Water Loss and Leak Detection. Gary Armentrout, Project Associate Environmental Finance Center Wichita State University
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1 Water Loss and Leak Detection Gary Armentrout, Project Associate Environmental Finance Center Wichita State University
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4 Water Meters
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7 The Atlanta Journal-Constitution: Thousands of city of Atlanta water customers had defective meters that could have caused them to pay too much or too little for several years, according to an audit commissioned by the city after citizen complaints. Preliminary results obtained by The Atlanta Journal- Constitution showed that about 10,000 (6%) of 158,000 residential meters inspected had defects that could affect bills. But city officials said fewer than half of those customers had been overcharged.
8 Locating Leaks: Addressing Real Loss 1. Ways to reduce leaks 2. Technologies for finding hidden leaks 3. Leak detection strategies
9 According to the American Society of Civil Engineers, an estimated 7 billion gallons of water is lost from leaking or burst mains and pipes every day.
10 The USEPA has stated that approximately 30% of the piping in systems that services 100,000+ people is between 40 and 80 years old and about 10% are even older. There is pipe in these areas that is over 100 years old.
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12 Constant flow of low-level leaks causes more water loss than spectacular water main breaks 1-gpm leak running 365 days = 525,600 gals 5-gpm leak running 100 days = 720,000 gals 500-gpm leak running 4 hours = 120,000 gals
13 Pinpointing A Leak Water will take the path of least resistance Leaks don t always surface May surface far away from the leak Leaks may occur in places difficult to access Pinpointing a leak saves money in repair costs
14
15 Ways To Reduce Leaks
16 4 Leakage Management Activities 1. Respond faster to known leaks 2. Replace weak pipe 3. Reduce pressure 4. Find hidden leaks
17 1. Respond Faster To Known Leaks Quickly determine if it is a water leak? Listen leaks cause vibration (sonic and subsonic noise) Pressure loss (higher flow, slower storage recovery) Chemical detection (chlorine, fluoride) Standardize the excavation process One-call utility excavation systems Highway permitting Rapid first responder Labor, equipment, and materials Stock repair parts Contractor contacts Team with other systems
18 2. Replace Weak Pipes Good Asset Management Pipe inventory Pipe of particular size, age, and material that breaks Oldest pipe is not necessarily the worst pipe Budget for timely replacement
19 3. Reduce Pressure Reducing pressure reduces leak flow and the frequency of future water leaks Pressure can be reduced by altering pumps, installing new pressure reducing valves (PRVs), or changing existing PRVs Installing VFDs adjustable-speed drive used in systems to control motor speed and torque
20 4. Find Hidden Leaks Leaks that do not surface - Will make some noise (sonic and subsonic) - Can flood subsurface areas - Will cause cracks in paving or sinkholes - May reduce pressure to customers - Affect operations Pumps work harder, tanks harder to fill
21 Finding Hidden Leaks
22 Some Leaks Are Obvious
23 Technologies For Detecting Hidden Leaks Active listening Passive listening Other detection equipment
24 Characteristics Of Leak Noise Size(and type of pipe) matters Small leaks tend to vibrate at higher frequencies; large leaks vibrate at lower frequencies Larger pipe will not carry sound as far as smaller pipe made of the same material Leaks from metal pipe generate more noise that travels farther than leaks from cement or plastic pipes Transitions in pipe materials (clamps and couplings) muffle leak noise
25 Vibrations Create Sound Frequencies Pipe Wall Sound High frequency Hz Impact Sound Low frequency Hz Fountain Sound Low frequency Hz
26 Waves will be louder and travel further on hard, dense pipe materials like steel compared to less dense materials like PVC. Steel Cast iron PE PVC
27 Leak Noise Characteristics vs Everyday Noise Everyday vibrations (e.g., traffic, HVAC and electrical equipment) make listening difficult Continuous customer water use generates similar sound
28 Active Technologies 1. Sonic Ground Listening Devices 2. Correlator 3. Probes 4. Walking main lines and listening at valves Issues: Time and labor intensive Highly skilled staff or contractors
29 Passive Technology 1. Permanent and semi-permanent listening devices 2. Transmits data to central location 3. Analyzes night flows Issues: Still requires onsite visit to investigate possible leaks Cost
30 Additional Technologies Tracer Gas Leak Detection Hydrogen (H2) Issues: Works best for a pipe that is out of service Complex and expensive
31 Leak Detection Strategies
32 Zone Metering Areas Allows for better accounting of leak flow and finding hidden breaks. Breaking the system into small isolated zones and monitor flow at minimum flow time (3 a.m.). When a zone has high minimum flow, surveys can be targeted and step testing can be used.
33 Step Testing 1. With monitoring of flow and pressure in place, turn off key valves one at a time. 2. Keep track of valves being closed but seek to maintain some pressure in all areas. 3. Monitor for jumps in pressure (up) and flow (down), which suggest you are slowing the leak.
34 Zone Metering Challenges Meters, valving, and access have an upfront cost. Be sure to meet fire flow requirements with valves closed and meters installed in line (emergency bypasses can be used).
35 Zone Metering Lessons Learned Be careful opening closed valves Closed valves will create dead ends and may cause water hammer issues Open and close valves slowly
36 Leak Surveys Internal vs. External There are capable consultants but results and satisfaction may vary based on skill Internal operation justified when leaks are frequent and staff has the right equipment and skill to use it
37 Gary Armentrout, Project Associate Environmental Finance Center Wichita State University
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