Index. inherent and testability, 93 measure of, 96, 97 operational, 95 operational and testability, 91 Axiomatic Design Methodology, 15, 16, 36 38

Transcription

1 Index A ABET, see Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology Abilities, 7 Accident model, systems-based, 159 Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, 256 Accreditation, criterion, 255 Accuracy defined, errors, 226 as function of precision and trueness, 225 measure of, 224 as performance characteristic, 224 in systems design, 227 as viability concern, 66, 221 Adaptability defined, 173 and flexibility, 173 sustainment concern, 69 Adaptation concerns, see Adaptability, extensibility, flexibility, modifiability, portability, reusability, and selfdescriptiveness Administrative Delay Time (ADT), 88 Aegis, xiv Architectural design process, 11 Architectural testability, 99 Asimow, Morris, 26 Association of German Engineers (VDI), 34 Attribute customer, 38 structural map, 6, 36, 37, 48, 59, 60, 69 93, 100, 143, 209 Availability achieved, 95 adaptation concern, 181 defined, 94 inherent, 95 inherent and testability, 93 measure of, 96, 97 operational, 95 operational and testability, 91 Axiomatic Design Methodology, 15, 16, B Ballistic missile, xiii Bathtub curve, 80 Beitz, Wolfgang, 36 Blundell, Hines and Stach's Quality Measures, 58 Blundell, James, 58 Boehm, Barry quality initiative, 54 Boulding, Kenneth, 233 C Capstone course, 256 Caswell, Deborah, 56 Cavano and McCall s Model, 55 Cavano, James, 55 Change agent of, 171 mechanism of, 171 transition model for, 170 Changeability defined, 169, 170 in design, 178 measure of, 179 Cherns, Albert, 233 Cohesion, defined, 109 Combined series-parallel reliability model, 83 Compatibility defined, 132 as design concern, 132, 135 in design, 135 measure of, 136 Completeness, 52, 61, 65, 66, 205 Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 K.M. Adams, Non-functional Requirements in Systems Analysis and Design, Topics in Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality 28, DOI /

2 260 Index Complexity characteristics of, 114, 115 defined, 106 measure of, 115 measurement approaches, 118 Concept design stage technical processes for, 38 Concept phase, 36 Conceptual models, of users and designers, 204 Concern structural map, 46, 137, 196 Conciseness ratio, 107 defined, 106 design concern, 105 measure of, 106 Consistency as design concern, defined, 132 external, 138 in design, 138 internal, 138 measure of, 132 methods for evaluation, 139 Constraint, 6, 36, 38, 41, , 257 Convergence, mode of thought, 19 Corrective maintenance maintenance cycle, 75, 87 Correctness defined, evaluation of, 245 measure of, 222, 245 in systems design, 222 as viability concern, 222, 235 Coupling, defined, 109 Creative, desirable features, 5 Critical attributes, of a methodology, 36 Cross, Nigel, 28 Customer attributes (CA), 5 domain, 38 D Decision-making, desirable features, 19 Design theory, 15, 16 characteristic of engineering, 3 cost attributed to, 45 defined, 4 engineers employed in, 5 systematic, 3 Methodology, see Design Methodology Design compatibility analysis, 135 Design deficiencies, 253 Design issues, scholarly journal, 16 Design matrix, 39 Design methodology axiomatic, 15, 16, of Asimow, 28 of cross, 139 of French, 29 of Hubka and Eder, 30 of Pahl, Beitz, Feldhusen & Grote, 36 of Pugh, 30 of Suh, 38 of VDI, 34 Design parameters (DP), 16, 38, 40, 107, 178, 207 Design phase, 11, 28, 228 Design science, 8, 30 Design stage processes of, 17 Design studies, scholarly journal, 17 Design concerns, see Compatibility, conciseness, consistency, interoperability, modularity, safety, simplicity, and traceability Desirable features in engineering design, 16 ERICOIDITI, 18 Divergence, mode of thought, 19 Domain customer, 38 functional, 39 physical, 38 process, 38 Double-diamond model of design, 16, 19 E Eder, W. Ernst, 30 Effectiveness requirements, 90 Efficiency defined, 222, 236 evaluating during system design, 237 measure of, 237 in systems design, 238 viability concern, 235 Elicitation, non-functional requirements, 63 Engineering central activity of, 7 defined, 6 and design, 4, 5, 7, 8, 12, 15 18, 21 23, 25, 26, 30, 33, 42, 75, 93, 107, 139, 237, 238 Engineering design education, recommendations for, defined, 4 education in, 7

3 Index 261 process of, 7 Engineering systems, 3, 15, 50 Entropy, Shannon, 118 Environment, 77, 90, 144, 171, 210, 212, 214 ERICOIDITI, see Desirable features Error types, relationship between, 226 Expandability defined, 185 synonym for extensibility, 185 Exploratory, desirable features, 19 Extensibility adaptation concern, 184 defined, 185 in systems design, 185 measure of, 193 F Failure mode and effect analysis, 84 Failure modes, effects, and criticality analysis, 85 Feldhusen, Jörg, 36 Flexibility adaptation concern, 166 and adaptability, 173 defined, 173 Framework, for understanding non-functional requirements, 45 FMEA, see Failure Mode and Effect Analysis FMECA, see Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis French, Michael, 29 Functional domain, 38 requirement (FR), 38 requirement, defined, 46 FURPS and FURPS+Models, 56 G Grady, Robert, 56 Grote, Karl, 36 H Hines, Mary Lou, 58 Hubka, Vladimir, 30 Human computer interactions, concerns during, 208 Human factors, 15, 65, 188 I Ilities, 50, 59 Implementation process, 11, 18 Incremental, desirable features, 19 Independence axiom, 38, 39, 107 Information axiom, 38, 40, 41, 118 Information content, 41, 118 Information entropy (H), 118 Information theory and entropy, 118 Integration process, 11 Integrity concepts, 241 defined, 239 measure of, 247 security principles for, 241 in systems design, 241 viability concern, 247 Interactive, desirable features, 19 Interoperability defined, 143 design, design concern, measure of, 151 models for evaluation in systems, 147 models of, 144 types of, 143 i-score model, 147 Investigative, desirable features, 19 I-Score model, see Interoperability, i-score Model Iterative, desirable features, 19 J Journal of Engineering Design, scholarly journal, 17 Journal of Mechanical Engineering Design, scholarly journal, 17 Journal of Research Design, scholarly journal, 17 K Knowledge, 5 7, 9, 25, 213, 256 KSA, 7, 8 L Law of Requisite Parsimony, 232 Levels of maintenance, 90 Life cycle models, 4, 10, 12 Logistics delay Time (LDT), 88, 95 M MADT, see Mean administrative delay time Maintain, 3, 10, 39, 86, 107, 133, 178 Maintainability defined, 75, 76, 86 measure of, 75 sustainment concern, 86 Maintenance downtime (MDT), 88 support concept, 75

4 262 Index support elements, 90 Masumoto, Mike, 55 McCall, James McCall's and Masumoto's Factor Model Tree, 55 MDL, see Minimum description length Mean active maintenance time, 88 Mean administrative delay time, 95 Mean corrective maintenance time, 88 Mean logistics delay time, 95 Mean outside assistance delay time, 95 Mean preventive maintenance time, 88 Mean supply delay time, 95 Mean time between failures, 59 Mean Time between Maintenance (MTBM), 88 Mean Time Between scheduled preventive (MTBMs) maintenance, 91 Mean Time Between unscheduled corrective (MTBMu) maintenance, 91 Mean time to failure, 66, 79, 98 Mean time to repair, 95, 98 Measureable characteristic structural map, 70 See metric Measurement process in accuracy, 226 Measurement, method in accuracy, 131 Messes, 3 Metaphor principle, 205 Method, defined, 16 Methodology critical attributes of, 36 defined, 8 for engineering design, 26 Metric structural map, 69 Meyer, Wayne E., v, xiv Miller, George, 70 Minimum critical specification, 233, 235 Minimum description length, 111 MLDT, see Mean logistics delay time MOADT, see Mean outside assistance delay time Modal testability, 99 Modifiability adaptation concern, 195 defined, 175 in systems, 176 Modularity defined, 106, 108 design concern, 105 measure of, 105 Modularization function, 110, 114 MSDT, see Mean supply delay time MTBM, see Mean Time between Maintenance MTBMs, see Mean Time Between scheduled preventive maintenance MTBMu, see Mean Time Between unscheduled corrective maintenance MTBT, see Mean time between failures MTTF, see Mean time to failure MTTR, see Mean time to repair N Non-functional requirement (NFR) defined, 70 classification models, 51 identification, 45 organization of, 23 structure for, 50 Notional Taxonomy of, 66 Nuclear propulsion, xiii O Operability, 65, 68, 94 Operations and maintenance phase, 11 Opportunistic, desirable features, 19 Organizational responsibilities, 90 P Pahl, Gerhard, 9, 10 Paradigm defined, 22 for engineering, 25 Parallel reliability model, 80 Pareto principle, 234, 235 Pareto, Vilfredo, 234 Philosophy defined, 22 for engineering, 25 Physical domain, 39, 47, 107 Polaris, xiii Portability adaptation concern, 183 defined, 184 measure of, 184 in systems design, Poseidon, xiii Precision errors, 226 defined, 225 depiction of, 225 Preventive maintenance, 88 Probability density function, types of, 78 Problems, 3, 9, 28, 140 Process

5 Index 263 domain, 37 variables (PV), 37 Production phase, 9 Pugh, Stuart, 30 R Radio Corporation of America (RCA), xiv Rational, desirable features, 19 Reliability defined, equation, general, 78 failure equation, 78 and failure rate, 78 function of operating conditions, 76 function of probability, 41 function of time, 78 function of performance, 49 measure of, 84 and MTBF, 79 and pdf, 78 sustainment concern, 76 Reliability function, Repair policies, 90 Requirements analysis process, 158 Research in Engineering design, scholarly journal, 17 Resilience, as element of survivability, 214 Resource efficiency, 238 Retirement and disposal phase, 3, 11, 193, 241 Reusability adaptation concern, 183 defined, 189 in systems design, 183, 189 measure of, 193 Rickover, Hyman G., v, xiii Robustness concepts, 211 defined, 177, 210 designing for, 212 measure of, 217, 218 in systems, 177 in systems design, 178, 210 viability concern, 201 Rome Air Development Center Quality Models, 54, 133 S Safety Safety guided design, 160 defined, 156 design concern, in design, , machine age model assumptions for, 155 measure of, 158 in systems, 156, 158 systems age model assumptions for, 157 Scalability, defined, 170 Scholarly journals, for engineering design, 17 Scientific terms, relationship between, 24 Security, design principle for, 222 Self-descriptiveness adaptation concern, 183 defined, 183 measure of, 184 in systems design, 183 Senior design project, 256 Series reliability model, 83 Shannon information entropy, 118 Shannon, Claude, 40 Shannon entropy, 41 Simon, Herbert, 4 Simplicity defined, 114 design concern, 114 Skills, 7, 256 Smith, Levering, v, xiii Socio-technical systems (STS), 3 Software Quality Evaluation Guide, 56 Somerville, Ian, 49 Somerville's classification schema, 62 Stach, Jerrold, 58 Stakeholder requirements definition process, 11 STAMP, and design, 155, 160 STAMP, see Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes Standards and compatibility, 64 ANSI, 134 committee, 133 de facto, 133 international, 134 ISO/IEC, 134 for systems, 134 State transition model, for change, 171 Submarine force, xiv Suh, Nam, 38 Survivability concepts, 201 defined, 201 element of, 201 measure of, 201 in systems design, 201, 202 viability concern, 202 Susceptibility, as element of survivability, 215 Sustainment Concerns see availability, maintainability, reliability, and testability Synthesis, of thought, 21

6 264 Index System adaptation concerns, 66 System budgets, xiv System hierarchy tree, 116 System image, 205 System variety, 119 Systems and software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (Square), 63 Systems-based accident model, 159 Systems life cycle phases, 10, 16 stages of, 17 Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes, 155 Systems theory, 37, 38 T Taxonomy, notional for non-functional requirements, 42 Technical processes, 4 Technique, defined, 23 Testability defined, 97, 98 and operational availability, 94 and inherent availability, 97 sustainment concern, 100 Thought convergence, 19 divergence, 19 modes of, 15, 19, 33, 42 synthesis of, 21 Traceability defined, 68, 120 design concern, 100, 120 in design, 105, 122 measure of, , 127 in systems life cycle, 121, 124 Transdisciplinary, desirable features, 19 Transition process, 11, 18 Triad of trilogies, 6 Trident, xiii Trueness, 221, 225, 226, 229 errors, 226 defined, 225 depiction of, 225 U Understandability defined, 69, 202 elements of, 203 measure of, 204 in systems design, 202, 204 viability concern, 201 Usability attributes of, 64 defined, 69, 206 measure of, 202, 215 in systems design, 207 viability concern, 202, 217 V Validation defined, 231 process, 11, 18, 141, 231 VDI, see Association of German engineers Verification process, 18, 123, 126, 135, 139, 141 defined, 230, 231 Viability Concerns, see Accuracy, correctness, efficiency, integrity, robustness, survivability, understandability, and usability Von Kármán, Theodore, 5 Vulnerability, as element of survivability, 214