Department of Communication Engineering College of Engineering An Najah National University November, 2013

Transcription

1 AN NAJAH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Web Based GPS/GPRS Ticketing and Tracking Vehicles Department of Communication Engineering College of Engineering An Najah National University November, 2013 Prepared by: Dr. Saed Tarapiah Dr.Shadi Atalla Eng.Rajaa Ameen

2 Abstract: Since human life is precious, traffic accidents must be avoided, in our project titled Web Based GPS/GPRS Ticketing and tracking vehicles we will try to achieve our goal by reducing and avoiding traffic accidents. A smart onboard GPS/GPRS based wireless controlling system will be implemented, which will provide the capability for monitoring and controlling the speed of vehicles, when there is a traffic speed violation, a GPRS packet is sent to a hosting server through GSM module, therefore the violated vehicle is ticketed, this will help in decreasing the chances of driver s fraudulence. An additional feature is tracking to plot the vehicle coordinates on an earth map, this would be useful for public transportation when vehicles are not allowed to go everywhere, and a specific route should be followed instead, also tracking may consider a great advantage in case of robbery. 2 P a g e

3 Contents Chapter 1: Introduction Overview: Report Organization: The Used Technology: GSM and GPRS: Global Positioning System: Geographic Information System: Maps used: Existing Problem Definition: Motivation: Contribution: Chapter 2: Methodology Chapter 3: Project Components GSM-GPRS Module: Arduino Microcontroller: GPS-11058: Speedometer: Vibration Sensor: Chapter 4 Project Description: Accuracy Analysis: Chapter 5: Results and Discussion Current achievements: Economical feasibility: Chapter 6: Future work Chapter 7: Conclusion References: Appendix: P a g e

4 List of Figures: Figure 1: Number of registered road traffic accidents for major cities in Palestine 2011 [1] Figure 2: GSM world coverage map [2] Figure 3: GPS constellation Figure 4: Palestine roads shapefile Figure 5: Palestine roads shapefile with attribute data Figure 6: Project flowchart Figure 7: GSM Module Figure 8: Arduino Uno Microcontroller Figure 9: GPS sensor Figure 10: GPS back up power supply Figure 11: Speedometer Figure 12: Vibration Sensor Figure 13: Project description Figure 14: Different NMEA messages Figure 15: Accuracy analysis Figure 16 : Total number of traffic accidents VS damaging accidents Figure 17: City traffic accidents distribution Figure 18: Number of injuries based on type of injuries Figure 19: City based injuries distribution Figure 20: Our achieved part of the project Figure 21 : GPS module Arduino connection Figure 22: GPS readings displayed at hyper-terminal Figure 23 : GPS readings viewed on GPS Viewer software Figure 24: Collected files Figure 25: Tracking example Figure 26:Speed violation tickets P a g e

5 List of abbreviations: AC : alternating current CSS : Cascaded Style Sheet. DC : direct current DOD : Department of Defense DOP: Dillution Of Precision GSM : Global System for Mobile GPRS : General Packet Radio Service GPS : Global Positioning System HDOP: Horizontal Dillution Of Precision NMEA: National Marine Electronics Association OSM: Open Street Map. PWM : Pulse-width modulation SIM : subscriber identity module SMS : Short Message Service SPI interface : Serial Peripheral Interface UART interface : Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter U.S : United States USB : Universal Serial Bus VDOP: Vertical Dillution Of Precision WGS84: World Geodetic System P a g e

6 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Overview: Over the past few years, the world, including Palestine, has been exhibiting a rapid increase in vehicle numbers. The latest statistics show that there is138,644 of licensed vehicles in West Bank for 2011, 17,026 are newly registered, This is directly related to the population in Palestine. As a result, traffic accidents are increasing drastically; in just 2011 West Bank has a total number of registered road accidents up to 7,406, on the other hand, the number of casualties resulting from those accidents reached 7,970 [1]. This is expected due to the increase of running vehicles on streets in Palestine, which is one of the developing countries under occupation, with not enough level of infrastructure to cope with this situation, so we find it convenient to study this issue. Figures (1) depicts the number of traffic accidents distributed among all West Bank cities. Figure 1: Number of registered road traffic accidents for major cities in Palestine 2011 [1]. 6 P a g e

7 1.2 Report Organization: This report is organized as follows; the first chapter gives an overview about the problem, motivation, contribution and the used technology, the second chapter illustrates the methodology, the model project components are introduced in chapter three, the project description is proposed in the fourth chapter, while results and discussion are elaborated in chapter five, the sixth chapter presents the future work, and the conclusions are introduced in the final chapter. 1.3 The Used Technology: GSM and GPRS: Global System for Mobile Communications or GSM originally from (Groupe Spécial Mobile), is the world's most popular mobile telephone system, 80% of mobile operators use this standard, providing services to over 1.5 billion people across more than 212 countries. This because GSM is the first mobile generation to provide services and the ability to roam and switch carriers without replacing phones, and also to network operators, just you need a SIM card. 7 P a g e Figure 2: GSM world coverage map [2].

8 General Packet Radio Service GPRS represents an evolution of the GSM standard, allowing data transmission in packet mode and providing higher throughputs as compared with the circuit switched mode. This evolution is usually presented as 2.5G to point out that it is a transition technology between 2G and 3G Global Positioning System: Global Positioning System (GPS) is a worldwide radio navigation system formed from the constellation of 24 satellites and their ground stations. The Global Positioning System is mainly funded and controlled by the U.S Department of Defense (DOD). The system was initially created and designed for the U. S. military use. But nowadays, it is available for civilian, without any kind of charge or restrictions. Figure 3: GPS constellation. Global Positioning System tracking is a method of working out exactly the position of GPS sensor`s holder based on a simple mathematical principle called trilateration or triangulation. Trilateration falls into two categories: 2-D Trilateration and 3-D Trilateration, it requires having at least four satellites transmitting coded signals from known positions. Three satellites are required to provide the three distance measurements, and the forth to remove receiver clock error [3]. 8 P a g e

9 GPS measurements are obtained in the GPS coordinate system: World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84). Users should be aware that this position usually needs to be converted into the local coordinate system for the region. A GPS tracking system can work in various ways. Active and passive tracking. Passive tracking the position is usually stored in internal memory or on a memory card along the ride, while in the active tracking, also referred to as real time tracker, data is to be transmitted to central database via a modem within the GPS unit [4] Geographic Information System: To fulfill the desired goals of the project, GIS is used to have the necessary information in order to perform ticketing and tracking. In the 1930s and 40s geographical analysis was conducted by overlaying different types of maps of the same area. Since the 1950s systems have evolved to convert this mapping into digital form and more recently to use this data for analysis and problem solving. Nowadays GIS is everywhere; you may even have some GIS software on your PC without even knowing it is there!. We look at the ways in which the geographical data (more correctly called geospatial data) can be captured for GIS and then manipulated. Geospatial data stores information about the location, shape and attributes of real objects [5]. The maps shown in GIS are intelligent the features know their own identity. Since geographical information can be loaded into a computer and analyzed to be displayed in proper way. Theses information is arranged in attribute tables (database), for each object in the map, there is an attribute to describe its features in addition to geographic properties. For instance, a road may have a number, a name, a maximum width, a speed limit and so on. GIS can work with this descriptive attribute information to create intelligent way in advance of what can be achieved by placing text on a paper map [5]. The output of the analyzed information will be mainly in the form of shape files (.sh) and database files (.dbf). 9 P a g e

10 A Shapefile is a digital vector (non-topological) storage format for storing geometric location and associated attribute information. The Shapefile format is created by ArcView and can be used by ArcView, ARC/INFO, ArcGIS and other widely used GIS software. A Shapefile stores map (geographic) features and attribute data as a collection of files having the same prefix and the following file extensions.shp - the file that stores the feature geometry..dbf - the dbase file that stores the attribute information of features. [5]. Figures (4 and 5) show Palestine road shape file. Figure 4: Palestine roads shapefile. 10 P a g e

11 Figure 5: Palestine roads shapefile with attribute data Maps used: In this project we deal with two types of maps, Google maps and Open Street Maps (OSM). Google maps, is a Google service offering powerful, user-friendly mapping technology and local business information; including business locations, contact information, and driving directions [6].Open Street Maps (OSM), like Google Maps, where the primary purpose is to display search results and make money for their respective business. Unlike these other systems, Open Street Map's primary purpose is to provide the user with the underlying map data. This allows anyone to use that data in any way they want [7]. 11 P a g e

12 1.4 Existing Problem Definition: Traffic accidents due to speed violations are increasing rapidly; hundreds are killed yearly in Palestine because of drivers carelessness, the available infrastructure is not adequate to provide safety. People in nature are not willing to deter something, unless they are oblige by laws, and threatened to pay large fines or to get penalty. The resulting costs of damages add an extra burden to the society. This might not be completely vanished, but precautions might works reducing the consequences. 1.5 Motivation: The following are the main motivations behind conducting the Project: Increasing speed traffic violation. Increasing traffic accidents. Increasing casualties and mortalities rate. 1.6 Contribution: Our project contributes the following: Decreasing traffic accidents. Organizing traffic to decrease jamming. Reducing the cost of damages caused by accidents. Trying to save lives. 12 P a g e

13 Chapter 2: Methodology Figure (6) depicts the flowchart of our project, starting with measuring the speed and location of a vehicle, as longitude and latitude points, these readings will be compared with standard specified value stored in the microcontroller, if the new measured speed is about to exceed a certain level, an alarm will be activated, if the driver is still speeding up and exceeding the maximum allowed speed, GPRS packet will be sent to a server, so the driver would be ticketed. If there is a need for tracking, coordinates will be transmitted to our web page, to be plotted over Google map. 13 P a g e

14 Start Read from GPS if available NO YES NO Read position and save it Read speed and Check from the GPS speed por &position > threshold YES Read speed from accelerometer Read speed and from GPS por &position > thre+10% YES Wait 10 seconds NO ALARM > thre+10% Ticketing YES NO Display on LCD you have ticket End Figure 6: Project flowchart. 14 P a g e

15 Chapter 3: Project Components 3.1 GSM-GPRS Module: A GSM module is a wireless transmission module that works with a GSM wireless network. It behaves like a dial-up modem. The main difference between them is that a dial-up modem sends and receives data through a fixed telephone line while a wireless modem sends and receives data through radio waves. The module can be connected to a computer through a serial cable or a USB cable. In our project we use the SM5100B Cellular Shield, since it is easy to deal with and more flexible, also it supports AT Commands. It has unlimited transmission range and distance, so we can use it in any place.gsm can easily send and receive data across the mobile network, and it can transmit instructions or commands or SMS or receive them from microcontroller. Figure 7: GSM Module. 15 P a g e

16 Specifications: Range - unlimited 2 way speech (full duplex) Easy to use. Check reception by SMS text. Power Supply: VBAT: 3.3V to 4.2V range, 3.6V typical Power Consumption: o Off mode: <100uA o Sleep mode: <2.0mA o Idle mode: <7.0mA (average) o Communication mode: 350 ma (average,gsm) 3.2 Arduino Microcontroller: The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board, which has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC to DC adapter or battery to get started. 16 P a g e Figure 8: Arduino Uno Microcontroller.

17 Specifications: ATmega328 microcontroller Input voltage V 14 Digital I/O Pins (6 PWM outputs) 6 Analog Inputs 32k Flash Memory 16Mhz Clock Speed 3.3 GPS-11058: GPS is a development board that uses the smallest, most powerful, and most versatile GPS receiver. The module can be configured to an amazingly powerful 10Hz update rate, with 14 channel tracking. It has two serial ports, UART and SPI interfaces, 28 ma operating current and high sensitivity. Figure 9: GPS sensor. 17 P a g e

18 Specifications: 1. Up to 20Hz update rate, which make it fast and good for real application dBm tracking sensitivity 3. 1 second hot start m accuracy 5. Multipath detection and suppression 6. Jamming detection and mitigation 7. 67mW full power navigation 8. Works directly with active or passive antenna 9. Internal flash for optional 75K point data logging 10. Supports external SPI flash memory data logging 11. Complete receiver in 10mm x 10mm x 1.3mm size 12. Single V supply,90ma, at reduced power it requires up to 60mA It needs to connect it with an external battery or super capacitor to the board, to support very fast restarts after power is removed. There are even pads on the bottom of the board for the 0.2F super capacitor, which will keep the board hot startable for up to 7 hours without power! 18 P a g e Figure 10: GPS back up power supply.

19 3.4 Speedometer: Speedometer showed In figure(11), Is used to indicate the speed of your car in miles per hour, kilometers per hour or both. Even in late-model cars, it's an analog device that uses a needle to point to a specific speed, which the driver reads as a number printed on a dial. Figure 11: Speedometer. 3.5 Vibration Sensor: Figure 12: Vibration Sensor. The vibration / shock sensor detects shock intensity caused by sudden knocks or hits and continuous vibration due to faulty ball-bearings on fans and other equipment. The shock levels and monitoring durations can be set for each individual sensor, enabling a user-defined profile for customer specific applications and equipment. Each sensor incorporates a unique type and serial number providing true plug and play capability. 19 P a g e

20 Vibration sensors are easily installed and fixed to a variety of materials using screws in the housing or with the self-adhesive material supplied [8]. Dimensions: Unboxed x x 23.00mm (2.04 x 2.41 x 0.90 ) Boxed 145 x 75 x 40mm (5.70 x 2.95 x 1.57 ) Cable Length: 2.5m supplied maximum 25 metres from i-box / AX300 Weight: Nett 68g (2.39oz) Gross 90g (3.17oz) Material: Black ABS Operating Voltage: 12 volt supplied through RJ10 connection Current Consumption: 6mA normal 11mA alarm Visual Indicators: Blue fast pulse communication error slow pulse communication ok solid vibration alarm Part Numbers: IC-INT-V Vibration Sensor IC-2.5MCE 2.5 metre extension cable 20 P a g e

21 Chapter 4 Project Description: Figure (9) describes the idea of our project in general. Figure 13: Project description. As mentioned earlier, GPS receiver is used to determine the position and speed of vehicles, the position is used for tracking, while the measured speed is to be compared with a limited, predetermined value stored in the microcontroller, when the vehicle`s speed is approaching the specified limit, alarm will go on to warn the driver. If this won`t work, and the speed is still increasing and exceeding the maximum allowed speed, GPRS packet containing the speed will be sent to the hosting server, there the ticket will be registered, moreover an SMS will invoice the driver about his ticket. If there is no valid GPS signal, accelerometer is used for measuring speed. To know if a certain vehicle had an accident or not, vibration sensor is used. So the nearest hospital is informed to help and send paramedics to 21 P a g e

22 handle the situation and all other vehicles near the crash will receive a message to configure another route. GSM/GPRS module and GPS sensor are being controlled using an Arduino microcontroller. Also different programming languages will be used such as PHP, Java Scripts and HTML for the web design, AT commands are for programming the GSM/GPRS module. Our proposed model can be implemented and utilized in many areas for different application either public or private, for example for public transportation, renting company, social tracking etc. 4.1 Accuracy Analysis: In the earlier work of this project we get GPS sensor tested for accuracy to ensure having a good accuracy for our system, we find that the accuracy of our GPS is up to 3m. Statistical analysis is performed for the testing of GPS sensor, by collecting coordinates for three referenced points in Nablus, 1017X, 10951T and 13009T, the accuracy depends on number of satellites in view and Vertical Dillution Of Precision (VDOP) and Horizontal Dillution Of Precision (HDOP), these parameters are obtained from NMEA(National Marine Electronics Association) message, figure(14) shows several NMEA messages for GPS constellation[9]. 22 P a g e

23 Figure 14: Different NMEA messages. The accuracy of GPS measurements increases as the number of satellites in line of sight with the sensor, on the other hand values of on the other hand the values of VDOP and HDOP give an indication on the precision of the fix (Dillution Of Precision), the accuracy of GPS will increase if these values decrease, the following figure demonstrates the relation between number of satellite and VDOP and HDOP in 1017X [9] Sats in Use HDOP VDOP Figure 15: Accuracy analysis. 23 P a g e

24 Number of Accidents. Based on accuracy of GPS we can decide if we can consider the vehicle running in a certain street segment or not, its worth to note that the decision is related to the ratio between GPS accuracy and street segment characteristics. So we could determine the exact street which vehicle is using, to be able to ticket violated vehicles. Reliability is determined by calculating number of satellites and VDOP and HDOP [9]. Chapter 5: Results and Discussion By referring to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), we were able to collect and analyze some data. Figure (16) shows total number of traffic accidents versus the number of damaging accidents. Accidents cause material damage only. Total 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 Cites Figure 16 : Total number of traffic accidents VS damaging accidents. 24 P a g e

25 Figure (18) shows the accidents percentage for each city. From the chart, it can be noticed that Ramallah and Nablus witness the largest accidents percentage; this is predictable since they are major cities in Palestine. Figure 17: City traffic accidents distribution. Figure 18: Number of injuries based on type of injuries. The previous figure demonstrates the dramatic increase of road traffic injuries, these injuries can be ranging from slight to fatal injuries, while figure (19) shows the injuries distribution by city. 25 P a g e

26 Nomber of Injureies Slightly Injured Moderaty Injured Serriously Injured Fatally Injured total Cites. 5.1 Current achievements: Figure 19: City based injuries distribution. Our main effort was concentrated to identify the way that each device works. We were able to connect both the GSM and GPS modules to the Arduino send and receive voice calls and SMS via GSM module; also we were able to have GPS readings and display these readings on hyper-terminal. The following figures summarize what we have already done. 26 P a g e

27 Figure 20: Our achieved part of the project. Figure 21 : GPS module Arduino connection. Figure 22: GPS readings displayed at hyper-terminal. 27 P a g e

28 Figure 23 : GPS readings viewed on GPS Viewer software. In this semester we were able to send GPRS packets via GSM module to our web server, each set of coordinates is being stored in a file recognized by the date of sending data besides the user id, and get the data plotted on Google maps. Additionally tickets will be issued according to the violated speed. Figures (24, 25, 26 ) describe some of our web page snap shot. 28 P a g e

29 Figure 24: Collected files. Figure 25: Tracking example. Figure 26:Speed violation tickets. Tracking and ticketing software: PHP is mainly used for the web design, along with SQL database and JavaScript, CSS is also used for the layout design. Our web page is designed to deal with two privileges classes, administrator and regular users. Administrator has higher accessibility to the web page functionality so can create, delete and edit accounts, whereas regular user just can explore his account. Our page is available on web site < At the microcontroller, not all the available data will be send to the web server, instead data is processed and analyzed, and selective information will be send i.e, location, speed. 5.2 Economical feasibility: In this section we will study and analyze the economical part of our project. These prices are according to the local market, but in the case of manufacturing it would be cheaper. 29 P a g e

30 Model total cost: Assumed Operating Cost: Accidents cost: In Palestine there are 10 insurance companies. Each company has a minimum traffic accidents cost around 200,000 NIS yearly, so the total cost will be around 2 million NIS and more. Applying this model for large number of vehicles is expected to decrease the chances of traffic accidents by 70%, so speed accidents cost will be decreased by the same percentage. Even though the total model implementation expenses for every licensed vehicle in West Bank are high, it is not necessary to get paid by a specific organization; there would be somehow to force drivers to install the model in their vehicles as a condition to renew their license. Chapter 6: Future work After we have achieved the proposed goals of the current project, in the future we can improve the model by considering additional features, Mainly 30 P a g e

31 geo casting if an accident occurs in a certain area, all the vehicles within a range of specific geographical coordinates will receive a message to choose another road trip, so traffic jamming and unnecessary delays can be avoided, help in saving time and money. Chapter 7: Conclusion Saving lives needs both government and drivers corporation and commitment. Much efforts and money will be essential to accomplish and 31 P a g e

32 maintain a very good level of road safety. We were able to design a GPS/GPRS based wireless controlling model, due to the wide spread of GSM network increasing the chance for applying this model in many areas around the world. The proposed model hope to be able to achieve what is meant for, reducing road traffics, leading to cutting in crashes expenses, decreasing the number of resulting casualties, all this in favor of human road safety. References: [1] Transportation and Communication Statistics in the Palestinian Territory: Annual Report2011. Available at < >. [2] Viewed on 11/12/2012 < >. 32 P a g e

33 [3] Timothy Pratt, Charles W. Bostian, Jeremy E. Allnutt, Satellite Communications (Book style).wiley, Oct 25, [4] Viewed on 11/12/2012 < >. [5] Viewed on 4/5/2013 < > [6] Viewed on 4/5/2013 < > [7] Viewed on 4/5/2013 < > [8] Viewed on 4/5/2013 < [9] Viewed on 4/5/2013 < nmea- referencemanual-sparkfun-electronics> 33 P a g e

34 Appendix: 34 P a g e

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36 Fatal injuries- will cause death. 36 P a g e

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