e-learning English, Grammar Review, Level 1, A-Z

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1 e-learning English, Grammar Review, Level 1, A-Z It s important to understand these grammatical concepts: A verb describes an action or state. It usually goes after the subject: Jack works on the 5 th floor We don t understand this An infinitive is the basic/root form of the verb. For example: (to) be, (to) do, (to) take, (to) win, etc.: To be or not to be? I can t do this A gerund is the -ing form of the verb: I hate flying Thank you for listening A subject is the thing or person that goes before a verb: The boy needs help We walk to work An object is a thing or person that goes after the verb: He loves them very much She wants more money A noun is a thing or person. It usually goes before a verb: These plates are dirty! That man lives in London A pronoun substitutes a noun: Give me the books -> Give me them It s her key -> It s hers An adjective describes something or somebody It goes before a noun: The blue pens are mine He s a very stupid man

2 An adverb describes how? how much? when? where? etc. It goes after a verb, but before an adjective: He sings beautifully It s an incredibly cheap watch A preposition describes position, direction, relation, etc. It usually goes before a noun, pronoun or gerund: Thanks for the biscuits Give it to him I m tired of studying A/An We use a before vowels eg. a, e, i : It s an elephant It s a elephant She s an artist She s a artist We use an before consonants eg. b, c, d : It s a cat It s an cat He s a doctor He s an doctor If the noun begins with h or u, we use a or an depending on the pronunciation of the letter h or u: horse -> a house (the h is pronounced) hour -> an hour (the h is silent) university -> a university (the u is pronounced like you) umbrella -> an umbrella (the u is pronounced like us) Activities: -ing We often use the ing form of verbs to create activities: shop -> shopping fish -> fishing walk -> walking smoke -> smoking play football -> playing football listen to the radio -> listening to the radio Look at these examples: He hates shopping (activity = object) We like playing football (activity = object) She loves listening to the radio (activity = object) Fishing is very relaxing (activity = subject) Walking is good for the body (activity = subject) Smoking is bad for your health (activity = subject)

3 Look at these typical mistakes: Drink too much isn t good for you Drinking Fry an egg isn t difficult! Frying Any / Some We use some with plural nouns in positive sentences: Clive s got some problems any problems We use any with plural nouns in negative sentences: Sally hasn t got any problems some problems We use any with plural nouns in questions: Have you got any children? some children Apostrophe + s The apostrophe + s has three uses 1) s = contraction of is (be, 3 rd Person singular) She s angry with us = She is It s a lovely day = It is When s the concert? = When is 2) s = contraction of has (have, 3 rd Person singular) John s finished his breakfast = John has It s been a long day = It has Who s got a dictionary? = Who has 3) s = possession Mandy s mother is French = the mother of Mandy Craig is Bob s uncle = the uncle of Bob London is England s capital city = the capital city of England Asking for Things: Can I have? When we want something, we begin Can I have?: -Can I have some more coffee, please? -Certainly -Can I have another glass of wine, please? -Here you are -Can I have your name, please? -Yes, it s Colin Jones Be: Contractions We use contractions when we speak and in informal situations

4 Be, Present Simple, Positive Statements I m married I am married You re usually late He s a good worker She s my best friend It s a difficult question We re always nice to her They re engineers Be, Present Simple, Negative Statements I m not married I am not married You aren t usually late (or You re not usually late) He isn t a good worker (or He s not a good worker) She isn t my best friend (or She s not my best friend) It isn t a difficult question (or It s not a difficult question) We aren t always nice to her (or We re not always nice to her) They aren t engineers (or They re not engineers) Be: Short Answers & Contractions When we reply with positive short answers, we use no contractions: Yes, I am Yes, I m Yes, you are Yes, you re Yes, he is Yes, he s Yes, she is Yes, she s When we reply with negative short answers, we use contractions: No, I m not No I am not No, you aren t or No, you re not No you are not No, he isn t No, he is not No, she isn t No, she is not Be: Yes, I am / No, I m not If somebody asks Are you? you reply Yes, I am or No, I m not: Are you Peter? Yes, I am Yes, I m Are you happy? No, I m not Can / Can't We use Can and Can t to talk about abilities. Can you understand him? Yes, I can / No, I can t

5 We use the same forms for everybody (singular or plural, 1 st, 2 nd or 3 rd person): Can you dance? - Yes, I can Can your mother speak Italian? - No, she can t Anthony can play chess, but he can t play very well We can t hear you They can do what they want Can is a special verb and it does NOT use do(n t) or does(n t) to form questions and negatives. Look at these typical mistakes: She cans sing very well -> She can sing very well He doesn t can play the piano -> He can t play the piano Do you can help me? -> Can you help me? They don t can understand us -> They can t understand us Brian can to come to the concert -> Brian can come to the concert Can t you to wait a minute? -> Can t you wait a minute Can I? We use Can I? to ask for permission: Can I change these cheques? Can I see your passport? Can I ask you a personal question? We say Yes of course, Certainly or Go ahead to give permission: -Can I take sit here? -Yes, of course -Can I join you? -Certainly -Can I interrupt you? -Go ahead Collocation: Introduction In every language, some words combine naturally to form collocations. For example: watch + television = watch television listen to + the radio = listen to the radio stay + at home = stay at home go + to work = go to work get up + early = get up early have + breakfast = have breakfast We will look at collocations in more detail in Levels 2 and 3.

6 12011 Contractions: Introduction We often combine the subject and the verb be to form contractions: I am from Oxford -> I m from Oxford You are a good teacher -> You re a good teacher He is very tired -> He s very tired Angela is my friend -> Angela s my friend It is raining again -> It s raining again We are confused -> We re confused They are wonderful children -> They re wonderful children We can also combine question words with is to form contractions: Who s Peter? = Who is Peter? Where s Jane? = Where is Jane? Why s Margaret angry? = Why is Margaret angry? What s the time? = What is the time? When s your birthday? = When is your birthday? Contractions are especially common when we are speaking: - What s the time? - I m not sure. We also use contractions when writing informally: Hi Jeff! How are you? I m in Cambridge now. It s a lovely place. We re going to London tomorrow Days & Months Days and Months begin with a Capital letter: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday January, February, March Look at these typical mistakes: thursday 6 th june -> Thursday 6 th June friday 23 rd august -> Friday 23 rd August Else Else means more or in addition: Anything else? No, that s everything, thanks. We use else after no-, some- and any- words: Is anybody else interested in the film? No, nobody else

7 I ve got something else to tell you. It s a secret! Does anyone else know? No, noone else knows! Else is also used in these simple questions: Who else? What else? Why else? When else? How else? Look at these typical mistakes: What more? else Who more? else Do you want anything more? else I have something more to say else Excuse me, Sorry, etc. We use Excuse me... to attract somebody s attention: Excuse me, where s the town hall? Excuse me, could you tell me the time, please? We say Excuse me?... when we didn t hear or understand something: -That s 943,653 in total -Excuse me? We can also use Sorry? I m sorry? or (more formally) I beg your pardon? in this kind of situation: -W-I-L-L-I-S -Sorry? -Two kilos of Golden Delicious, please -I m sorry? -Open your suitcase, please, Madam -I beg your pardon? We say Excuse me?! (with rising intonation) to express surprise: -John, you re the boss today -Excuse me?! Similarly, we can use Sorry?! I m sorry?! or I beg your pardon?!: -I m 93 years old today

8 -Sorry?! -I ll have the chocolate chicken, please -I m sorry?! -We ve decided to fire you, Angela -I beg your pardon?! We sometimes use (Oh) Excuse me to apologise: -Would you mind letting me through? -Oh, excuse me However, it s more usual to say Sorry or I m sorry in this situation: -Could you tell me the time, please? -Sorry, I haven t got a watch -Excuse me, do you know the way to Oxford Street? -I m sorry, I m a stranger here myself Excuse me? We use Excuse me? to catch somebody s attention: Excuse me? Are you Jane Wilson? Food & Drink Most people have three meals: breakfast (in the morning), lunch (at midday) and dinner (in the evening). We use have with food and drink. It means eat or drink, but we say have. Look at these examples: Come on! Let s have breakfast! eat Let s have a beer! drink What time do you have lunch? eat I often have a coffee at 11 drink We normally have dinner at 7 o clock. eat We use have X for breakfast (etc.) to give details about what we eat or drink: My wife usually has a white coffee and biscuits for breakfast I sometimes have chicken and chips for lunch We never have meat for dinner Don t confuse meat with meal! Look at these typical mistakes: My favourite meat is breakfast -> meal My favourite meal is pork -> meat

9 13416 Frequency: Sometimes, Usually, etc. Look at this scale of common adverbs of frequency: never -> rarely -> sometimes -> often -> usually/normally -> always 0% ->. -> 100% We normally put the adverb before the verb: She never remembers my name He rarely comes for a drink It sometimes snows in Liverpool They often phone me I usually have a coffee after lunch We normally put the adverb before the verb You always seem happy! We put the adverb after be and can: I m always right They re usually late He can normally do the crossword She can rarely beat me at Monopoly! From We use from to express origin: Where are you from? I m from Peru Where s this coffee from? It s from Brazil Greetings The usual greetings are: Hi or Hello If you know their name, you can add it: Hi, Jack or Hello, Ana! It s usual to ask about the person: How are you? or Are you OK? And normally we reply: Fine, thanks. And you?

10 11909 Have got Have got We use have got to indicate possession: I ve got an idea She hasn t got a job Have you got any brothers or sisters? When we reply with positive short answers, we use no contractions: Yes, I have Yes, I ve / Yes I ve got Yes, you have Yes, you ve / Yes, you ve got Yes, he has Yes, he s / Yes, he s got Yes, she has Yes, she s / Yes, she s got When we reply with negative short answers, we use contractions: No, I haven t No, I have not / No, I have not got No, you haven t No, you have not / No, you have not got No, he hasn t No, he has not / No, he has not got No, she hasn t No, she has not / No, she has not got Here When we give somebody something, we say Here you are: -Here you are.

11 -Thanks! When we specify the object, we use Here s (singular) or Here are (plural): Here s your passport Here s my business card Here are your keys Here are our clothes Look at these typical mistakes: Here you have Here you are Here you are your briefcase Here s your briefcase Here you are your glasses Here are your glasses How many...? How many? is always followed by a plural noun: How many seconds are there in a minute? How many hoursare there in a day? How often...? We use How often? to ask about the frequency of activities: How often do you go to the dentist s? About twice a year How often do they take their dog to the vet s? Once a year How often does Jim call? Every morning How often does it rain in Ireland? Quite a lot! How old? We ask How old? when we want to know the age of something or somebody: How old are you? How old is your car? Introductions This is how we introduce two people: Jack, this is Ana Ana, Jack. The phrase this is is optional Is there? Are there? When somebody asks Is there? we usually reply Yes, there is or No,

12 there isn t. Similarly, if the question is Are there? we normally answer Yes, there are or No, there aren t. Look at these examples: Is there a clock on the wall? (Is there a? Singular, Question) Yes, there is No, there isn t Yes, there s a clock No, there isn t a clock Is there any money? (Is there any? Uncountable, Question) Yes, there is No, there isn t Yes, there s some money No, there isn t any money Are there any paintings? (Are there any? Plural, Question) Yes, there are No, there aren t Yes, there are 3 paintings Yes, there are some paintings No, there aren t any paintings Jobs: She's a hairdresser... You must put a before the job: What s her job? She s a hairdresser, not She s hairdresser What s your job? I m a doctor, not I m doctor Leaving When we leave, we can say: Bye or Goodbye or See you tomorrow Likes & Dislikes When we talk about likes and dislikes, the verb takes an ing form: We love playing tennis Do you like going for walks? He doesn t like watching TV She hates cooking Listen Remember to put to after listen. Look at these typical mistakes: I m listening the radio -> I m listening to the radio Listen me! -> Listen to me!

13 10210 Meeting People When we meet somebody for the first time, we say: Nice to meet you or Pleased to meet you Meeting People When we meet somebody for the first time, we say: Nice to meet you or Pleased to meet you When we meet somebody again, we say: Nice to see you again or Good to see you again None v. No-one None means not any. No-one means nobody. Look at these examples: -How many tickets have you got? -None (= Not any) No-one Numbers Who s interested? -No-one (=Nobody) None Numbers 1-10 We write eight, not eigth

14 10407 Numbers Numbers We say thirteen, fourteen, etc. with the stress on the teen

15 11314 Numbers Numbers Hundred is always singular: Three hundred hundreds We say a thousand: A thousand people are here Thousand people

16 11123 Numbers Numbers We say thirty, forty, etc. with the stress on the first syllable We say a hundred: A hundred people are here Hundred people Offering, Accepting & Rejecting Offering Would you like anything to drink? Would you like anything to eat? And for you, Madam? And for you, Sir? Accepting an Offer (Saying YES) Yes please A coffee, please A cheese and ham sandwich, please Rejecting an Offer (Saying NO) No, thank you. No, thanks. Nothing for me, thanks.

17 Passing Something to Somebody Here you are Giving Thanks Thanks Thank you Accepting Thanks Not at all Don't mention it Example Dialogue 1 Waiter: Would you like anything to drink? Woman: A white coffee, please Waiter: And for you, Sir? Man: Nothing for me, thanks Waiter (to woman): Here you are Woman: Thank you Waiter: Not at all Example Dialogue 2 Waiter: Would you like anything to eat? Man: A jumbo chicken burger, please Waiter: And for you, Madam? Woman: No, thank you Waiter (to man): Here you are Man: Thanks Waiter: Don t mention it Offering, Accepting & Rejecting Can I help you? We can accept an offer: Yes, please Thank you Thanks That's very kind of you If you don't mind Or we can reject the offer:

18 It's OK, thanks I'm OK, thanks I'm all right, thank you It's all right, thank you Don't worry, I'm fine On television, On the radio, etc, We use on with telecommunications: on the radio on TV / on the TV on television / on the television on the Internet / on the Net on my mobile on BBC Radio on ITV 3 etc Opinions: Asking and Giving When we want somebody s opinion, we ask What do you think of?: What do you think of the new logo? What do you think of Mary? What do you think of my garden? There are many ways to give an opinion. Look at these examples: -What do you think of Dave s idea? -I think it s ridiculous! -I like it! -I love it! -I don t think it s a bad idea -I m not sure -I don t know what to think! -What do YOU think? Pence, Pounds & Prices There are 100 pence (100p) in one pound ( 1 / 1.00). Pence is the plural of penny ( 0.01 / 1p). We often say p instead of pence or penny 2 pounds ( 2) is about 3 euros (3 ) 1 euro (1 ) is about 66 pence (66p / 0.66) 5 cents (0,05 ) is about 3 pence (3 p / 0.03) When we want to know the price of something, we ask How much? Look at these examples:

19 How much is it? How much are they? How much is the map? How much are the oranges? When we say a price in pence, we often say p: It s ninety p (= It s ninety pence) They re twenty p each (= They re twenty pence each) When we say a price in pounds, we often omit p (or pence) because it s obvious: It s eight pounds fifty (= It s eight pounds fifty pence / p) They re two pounds twenty (= They re two pounds twenty pence / p) We can write prices in two different ways: in pence format or pound format. Look at these examples: 66p / p / 0.03 When we want to know the final price (the total), we ask How much is that? When we give the final price (the total), we usually say That s -How much is that, please? -That s sixteen pounds, twenty-two -So, how much is that? -That s ninety-seven p, please Plural Nouns: Spelling We usually add s to make plural nouns: girl -> girls table -> tables cat -> cats If the singular noun ends in -s, -sh, -ch or -x, we add -es: bus -> buses buss dish -> dishes dishs church -> churches churchs box -> boxes boxes If the singular ends in -f or -fe, we change f to v:

20 wife -> wives wifes leaf -> leaves leafs If the singular ends in -y, the plural form depends on the letter before the y. If the letter before y is a consonant, we change y to i and add -es: family -> families familys baby -> babies babys If the letter before y is a vowel, we simply add s: boy -> boys monkey -> monkeys Some plural nouns are irregular. For example: man -> men mans woman -> women womans child -> children childs person -> people persons tooth -> teeth tooths foot -> feet foots fish -> fish fishes sheep -> sheep sheeps mouse -> mice mouses Possession: His & Her We use his and her to express possession. If the person who possesses is male, we use his: What s his name? His name s Paolo (Paolo is a boy or man) If the person who possesses is female, we use her: What s her name? Her name s Barbara (Barbara is a girl or woman) Possessive Adjectives We use Possessive Adjectives before a noun to express possession: I love my job! You love your job! He loves his job! She loves her job! We love our job! They love their job!

21 Look at these typical mistakes: She loves his husband -> She loves her husband (She!) He loves her wife -> He loves his wife (He!) We hate ours jobs -> We hate our jobs (No Plural Form!) They need theirs cars -> They need their cars (No Plural Form!) Prepositions of Location: Above / Under / Next To / Near Prepositions of Location: Above / Under / Next To / Near We say near, not near of: The light is near the table near of the table We say next to, not next: The light is next to the table next the table Next to means very near

22 11601 Prepositions of Location: On / In / In Front Of / Behind Prepositions of Location: On / In / In Front Of / Behind We say behind, not behind of: The cat is behind the box behind of the box The opposite of behind is in front of: I m in front of Wendy -> Wendy is behind me Prepositions of Time: In / On / At We use in with months, seasons and years: in July, in November in spring, in autumn in 1986, in 2008 We also use in with these expressions: in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening We use on with days and dates: on Monday, on Friday on Tuesday morning, on Sunday afternoon, on Wednesday evening on 4 th of July, on October 22 nd, on Thursday 15 th May We use at with times:

23 at six o clock, at half past seven We also use at with these expressions: at the weekend, at weekends at night at Christmas, at Easter Prepositions: For, At and In We use for to refer to a beneficiary (somebody who receives something): I work for Microsoft This pen is for you We also use at in these common phrases referring to location: At home -> She s not at home At work -> Is Bob at work? At school -> The children are at school At university -> Jane s at university At church -> We often see Jack at church We use in before place names: I live in Manchester She works in France Present Simple: Are they? When somebody asks Are they? we usually reply Yes, they are or No, they aren t: -Are they at home? -Yes, they are -Are they at work? -No, they aren t We use a similar form with we and you (plural): -Are you busy? -Yes, we are -Are you angry with me? -No, we aren t Present Simple: Be, Have and Have got The verb be has completely different forms to other verbs Be, Present Simple, Positive Statements I m married You re usually late

24 He s a good worker She s my best friend It s a difficult question We re always nice to her They re engineers Be, Present Simple, Negative Statements I m not married You aren t usually late (or You re not usually late) He isn t a good worker (or He s not a good worker) She isn t my best friend (or She s not my best friend) It isn t a difficult question (or It s not a difficult question) We aren t always nice to her (or We re not always nice to her) They aren t engineers (or They re not engineers) Be, Present Simple, Questions Am I right? Are you busy? Is he American? Is she a good teacher? Is it cold out? Are we all here? Are they hungry? Look at these typical mistakes: I don t be married I m not You don t be usually late You aren t He doesn t be a good worker He isn t Does she be a good teacher? Is she? Do we be all here? Are we? Do they be hungry? Are they? The verb have is regular, but in positive statements, the 3 rd Person Singular form (he/she/it) is has, not haves: Marian has dinner at 9 o clock Brian has a lot of friends July has 31 days Like be, the verb have got is different to other verbs Look at these typical mistakes with have got: I don t have got a lot of money I haven t got

25 He doesn t have got many friends He hasn t got Do you have got the time? Have you got the time? Does she have got a mobile? Has she got a mobile? Present Simple: Do they...? When somebody asks Do they? we usually reply Yes, they do or No, they don t: -Do they live in York? -Yes, they do -Do they work there? -No, they don t Look at these typical mistakes: -Do they like chocolate? -Yes, they like Yes, they do -No, they don t like No, they don t (or No, they don t like it) -Do they know Peter? -Yes, they know Yes, they do -No, they don t know No, they don t (or No, they don t know him) Present Simple: Do you...? When somebody asks Do you? we usually reply Yes, I do or No, I don t: -Do you live in York? -Yes, I do -Do you work there? -No, I don t Look at these typical mistakes: -Do you like chocolate? -Yes, I like Yes, I do -No, I don t like No, I don t (or No, I don t like it) -Do you know Peter? -Yes, I know Yes, I do -No, I don t know No, I don t (or No, I don t know him) Present Simple: Does...? When somebody asks Does she? Does he? etc. we usually reply Yes, she does or No, she doesn t, etc.: -Does Pamela live in York? -Yes, she does -Does she work there? -No, she doesn t

26 -Does Graham play golf? -Yes, he does -Does he play well? -No, he doesn t -Does it rain a lot in England? -Yes, it does -Does it rain as much as in Scotland? -No, it doesn t Look at these typical mistakes: -Does she like chocolate? -Yes, she likes Yes, she does -No, she doesn t like No, she doesn t (or No, she doesn t like it) -Does he know Peter? -Yes, he knows Yes, he does -No, he doesn t know No, he doesn t (or No, he doesn t know him) Present Simple: Introduction We use the Present Simple for permanent situations / facts and habits / routines We put the infinitive after I, you, we or they to make positive statements: I live in Coventry (permanent situation / fact) You have lunch at 1 o clock (habit / routine) We play tennis on Thursdays (habit / routine) They like classical music (permanent situation / fact) If the subject is he, she or it (3 rd Person Singular), we add s: He lives in Coventry She plays tennis on Thursdays It rains a lot in Scotland If the infinitive ends in a consonant + y, we change y to i and add -es: She studies French 5 hours a week studys He worries about his parents worrys If the infinitive ends in -s, -z, -sh, -tch, -x or -o, we add -es: kiss -> Gran kisses me goodbye every morning kisss pass -> Steve passes the bank on his way home passs buzz -> London buzzes with activity! buzzs fizz -> Cola fizzes more than coffee! fizzs

27 wash -> Dave washes his car every week washs catch -> Sandy usually catches the bus to work catchs mix -> Deirdre mixes business with pleasure mixs fax -> John faxes me once a month faxs do -> This car does 100 miles to the gallon dos go -> Brian goes to church every Sunday gos We use don t + I/you/we/they + infinitive to make negative statements: I live in Coventry -> I don t live in Birmingham You have lunch at 1 o clock -> You don t have lunch at 2 o clock We play tennis on Thursdays -> We don t play tennis on Wednesdays They like classical music -> They don t like pop music If the subject is he, she or it, we use doesn t: He lives in Coventry -> He doesn t live in Birmingham She plays tennis on Thursdays -> She doesn t play tennis on Wednesdays It rains a lot in Scotland -> It doesn t rain a lot in Saudi Arabia We use do + I/you/we/they + infinitive to make questions: Do I know you? Do you want a drink? Do we have time? Do they like country music? If the subject is he, she or it, we use does: Does he live in Coventry? Does she play tennis on Thursdays? Does it rain a lot in Scotland? Look at these typical mistakes: She play football at the weekend She plays football at the weekend They do live in Pakistan They live in Pakistan He don t like hamburgers He doesn t like hamburgers It doesn t snows much here It doesn t snow much here Do he work with you? Does he work with you? Does Angela wants to come? Does Angela want to come? She speak French? Does she speak French? He have a car? Does he have a car? Present Simple: Wh- Questions & How Questions Look at these examples of common Wh- Questions and How Questions: -Where does Bill live? -In Brighton

28 -What does he do? -He works in supermarket -When does he get up? -At half past eight -What time does he start work? -At half past nine -Why does he like his job? -Because he likes meeting people -Who does he work with? -With Sam, his brother -How does he travel to work? -By bus, usually? -How long does the journey take? -About 20 minutes -How many hours does Bill work every day? -He works 8 and a half hours -How much does he earn? -I have no idea! Pronouns - I/me, he/him, etc. - We distinguish between subject pronouns and object pronouns: Subject Object I me you you he him she her it it we us you you they them Look at these typical mistakes: I don t like he him (object of verb like) Do you know they? them (object of verb know) Her lives in Germany She (subject of verb live) Us play golf on Tuesdays We (subject of verb play) Saying Goodbye When we leave, we can say: Bye Goodbye See you tomorrow See you later See you next week

29 See you on Monday We can add: Have a nice evening Have a good afternoon Have a nice day Have a good weekend, etc. And we usually reply: Thanks. The same to you Somebody / Someone, etc. Xbody = Xone, so somebody = someone anybody = anyone nobody = no-one We usually write no-one with a hyphen (-) between no and one Sorry When we make a mistake, we say: Sorry or Oh, sorry Normally we reply: That s OK or That s all right

30 14006 There s... / There are There s... / There are... Look at the picture of a living room There s a table in the middle of the room. (There s a Singular) There s some water in the vase (There s some... Uncountable, Positive) There are some plants. (There are some Plural, Positive) There are two armchairs (There are X Plural, Number) There isn t a computer (There isn t a Singular, Negative) There isn t any beer (There isn t any Uncountable, Negative) There aren t any bookcases (There aren t any Plural, Negative) Is there a clock on the wall? (Is there a? Singular, Question) Is there any money? (Is there any? Uncountable, Question)

31 Are there any paintings? (Are there any? Plural, Question) Look at these typical mistakes: There s any water in the vase (There s some Uncountable, Positive) There are any plants. (There are some Plural, Positive) There isn t any computer (There isn t a Singular, Negative) There isn t some beer (There isn t any Uncountable, Negative) There aren t some bookcases (There aren t any Plural, Negative) Is there any clock on the wall? (Is there a? Singular, Question) Is there some money? (Is there any? Uncountable, Question) Are there some paintings? (Are there any? Plural, Question) This / That / These / Those We use this or these to refer to something that is here. We use this for singular nouns and these for plural nouns: What s this? (= here, singular) This is a notebook What are these? (= here, plural) These are biscuits We use that or those to refer to something that is there. We use that for singular nouns and those for plural nouns: What s that? (= there, singular) That s a clock What are those? (= there, plural)) Those are books This is We use This is to introduce people: John, this is Elena We also use This is to identify objects: This is a PDA This/These We use this with singular nouns: What s this? It s a chair We use these with plural nouns: What are these? They re chairs Time: What s the time? etc. Look at these example times:

32 03:00 -> 3 o clock 03:10 -> 10 past 3 03:15 -> A quarter past 3 03:30 -> Half past 3 03:40 -> 20 to 4 03:45 -> A quarter to 4 If the number of minutes is between 1 and 30, use past. The rule is MINUTES + past + LAST HOUR 03:10 -> 10 past 3 16:28 -> 28 past 4 If the number of minutes is between 31 and 59, use to: The rule is MINUTES + to + NEXT HOUR 03:40 -> 20 to 4 20 to 3 16:38 -> 22 to 5 22 to 4 If the number of minutes is 15 or 45, use a quarter: 03:15 -> A quarter past 3 16:45 -> A quarter to 5 If the number of minutes is 30, use half: 03:30 -> Half past 3 16:30 -> Half past 4 If the number of minutes is 0, use o clock: 03:00 -> 3 o clock 16:00 -> 4 o clock Look at these typical mistakes: 03:00 -> 3 clock 3 o clock 03:10 -> 3 past past 3 03:15 -> Quarter past 3 A quarter past 3 03:30 -> 30 past 3 Half past 3 03:30 -> A half past 3 Half past 3 03:40 -> 40 past 3 20 to 4 03:40 -> 20 to 3 20 to 4 03:45 -> Quarter to 4 A quarter to 4 There are several ways to ask the time: What s the time? What time is it?

33 More formally (eg. with strangers), we can use: Can you tell me the time, please? Could you tell me the time, please? More informally (eg. with friends/family), we often use: What time do you make it? It s = The time is : It s 1 o clock It s 7 o clock They are 7 o clock When we give the time, It s is optional: What s the time? 6 o clock / It s 6 o clock Travel & Transport: by car, on foot We use by to refer to transport generally: I go to work by bus She usually goes by car I hate travelling by plane We say on foot, not by foot: We came here on foot it s quicker than by tube What colour...? When we want to know the colour of something, we ask What colour is/are? Look at these examples: What colour is that shirt? It s white What colour are your shoes? They re brown What colour is this chair? It s green What colour are their helmets? They re pink Look at these typical mistakes: What colour has your jersey? is What colour have your socks? are What time? At We ask What time? when we want to know when somebody does something: What time do you get up at the weekends? What time does Jack go to bed? What time does Alison leave home? What time do they start work?

34 We put at before the time to say when we do something. We can give a short answer or a longer answer: What time do you get up at the weekends? At 9 o clock / I get up at 9 o clock What time does Jack go to bed? At half past 10 / He gets up at half past 10 What time does Alison leave home? At a quarter to 7 / She leaves home at a quarter to 7 Look at these typical mistakes: She wakes up 8 o clock. She wakes up at 8 o clock He starts work it s half past 7. He starts work at half past 7 At what hour do you have dinner? What time do you have dinner? Why...? Because... We use Why? to ask for a reason and we use Because to give a reason : -Why do you study so much? -Because I want a better job -Why do you want a better job? -Because I want to earn more money -Why do you want to earn more money? -Because I want to buy a bigger house -Why do you want to buy a bigger house? -Because I want to have a garden -Why do you want to have a garden? Would like We use Would you like? to offer something: Would you like anything to drink? Would you like anything to eat? Would you like a room with a bath? Would you like a single room? We use I d like to say what we want: I d like a beer, please I d like a double room, please I d like to see the manager I d like to visit Australia one day I d like is a contraction of I would like. We use I d like and Would you like? in specific moments or situations:

35 I d like a beer, please (now) Would you like to visit Australia? (one day) We use I like and Do you like? (Present Simple) to refer to general situations: I like biscuits with my tea (habit) Do you like cheese? (fact) Look at these typical mistakes: -What do you like? What would you like? -I like a black coffee, please I d like a black coffee, please -Do you like anything to eat?... Would you like anything to eat? Yes, he is / Yes, she is If somebody asks Is he? you reply Yes, he is or No, he isn t: Is he American? Yes, he is Yes, he s or No, he isn t If somebody asks Is she? you reply Yes, she is or No, she isn t: Is she married? Yes, she is Yes, she s or No, she isn t You You can be singular or plural, informal or formal, respectful or disrespectful There are no alternatives for you in English!