ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES IN GLOBAL AND NATIONAL COMMERCE ACT
|
|
- Brent Doyle
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES IN GLOBAL AND NATIONAL COMMERCE ACT By John S. Stolz and John D. Cromie 2001 American Bar Association. Reprinted with permission On October 1, 2000, the United States took a substantial step toward bringing the business world up to speed with the rapidly evolving landscape of e commerce when the "Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act" ("E Sign") came into legal effect. Despite the importance of this legislation, to most of us, it was just another day. A Sunday no less. Yet, with most of this country unaware of its birth, E Sign was already up and running. Essentially, this federal legislation is designed to bridge the gap between business transactions and online technology. Its fundamental purpose is to remove existing legal impediments to the use of electronic contracts in order to facilitate the growth of e commerce. To accomplish this objective, section 101(a) of E Sign provides that a signature or contract may not be denied legal effect "solely because it is in electronic form." In turn, an electronic signature is defined as any "electronic sound, symbol, or process, attached to or logically associated with a contract or other record and executed or accepted by a person with the intent to sign the record." While this definition may seem vague at first, in reality, most of us unknowingly use some form of electronic signature on a regular basis. For instance, using a PIN or password access an ATM, enter a Web site or purchase merchandise on line is a common form of electronic signature. In such cases, a birthday, anniversary or the name of a pet serves as a unique identifier that you are who you claim to be and gives you some level of identity in an otherwise impersonal medium. Alternatively, a name typed at the end of an e mail or even a digitized image of one's handwritten signature could likewise qualify as an electronic signature under E Sign. If these methods, however, do not provide the level of security required, then the use of digital signature technology may provide the answer. Since E Sign was designed to be technology neutral, it does not accord greater legal status or effect to the use of one technology over another in creating, using or transmitting electronic records or signatures. The ultimate goal of E Sign is to permit contracting parties to take advantage of the efficiencies that only the digital world can offer. Indeed, the virtually instantaneous exchange of documents between contracting parties eliminates the time lost to traditional carriers such as "snail mail" or the quality degradation which results from repeated faxing. By giving legal effect to electronic contracts and signatures, it is hoped that E Sign will foster the overall improvement of e commerce by enabling contracting parties to reduce customary transaction costs and increase the speed in which deals can be completed. In putting this grand scheme together, Congress even remembered to provide for e notarization.
2 However, E Sign does not apply to all writings. In terms of scope, E Sign applies to "any transaction in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce." The term "transaction" is defined as "an action or set of actions relating to the conduct of business, consumer, or commercial affairs between two or more persons." E Sign does not apply to either non transactional or unilateral actions. Moreover, as a matter of specific exclusion, E Sign does not apply to wills, family law matters, court orders and certain types of legal notices. Through the enactment of E Sign, the federal government has not only acknowledged the critical role of technology in today's business, it has implemented a system of rules governing the use of technology in order to ensure national uniformity in the face of conflicting state laws. To be sure, a majority of states already have some form of legislation governing the use of electronic signatures, most of which permit the use of electronic signatures only under certain circumstances and only if certain prescribed technologies are used in the process. While these statutes no doubt were designed to facilitate the use of modern technology in business transactions, the potential pitfalls for interstate contracting parties are readily apparent, especially where each party's respective state does not acknowledge the other's specified technology platforms. To combat these problems, the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws ("NCCUSL") in late 1999 recommended the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act ("UETA") for enactment in all States. Simply stated, UETA recognizes that electronically based transactions and records are the "functional equivalent" of their paper counterparts. UETA was designed as model legislation to compliment existing digital signature laws at the state level while, at the same time, provide a clear framework for validating and effectuating electronic records and signatures in e commerce. Sound familiar? E Sign was carefully drafted to peacefully co exist and partner with UETA. In fact, Section 102 of E Sign expressly recognizes the existence of UETA and acknowledges that individual states, through the enactment of UETA, can modify, limit or supersede the provisions of E Sign without fear of federal preemption unless such enactment is clearly inconsistent with the congressional mandate. To further avoid such inconsistency, any future adoption of UETA by an individual state must expressly refer to E Sign. The reality of federal preemption, however, is not great given the fact that both E Sign and UETA share essentially the same fundamental purpose of fostering the growth of e commerce by proliferating the expanded use of electronic contracts and signatures. E Sign, in many ways, mirrors the model language of UETA. Both are minimalist and procedural. Moreover, both provide a uniform framework for the creation and use of electronic signatures and records while, at all times, deferring to applicable substantive law.
3 As a result, E Sign is able to provide the same national uniformity in the use of electronic signatures and records that is sought by UETA, without needing to wait for individual state enactments of UETA's model language. While the need for such uniformity is necessary in order to foster the nation wide growth of e commerce, there are, nevertheless, a few major issues that must be considered before parties eagerly begin clicking "I agree" at the end of an electronic agreement. After reading Section 101(a)(1) of E Sign, the first issue that may come to mind is its impact on the Statute of Frauds. Although its legal significance has greatly diminished over time, the Statute of Frauds' mandate that certain contracts be reduced to a writing has been further expanded by E Sign. From this point forward, an electronic contract or record shall also qualify as a type of writing which may otherwise satisfy the Statute of Frauds. That much being said, however, the remaining requirements of the Statute of Frauds or other applicable law must still be satisfied. It is only after the requirements of substantive law have been addressed that E Sign will honor an electronic record with legal effect. With that in mind, a substantive legal issue raised by electronic contracting concerns the fundamentals behind contract formation. Take, for instance, a typical click wrap agreement. As its name implies, a click wrap agreement prompts a user to mouse click "I agree" at the end of a disclaimer, license or other statement before using software, entering a Web site or perhaps purchasing merchandise on line. While the "offer" presented by such an agreement may be unambiguous, the form of "acceptance" could, nevertheless, raise a number of questions. In terms of the manifestation of the willingness to enter into a contract, hornbook law tells us that the requisite intent and manifestation of assent are to be gleaned from the surrounding circumstances. Thus, while there may not be a ceremonial handshake or signature on a dotted line, the use in the 21st century of a mouse click will likely be interpreted as a sufficient indication of one's intent to enter into a contract. More pressing, however, is the issue of the person clicking the mouse and the data being transmitted as a result. In order for the system contemplated by E Sign to work, there must be protocols in place to ensure that issues such as authenticity, integrity, nonrepudiation and security are adequately addressed. To be sure, when dealing in a faceless medium, it is imperative that the parties involved are confident that electronically transmitted data is secure, will be viewed by the intended party and ultimately provides the foundation for an understanding between two willing parties who have the authority to enter into a binding agreement. Only after these issues are resolved can parties confidently enter into the digital realm without fear that their records are not reliable or enforceable. Regarding authenticity, there must be some assurance that the person on the other end of the computer is the person he or she actually claims to be. A party acting in reliance of an electronic record must be confident that the message is not a forgery and is attributable to a designated party. The ability to establish the authenticity of an electronic record is also important if its enforceability is challenged.
4 It is equally important for the underlying system facilitating an electronic transaction to maintain the integrity of the data being transmitted. The document sent must be the same as the one received, with no unauthorized or accidental alterations during or after delivery. The system must permit the parties to access the electronic record and accurately reproduce it in the future. Again, the underlying system must also be proven to be reliable should a dispute arise as to the record's content. This need to establish authenticity and maintain data integrity naturally leads to the overall enforceability of an electronic transaction. If neither authenticity nor data integrity of an electronic record can be preserved during the course of a transaction, then the underlying deal may be subject to repudiation. Since E Sign and UETA view electronic records and signatures as the functional equivalent of paper and ink, it is essential that parties be able to rely on the electronic system to generate a product that cannot be repudiated due to some defect in the electronic infrastructure. Indeed, one of E Sign's potential pitfalls is its lack of guidance in prescribing the type of technology which must be used in order for an electronic record or signature to meet the functional equivalence standard. In terms of comparison, a paper based transaction has the built in security of handwritten signatures, in ink, on agreements reduced to a tangible writing. In the electronic medium, electronic signatures, encryption techniques, access controls and date/time stamps serve as the functional equivalent. By operating from the standpoint of technological neutrality, E Sign has left it to the contracting parties to determine for themselves the best method to ensure attribution and data integrity in a given transaction. Attribution is most commonly addressed through the use of passwords, PINs or some other electronic signature equivalent in conducting e commerce transactions. While this form of security may be sufficient to assure attribution in typical business to business or business to consumer retail transactions, the potential insecurity of sharing your password and PIN with a web host or other service provider may be an unwarranted risk under different circumstances. Considering that attribution and integrity are a function of the underlying security system used to facilitate the transaction, the level of security employed should vary depending on the nature of the deal itself. One popular form of security measure is the use of digital signatures based upon public key infrastructure or PKI. As a specific subset of electronic signature technology, this is not to be confused with a digital rendering of a handwritten signature. By contrast, the digital signature system uses asymmetric or public key cryptography to not only establish authenticity, but to also protect data integrity. With PKI, before an electronic record can be signed, the sender must first create what is referred to as a public key/private key pair. The private key is kept (as its name implies) private, and is used for creating digital signatures. The public key, on the other hand, is directly attributable to a real person, called a subscriber, and is created and issued through the use of a trusted, third party intermediary known as a certificate authority ("CA").
5 The recipient must have software containing the same cryptographic logic used by the sender in order to decrypt the message by using the sender's public key. Only the sender's public key can be used to decrypt a message encrypted with the sender's private key, and attribution is ultimately established when the recipient is able to successfully decrypt the sender's message. Lastly, the software then compares the electronic record sent against the record received and can immediately identify if it had been altered in transit, thereby ensuring data integrity. Although the use of PKI digital signatures may appear to answer many of the questions raised concerning authenticity and integrity, E Sign has been careful to leave the choice of technology to the parties themselves. No security measure can be accorded greater significance than another as a matter of law. Without minimum requirements or prescribed standards for security measures, however, the entire concept of transacting in the digital arena may end up being rife with abuse. On the other hand, perhaps the market will play an active role in the evolution of a technological industry standard for e commerce transactions. Then again, maybe it is just too soon to tell. In any event, once the underlying transaction has been completed, its electronic record must be retained in such a manner that it accurately reflects the final form of the information prior to storage. Naturally, the stored record must remain accessible by the designated parties for future reproduction. In order to validate electronic records as functionally equivalent to written documents, the storage medium used must preserve the record's integrity. As with facilitating the electronic transaction itself, the choice of archival technology is left to the parties. As time goes on, however, issues of technological obsolescence will arise as older records and data must be safely converted to newer storage media. It logically follows that there will be a constant need to adapt and improve the systems that are being used to facilitate electronic contracting. The primary reason for Congress' laissez faire attitude in terms of dictating technology standards is precisely to enable the market to determine what's best for e commerce. While it is too early to tell whether E Sign's lack of technological standards and guidelines will be the bane of all who dabble in the virtual arena, it cannot be disputed that Congress is headed in the right direction. The public, however, must first be educated to realize that electronic transactions must be taken seriously and should not be entered without an understanding of both the relevant security issues as well as the legal ramifications of their electronic actions. In the end, the law must be flexible in order to grow and adapt to meet the challenges presented by the technological revolution. This legislation is a bold step toward that goal and permits capable parties to utilize recent innovations to increase efficiency and save money in e business. There will undoubtedly be bumps along this road, but with the passage of E Sign leading the charge, the future is only a click away.
Moving Towards an Electronic Real Estate Transaction
Moving Towards an Electronic Real Estate Transaction The Electronic Signature Legal Overview (U.S.) August 2010 1 Introduction Every real estate transaction involves the parties to the transaction putting
More informationState of Arkansas Policy Statement on the Use of Electronic Signatures by State Agencies June 2008
State of Arkansas Policy Statement on the Use of Electronic Signatures by State Agencies June 2008 Background In the last ten years Arkansas has enacted several laws to facilitate electronic transactions
More informationLEGAL UPDATE October 14, 2008 Ashley Strauss-Martin, RANM Legal Hotline and Forms Attorney
LEGAL UPDATE October 14, 2008 Ashley Strauss-Martin, RANM Legal Hotline and Forms Attorney Electronic Signatures The Uniform Electronic Transactions Act ( Act ) governs electronic signatures in New Mexico.
More informationWhite Paper. The E-Sign Act. Use and enforceability of identifiers, passwords and personal identification numbers as signatures
White Paper The E-Sign Act Use and enforceability of identifiers, passwords and personal identification numbers as signatures 1 Table of Contents Introduction 2 The Audit Confirmation Process 2 The Confirm
More informationElectronic and Digital Signatures
Summary The advent of e-government and e-services has changed the way state agencies and local government offices do business. As a result, electronic systems and processes have become as important as
More informationElectronic Signature: Increasing the Speed and Efficiency of Commercial Transactions
Electronic Signature: Increasing the Speed and Efficiency of Commercial Transactions Signatures make the world go round. In other words, we need to commit and receive commitments from others in order make
More information5 FAM 140 ACCEPTABILITY AND USE OF ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES
5 FAM 140 ACCEPTABILITY AND USE OF ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES 5 FAM 141 PURPOSE (CT-IM-112; 07-30-2010) (Office of Origin: IRM/OPS/ITI/SI/IIB) The purpose of this FAM chapter is to enable the Department to
More informationUnderstanding Digital Signature And Public Key Infrastructure
Understanding Digital Signature And Public Key Infrastructure Overview The use of networked personnel computers (PC s) in enterprise environments and on the Internet is rapidly approaching the point where
More informationwhitepaper THE ESIGN ACT Harnessing New Hiring Efficiencies with Electronic Signatures
Harnessing New Hiring Efficiencies with Electronic Signatures PURPOSE This white paper will explain how the passage of The Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce (ESIGN) Act, along with
More informationElectronic And Digital Signatures
Electronic And Digital Signatures Summary The advent of e-government and e-services is changing the way we do business. Traditionally, we created records on paper and we authenticated a record by signing
More informationElectronic Signature Article
Electronic Signature Article ESIGN Electronic Commerce and Electronic Signature Law Clarified Copyright Topaz Systems Inc. All rights reserved. For Topaz Systems, Inc. trademarks and patents, visit www.topazsystems.com/legal.
More informationIssues to Address: The Privacy Concerns of Individuals
July 21, 2009 The Honorable Michael J. Astrue Commissioner Social Security Administration 6401 Security Boulevard Baltimore, MD 21235-7703 Dear Mike: As you requested, the ABA explored the issues related
More informationCRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web
Order Code RS20344 Updated January 19, 2001 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Summary Electronic Signatures: Technology Developments and Legislative Issues Richard M. Nunno Analyst in
More informationDigital Signatures For Engineering Documents
OREGON DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Technical Services Traffic-Roadway Section Geometronics Unit 200 Hawthorne Avenue S.E. Suite B250 Salem, OR 97310 (503) 986-3103 Ron Singh, PLS Geometronics Manager
More informationELECTRONIC SIGNATURES
ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES Sarah McGee Assistant General Counsel Jim Nelson Security Risk Analyst Kathy Hanon System Office Budget Director The Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system is an Equal Opportunity
More informationPENNSYLVANIA STATUTES TITLE 73. TRADE AND COMMERCE CHAPTER 41. REGULATORY ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS CHAPTER 1. PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS
Page 1 2260.101. Short title PENNSYLVANIA STATUTES TITLE 73. TRADE AND COMMERCE CHAPTER 41. REGULATORY ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS CHAPTER 1. PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS (a) GENERAL.-- This act shall be known and
More information59.1-479. Title. This chapter may be cited as the "Uniform Electronic Transactions Act." TOC
59.1-479. Title. 59.1-480. Definitions. 59.1-481. Scope. 59.1-482. Prospective application. 59.1-483. Use of electronic records and electronic signatures; variation by agreement. 59.1-484. Construction
More informationBusiness Issues in the implementation of Digital signatures
Business Issues in the implementation of Digital signatures Much has been said about e-commerce, the growth of e-business and its advantages. The statistics are overwhelming and the advantages are so enormous
More informationThe Electronic Signature Act and Insurance
The Electronic Signatures Act requirements The Electronic Signatures Act requirements The Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (the "Electronic Signature Act" or the "act") gives electronic
More informationerecording Best Practices for Recorders
2501 Aerial Center Parkway, Suite 103, Morrisville, NC 27560 919.459.2081 erecording Best Practices for Recorders Adopted by the PRIA Board on May 13, 2015 http://www.pria.us PRIA Copyright Notice, Disclaimer
More informationMontana Code Annotated 2011 Title 30, chapter 18, part 1 Electronic Signatures
Montana Code Annotated 2011 Title 30, chapter 18, part 1 Electronic Signatures Act". 30-18-101. Short title. This part may be cited as the "Uniform Electronic Transactions 30-18-102. Definitions. In this
More informationerecording Best Practices for Recorders
2501 Aerial Center Parkway, Suite 103, Morrisville, NC 27560 919.459.2081 erecording Best Practices for Recorders Adopted by the PRIA Board on, 2015 http://www.pria.us PRIA Copyright Notice, Disclaimer
More informationDRAFT. By: Daniel Silien and Christopher R. Yukins Co-Chairs
DRAFT RECOMMENDATION OF LEGAL SUBGROUP By: Daniel Silien and Christopher R. Yukins Co-Chairs I. Introduction The Legal Subgroup is concerned by a pivotal position in the Department of Defense implementation
More informationAPGO GUIDANCE ON DOCUMENT AUTHENTICATION. Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction Table of Contents 2.0 Document Authentication: The Basics 2.1 The Purpose of the Seal 2.2 The Practice of Authentication 3.0 Document Authentication: Application 3.1 The Authentication
More informationLegislative Council, State of Michigan Courtesy of www.legislature.mi.gov. History: 2000, Act 305, Imd. Eff. Oct. 16, 2000.
UNIFORM ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS ACT Act 305 of 2000 AN ACT to authorize and provide the terms and conditions under which information and signatures can be transmitted, received, and stored by electronic
More informationElectronic Signature Recordkeeping Guidelines
Electronic Signature Recordkeeping Guidelines Summary E-government and e-services change the way state and local government agencies conduct business. In a paper environment, a hand signature, also known
More informationCHAPTER 116. C.12A:12-1 Short title. 1. This act shall be known and may be cited as the "Uniform Electronic Transactions Act."
CHAPTER 116 AN ACT creating the "Uniform Electronic Transactions Act;" supplementing Title 12A of the New Jersey Statutes and repealing R.S.1:1-2.4. BE IT ENACTED by the Senate and General Assembly of
More informationRecordable Recording Laws and Regulations in Michigan
ELECTRONIC RECORDING COMMISSION BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE In 2000, the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce (E-Sign) Act was passed at the federal level. Electronic signatures, contracts,
More informationNEW MEXICO STATUTES ANNOTATED CHAPTER 14. RECORDS, LEGAL NOTICES AND OATHS ARTICLE 9A. UNIFORM REAL PROPERTY ELECTRONIC RECORDING ACT
NEW MEXICO STATUTES ANNOTATED CHAPTER 14. RECORDS, LEGAL NOTICES AND OATHS ARTICLE 9A. UNIFORM REAL PROPERTY ELECTRONIC RECORDING ACT 14-9A-1. SHORT TITLE.--This act may be cited as the Uniform Real Property
More informationTHE STATE BAR OF CALIFORNIA BUSINESS LAW NEWS BUSINESS LAW SECTION AN OVERVIEW WITH ATTENTION TO CURRENT ISSUES
UETA AND E-SIGN: AN OVERVIEW WITH ATTENTION TO CURRENT ISSUES by Mark Moore Mark Moore is a partner with the law firm of Aldrich & Bonnefin, PLC, located in Irvine, CA. His practice focuses on banks and
More informationELECTRONIC SIGNATURE REQUIREMENTS FOR LENDERS
ELECTRONIC SIGNATURE REQUIREMENTS FOR LENDERS June 2015 Purpose The Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce (ESIGN) Act (15 U.S.C. 7001-7006), enacted in 2000, permits, but does not require,
More informationDesign Professionals Guide to Creating and Processing Electronic Construction Documents
Design Professionals Guide to Creating and Processing Electronic Construction Documents INTRODUCTION Advances in technology have made electronically created documents commonplace in today s construction
More informationEffective Electronic Delivery and Execution of Documents Required under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ("HIPAA")
Nelson Mullins Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough LLP Attorneys and Counselors at Law Atlantic Station / 201 17th Street, NW / Suite 1700 / Atlanta, GA 30363 Tel: 404.322.6000 Fax: 404.322.6050 www.nelsonmullins.com
More informationA 6-POINT FRAMEWORK BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY GROUP
e Matters A 6-POINT FRAMEWORK BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY GROUP Companies considering adopting an electronic signature process may be overwhelmed by the legal, regulatory, litigation, technological and other practical
More informationNC General Statutes - Chapter 66 Article 40 1
Article 40. Uniform Electronic Transactions Act. 66-311. Short title. This Article may be cited as the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act. (2000-152, s. 1.) 66-312. Definitions. As used in this Article,
More informationOLEY VALLEY SCHOOL DISTRICT
No. 829 SECTION: OPERATIONS OLEY VALLEY SCHOOL DISTRICT TITLE: ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES ADOPTED: February 19, 2015 REVISED: 829. ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS, RECORDS AND SIGNATURES 1. Purpose 2. Authority 73
More informationCalifornia Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA)
Page 1 of 8 California Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA) California Civil Code, Division 3, Part 2, Title 5 Cal. Civ. Code 1633.1 1633.17 1633. This title may be cited as the Uniform Electronic
More informationCHAPTER 6. UNIFORM ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS ACT
Disclaimer This statutory database is current through the 2005 Regular Session of the South Carolina General Assembly. Changes to the statutes enacted by the 2006 General Assembly, which will convene in
More informationWACHA Going Paperless
WACHA Going Paperless Presented by: PAUL A. CARRUBBA Adams and Reese LLP Phone: (601) 292-0788 E-Mail: paul.carrubba@arlaw.com Paul Carrubba Paul.Carrubba@arlaw.com Paul is a partner in the law firm of
More informationSigning and Sealing Implementation Update
Signing and Sealing Implementation Update Digital Signatures / Digital Certificates / Seals What are they? How do they work? Can we use Digital Signatures instead of Wet Signatures? Are they legally binding?
More informationThe Legal Requirements for CREATING SECURE AND ENFORCEABLE ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS
The Legal Requirements for CREATING SECURE AND ENFORCEABLE ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS August 30, 2002 Thomas J. Smedinghoff Baker & McKenzie 130 East Randolph Drive Chicago, Illinois 60601 312-861-8670 312-961-2899
More informationEnhancing the Admissibility and Enforceability of Electronically Signed Documents
Enhancing the Admissibility and Enforceability of Electronically Signed Documents Article contributed by: Gregory T. Casamento, Patrick Hatfield, and Mike Hjörleifsson Companies in U.S. are given little
More informationHow To Choose An Electronic Signature
Electronic Signature Systems A Guide for IT Personnel Copyright Topaz Systems Inc. All rights reserved. For Topaz Systems, Inc. trademarks and patents, visit www.topazsystems.com/legal. Table of Contents
More informationELECTRONIC SIGNATURES IN GLOBAL AND NATIONAL COMMERCE ACT
ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES IN GLOBAL AND NATIONAL COMMERCE ACT LAWRENCE WALKER, ESQUIRE COZEN AND O CONNOR 1900 Market Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 (215) 665-2000 lwalker@cozen.com Atlanta, GA Charlotte, NC
More informationArticle. Robust Signature Capture Using SigPlus Software. Copyright Topaz Systems Inc. All rights reserved.
Article Robust Signature Capture Using SigPlus Software Copyright Topaz Systems Inc. All rights reserved. For Topaz Systems, Inc. trademarks and patents, visit www.topazsystems.com/legal. Table of Contents
More informationProposed Regulations for Trinidad and Tobago s E-transactions Bill
Proposed Regulations for Trinidad and Tobago s E-transactions Bill Port of Spain 04-06 April 2011 This Presentation is under the Auspices of the ITU/EU-funded HIPCAR Project in Collaboration with the Government
More informationEricsson Group Certificate Value Statement - 2013
COMPANY INFO 1 (23) Ericsson Group Certificate Value Statement - 2013 COMPANY INFO 2 (23) Contents 1 Ericsson Certificate Value Statement... 3 2 Introduction... 3 2.1 Overview... 3 3 Contact information...
More informationCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Letter is a written message from a person to another person in other meaning for communication between two people in another location. In an organization, letter
More informationAMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION. ADOPTED BY THE HOUSE OF DELEGATES February 4-5, 2002
AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION ADOPTED BY THE HOUSE OF DELEGATES February 4-5, 2002 RESOLVED, that the American Bar Association recommends that the United States sign and ratify the United Nations Convention
More informationAuthentication of Documents/Use of Professional Stamps
Authentication of Documents/Use of Professional Stamps 1 Introduction The intention of this guideline is to amplify and clarify requirements for authentication of documents and use of the stamp, based
More informationCoSign for 21CFR Part 11 Compliance
CoSign for 21CFR Part 11 Compliance 2 Electronic Signatures at Company XYZ Company XYZ operates in a regulated environment and is subject to compliance with numerous US government regulations governed
More informationAN ACT RELATING TO ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS; ENACTING THE UNIFORM ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS ACT; ESTABLISHING STANDARDS FOR THE
AN ACT RELATING TO ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS; ENACTING THE UNIFORM ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS ACT; ESTABLISHING STANDARDS FOR THE USE OF ELECTRONIC RECORDS AND ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES IN TRANSACTIONS. BE IT ENACTED
More informationIC 26-2-8-101 Sec. 101. IC 26-2-8 may be cited as the Unifonn Electronic Transactions Act. As added by P.L. 62-2000. SEC.l.
Indiana Code 26-2-8 Page 1 of 7 IC 26-2-8 Chapter 8. Uniform Electronic Transactions Act IC 26-2-8-101 Sec. 101. IC 26-2-8 may be cited as the Unifonn Electronic Transactions Act. As added by P.L. 62-2000.
More informationELECTRONIC RECORD AND SIGNATURE COMPLIANCE. NASD Rules 3010(d) and 3110(c)(1)(C) SEC Rule 17a-4 15 USC 7001 et. seq. (E-SIGN)
C O M P L I A N C E G U I D E ELECTRONIC RECORD AND SIGNATURE COMPLIANCE NASD Rules 3010(d) and 3110(c)(1)(C) SEC Rule 17a-4 15 USC 7001 et. seq. (E-SIGN) ALPHATRUST PRONTO ENTERPRISE PLATFORM This compliance
More informationContractor s Guide to Creating and Processing Electronic Construction Documents
Contractor s Guide to Creating and Processing Electronic Construction Documents INTRODUCTION Advances in technology have made electronically created documents commonplace in today s construction industry.
More informationPOLICY ISSUES IN E-COMMERCE APPLICATIONS: ELECTRONIC RECORD AND SIGNATURE COMPLIANCE. 15 USC 7001 et. seq. (E-SIGN) and
W H I T E P A P E R POLICY ISSUES IN E-COMMERCE APPLICATIONS: ELECTRONIC RECORD AND SIGNATURE COMPLIANCE 15 USC 7001 et. seq. (E-SIGN) and Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA) ALPHATRUST PRONTO ENTERPRISE
More informationElectronic Signature of Retirement Plan Documents
ARTICLE 14 Electronic Signature of Retirement Plan Documents By Timothy M. McCutcheon Electronic transactions and e-signatures are becoming commonplace. Significant transactions such as real estate contracts
More informationAPPROVED JANUARY 8, 2002
AN ACT AMENDING THE GENERAL BUSINESS LAW, TITLE 14 OF THE LIBERIAN CODE OF LAWS REVISED, BY ADDING THERETO CHAPTER 13 TO FACILITATE THE USE OF ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS FOR COMMERCIAL AND OTHER PURPOSES,
More informationNEW FEDERAL LAW TAKES EFFECT THAT GIVES LEGAL VALIDITY
NEW FEDERAL LAW TAKES EFFET THAT GIVES LEGAL VALIDITY TO ELETRONI SIGNATURES AND REORDS November 2000 www.morganlewis.com Brussels Frankfurt Harrisburg London Los Angeles Miami New York Philadelphia Northern
More informationNational Institute of Standards and Technology-- Use of Electronic Data Interchange Technology to Create Valid Obligations
OF COMPTROLLER T H E UN IT ED GENERAL S TAT ES Comptroller General of the United States Washington, D.C. 20548 Decision Matter of: National Institute of Standards and Technology-- Use of Electronic Data
More informationDigital Signatures for Document Management
Digital Signatures for Document Management This presentation will begin at 2:00 PM EDT 1 PM Central, 12 PM Mountain, 11 AM Pacific Please check that the volume on your computer is at the highest setting
More informationAdministrative Guidelines for the Use of Electronic Signatures
Administrative Guidelines for the Use of Electronic s I. Introduction II. Scope & Applicability III. Electronic Acceptance & Use IV. E- Approval V. Implementation and Security Procedures VI. Misuse of
More informationELECTRONIC SIGNATURES FACTSHEET
ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES FACTSHEET Electronic signatures mean that you can exchange information with others electronically and securely safe in the knowledge that everyone is who they claim to be and that
More informationChaptert 30 Electronic Signatures
Chaptert 30 Electronic Signatures By Eric Aaserud Vice President, Fedmarket.com The last four chapters were devoted to the related subjects of women-owned, minority-owned, HUBZone and small business contracting.
More informationProfession Practice Advice for the Profession
Profession Practice Advice for the Profession The Society has recently introduced Smartcards for the Scottish legal profession. If you have queries in relation to the administrative process for obtaining
More informationHow encryption works to provide confidentiality. How hashing works to provide integrity. How digital signatures work to provide authenticity and
How encryption works to provide confidentiality. How hashing works to provide integrity. How digital signatures work to provide authenticity and non-repudiation. How to obtain a digital certificate. Installing
More informationE-DELIVERY AND LIFE INSURANCE. Deborah Alexander and Margo Tank deborah.aleander@transamerica.com; mtank@buckleysandler.com
E-DELIVERY AND LIFE INSURANCE Deborah Alexander and Margo Tank deborah.aleander@transamerica.com; mtank@buckleysandler.com UETA Overlay statute Authorizes replacing writings with electronic records Authorizes
More informationDigital Signatures The Silver Bullet for E-Signature Laws
Digital Signatures The Silver Bullet for E-Signature Laws Date: May, 2001 Version: 1.0 Copyright 2001-2003 Entrust. All rights reserved. Digital Signatures: The Silver Bullet for E-Signature Laws During
More informationSIGNATURES ON THE WEBÕS DOTTED LINE: ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES ON CREDIT APPLICATIONS AND GUARANTEES SOON VALID IN ALL STATES.
THE ELECTRONIC CREDIT DEPARTMENT SIGNATURES ON THE WEBÕS DOTTED LINE: ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES ON CREDIT APPLICATIONS AND GUARANTEES SOON VALID IN ALL STATES Scott Blakeley 1 The Internet is revolutionizing
More informationChapter 6 The Constitution and Business. Laws that govern business have their origin in the lawmaking authority granted by the federal constitution.
Chapter 6 The Constitution and Business Laws that govern business have their origin in the lawmaking authority granted by the federal constitution. The Constitutional Powers of Government The Constitution
More informationAdvanced Authentication
White Paper Advanced Authentication Introduction In this paper: Introduction 1 User Authentication 2 Device Authentication 3 Message Authentication 4 Advanced Authentication 5 Advanced Authentication is
More informationContent Teaching Academy at James Madison University
Content Teaching Academy at James Madison University 1 2 The Battle Field: Computers, LANs & Internetworks 3 Definitions Computer Security - generic name for the collection of tools designed to protect
More informationThe Impact of the Electronic Signatures Act on Plan Administration
A R T I C L E THE ON PLAN IMPACT ADMINISTRATION OF THE ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES ACT The Impact of the Electronic Signatures Act on Plan Administration By FREDRIC S. SINGERMAN New law brings us one step closer
More informationAuthorized By: Holly C. Bakke, Commissioner, Department of Banking and Insurance
INSURANCE DEPARTMENT OF BANKING AND INSURANCE OFFICE OF THE COMMISSIONER Electronic Transactions Proposed New Rules: N.J.A.C. 11:1-47 Proposed Amendments: N.J.A.C. 11:3-15.4, 15.7, and 47.3 Authorized
More informationNAIC. National Association of Insurance Commissioners. Not for Reprint ELECTRONIC COMMERCE & REGULATION ISSUE PAPER
ELECTRONIC COMMERCE & REGULATION ISSUE PAPER NAIC National Association of Insurance Commissioners Electronic Commerce & Regulation Issues Paper Adopted March 2000 NAIC National Association Of Insurance
More informationB2C Electronic Signatures Building Stronger Consumer Relationships Lewis D. Levey, President & CEO Computime, Inc.
B2C Electronic Signatures Building Stronger Consumer Relationships Lewis D. Levey, President & CEO Computime, Inc. Throughout my personal experience in the electronic signature industry, I have watched
More informationThe Statute of Frauds in the Digital Age - Maintaining the Integrity of Signatures
E LAW The Statute of Frauds in the Digital Age - Maintaining the Integrity of Signa... Page 1 of 18 E Law Search Subscribe Issue Subject Author Title Murdoch E LAW Murdoch University Electronic Journal
More informationOne Hundred Sixth Congress of the United States of America
S. 761 One Hundred Sixth Congress of the United States of America AT THE SECOND SESSION Begun and held at the City of Washington on Monday, the twenty-fourth day of January, two thousand An Act To facilitate
More informationAdding e to life Conveniences and Complexities
Title: Adding e to life Conveniences and Complexities Author: Mustafa Syed Profile: M.Sc. Software Development, 30+ years IT related local & foreign experience, extensive experience of data centre operations,
More informationInformation Security
Information Security Dr. Vedat Coşkun Malardalen September 15th, 2009 08:00 10:00 vedatcoskun@isikun.edu.tr www.isikun.edu.tr/~vedatcoskun What needs to be secured? With the rapid advances in networked
More information10 Tips for Selecting the Best Digital Signature Solution
10 Tips for Selecting the Best Digital Signature Solution Avoid the Pitfalls when transitioning from paper-based to electronic signatures Sept 2007 1 Introduction As the traditional paper-based world gives
More information1 Definitions 86-611 001-001.10
NEBRASKA ADMINISTRATIVE CODE NUMERICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter # Chapter Title Statutory Code Section(s) Authority 1 Definitions 86-611 001-001.10 2 Digital Signatures Must be Created by Acceptable Tech.
More informationDetailed Discussion of the Legal Issues Surrounding E-Signature Deployment
Detailed Discussion of the Legal Issues Surrounding E-Signature Deployment Introduction... 3 What is an electronic contract?... 3 Key Factors for Enforceable E-Signatures... 3 Intent... 3 Proof of Identity...
More informationARE ONLINE BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS EXECUTED BY ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES LEGALLY BINDING?
ibrief / ecommerce Cite as 2001 Duke L. & Tech. Rev. 0005 2/28/2001 ARE ONLINE BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS EXECUTED BY ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES LEGALLY BINDING? 1 Most of us believe that we make contracts over
More informationDepartment of Veterans Affairs VA DIRECTIVE 6510 VA IDENTITY AND ACCESS MANAGEMENT
Department of Veterans Affairs VA DIRECTIVE 6510 Washington, DC 20420 Transmittal Sheet VA IDENTITY AND ACCESS MANAGEMENT 1. REASON FOR ISSUE: This Directive defines the policy and responsibilities to
More informationAuthentication Levels. White Paper April 23, 2014
Summary White Paper April 23, 2014 This document describes levels of authentication that can be utilized for users known and unknown to gain access to applications and solutions. Summary... 1 Description...
More informationMeeting the FDA s Requirements for Electronic Records and Electronic Signatures (21 CFR Part 11)
Meeting the FDA s Requirements for Electronic Records and Electronic Signatures (21 CFR Part 11) Executive Summary...3 Background...4 Internet Growth in the Pharmaceutical Industries...4 The Need for Security...4
More informationMinnesota State Colleges and Universities System Guideline Chapter 5 Administration
Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System Guideline Chapter 5 Administration Appropriate Use and Implementation of Electronic Part 1. Purpose. To establish requirements and responsibilities for
More informationE-SIGNATURES FY 2014. Movement Mortgage, LLC s e-signature Policy & Procedures Manual. This policy was last revised December 4, 2014.
E-SIGNATURES FY 2014 Movement Mortgage, LLC s e-signature Policy & Procedures Manual This policy was last revised December 4, 2014. Table of Contents Section 100 Introduction & Applicable Laws...3 Section
More informationDow Corning Corporation. Digital Certificate Practice Statement (DCPS)
Dow Corning Corporation Digital Certificate Practice Statement (DCPS) Page 1 1 Table Of Contents 1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Page 1.1 Purpose Of This Document 3 1.2 Dow Corning DCPS Overview 3 1.3 Reproduction
More information"Certification Authority" means an entity which issues Certificates and performs all of the functions associated with issuing such Certificates.
QUICKSSL PREMIUM(tm) SUBSCRIBER AGREEMENT Please read the following agreement carefully. By submitting an application to obtain a QuickSSL Premium(tm) Certificate and accepting and using such certificate,
More informationGUIDE TO ACHIEVING EMAIL COMPLIANCE a South African perspective
GUIDE TO ACHIEVING EMAIL COMPLIANCE a South African perspective Abstract This document highlights some of the South African rules and regulations that require the effective management of email. It looks
More informationDigital Signature Policy Guidelines. Version 1.1. March 2014. Contains corrected links to documents
Office of State Controller, and the North Carolina Department of the Secretary of State, and North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, Division of Archives and Records Digital Signature Policy Guidelines
More informationIndependent Insurance Agents & Brokers of Louisiana 9818 Bluebonnet Boulevard Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70810 www.iiabl.
Independent Insurance Agents & Brokers of Louisiana 9818 Bluebonnet Boulevard Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70810 www.iiabl.com (225) 819-8007 Technical Advisory TA 305 November 15, 2012 Subject: Guidelines for
More informationB U S I N E S S G U I D E
VeriSign Microsoft Office/Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) Code Signing Digital Certificates Realizing the Possibilities of Internet Software Distribution CONTENTS + What Is Developer Code Signing?
More informationWhy Use Electronic Transactions Instead of Paper? Electronic Signatures, Identity Credentialing, Digital Timestamps and Content Authentication
Why Use Electronic Transactions Instead of Paper? Electronic Signatures, Identity Credentialing, Digital Timestamps and Content Authentication Introduction By allowing the exchange of information more
More informationProducing Persuasive Electronic Evidence: How to prevent and prepare for
ARTICLE Producing Persuasive Electronic Evidence: How to prevent and prepare for legal disputes involving electronic signatures and electronic transactions Electronic signatures were given the same legal
More informationChapter 7. ELECTRONIC COMMERCE ACT (Assented to December 1, 2004)
Chapter 7 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE ACT (Assented to December 1, 2004) The Commissioner of Nunavut, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly, enacts as follows: Definitions 1. (1) In this
More informationSSLPost Electronic Document Signing
SSLPost Electronic Document Signing Overview What is a Qualifying Advanced Electronic Signature (QAES)? A Qualifying Advanced Electronic Signature, is a specific type of digital electronic signature, that
More information