth lssii oing to hw in Figu 1() to omp th pomn o spii sns. To hiv th gtst intition (Δ=0.9mm:.=1.44mm, j.=.4mm), o to pou th shotst pts (1.44mm), smooth su sns with hol imts lss thn 1.60mm (A-C), opt t jt ts o 70-0% will qui. Rjts o gtst i lngth (.65mm) w lso otin with ths sns, ut t mss jt ts o oun 60% o low. Poil sns w unl to mth th sltivity o th smooth hol sns, ttining lngth intition, t st, o 0.54mm mm pts n.44mm o jts - lso hiv t high jt ts ( 70%). Unotuntly, option o sn quipmnt t suh lvt jt ts n iiult u to ins lvls o thikning n gt isk o plugging. In pti, tho, th is likly to n to ompomis twn sption iiny n sn unnility (o s o option). Hw n opting onitions whih gv is to th xtms oth in i popty intition n in solut vlus o pts n jts psnt o n in th Appnix. Fi lngth, mm Mss jt t, % Fi lngth, mm DD C E D D F E E EEE D C E DD C B F F BA D A G CG BG H A A H G H D H G FE D DF E E C DD CC E F EE CD DC GG DD D C G BA B C B A B 1.5 A A Mss jt t, % (Ky:A=1.00Ømm,B=1.0Ømm,C=1.40Ømm,D=1.60Øm m,e=.00ømm,f=.40ømm,g=0.15mmslots, H=0.30mmslots,1.40Ømm). Figu 14: ()Rltionship twn lngth n mss jt t n () sults xpss in tms o hw No l ltionships with mss w osv o oth i imnsions oth thn lngth, ut with multipl stgs, possily utilising iing sn hw omintions, th ovll mss jt t oul xtn yon th pility o singl stg, ling to gt sptions s on oth poptis o intst. Th w no signiint inttions o not o th hw/opting omintions us in this stuy. Whil not initiv, th inings om this stuy povi som vlul insight into tiontion s tool o mill lhmists who ontinu to sk nw solutions to gol ppmking polms. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Th uthos woul lik to thnk th Ensis Ppo Pilot Plnt i possing tm o pouing th pulps nlys in this wok. REFERENCES 1. Slon, C.M. Kt pulp possing: pssu sn tiontion 53 Appit Annul Gnl Conn Poings, Rotou, NZ: 1 (1999).. Kilwhit, R.P. Th qulitis o it pin ppmking is Appit J. 35(4): 9-9 (19). 3. O Rilly, T, Wlmsly, M, Hogson, K, Rihson, J, & Lloy, J. Su hmisty o lywoo n ltwoo it pin n Dougls i kt is 59 th Appit Annul Gnl Conn Poings, Aukln, NZ: 97 (005). 4. Kum, A. Pssg o is though sn ptus, PhD thsis, Univsity o Bitish Columi (1991). 5. Gooing, R.W. n Kks, R.J. Th motion o is n sn slot Poings Cnin Pulp n Pp Assoition Annul Mting, Montl 74A A173 (19). 6. Kilwhit, R.P. & Bily, D.G. Msumnt o i oss stion imnsions using img possing Appit J. 41(4): 97 (19). 7. Kilwhit, R.P. Ets o pulp ying n ining on sotwoo i wll stutul ognistions. In Bk's "Funmntls o Ppmking " Tnstions o th 9th Funmntl Rsh Symposium, Cmig, Slon, C.M. Wstpp qulity vlopmnt o pkging pps tiontion o whol stok ining? Tppi Ryling Symposium Conn Poings, Nw Olns, LA: 395 (199). 9. Mnsil, S.D., Kilwhit, R.P n Rill M.J.C.: Chtistion o th inomnt potntil o int sotwoo mkt kt i typs in sotwoo/hwoo pulp mixtus. Woo n Fi Si. 36(3):344-35(004). 10. Cown, D.J. Rit pin woo g n woo popty onpts N.Z. J. Fosty Si. 10(3): 504 (190). 11. Wklin, R.F., Jkmn, K.J. n Bwn, A.D. Chngs in mhnil pulp i oss stionl imnsion istiutions us y sns, hyoylons n jt ining 53 Appit Annul Gnl Conn Poings, Rotou, NZ : 11 (1999). Appit 006-7

9 APPENDIX Tl 4. Hw, opting onitions n mss split o xtm tions (i.. min/mx) n o uns with gtst intition. Popty Vlus Sn Roto R m, % V p, m/s V oto, m/s Lngth, mm mmØ BP mmØ BP Mx Δ twn & mmØ BP Fi with, μm mmØ BP mmØ BP Mx Δ twn & mmØ LR Fi thiknss, μm mmØ LR mmØ BP mmØ LR mmØ LR Mx Δ twn & mmØ BP Fi wll thiknss, μm. 1.00mmØ BP mmØ BP Mx Δ twn & mmØ BP Collps (w/t) mmØ BP mmØ LR Mx Δ twn & mmØ LR Wll, μm mmØ BP mmØ LR mmØ BP mmØ BP Mx Δ twn & mmØ LR Fi siz (wхt), μm mmØ LR mmØ BP Mx Δ twn & mmØ LR Appit